2022年英语定语从句用法详解 2.pdf

英语定语从句用法详解在复合句中， 修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句， 被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词， 引导定语从句的有关系代词who, whom, whose, which, that 等和关系副词where, when, why 等 ，关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中担任句子成份。1.由 who 引导的定语从句中， who 用作主语， 如 ： This is the boy who often helps me. 2.由 whom 引导的定语从句中，whom 用作宾语，如：The man whom you are waiting for has gone home. 3.由 whose 引导的定语从句中， whose 用作定语， 如 ： Do you know the girl whose skirt is white? 4.由 which 引导的定语从句中，which 用作主语或谓语动词的宾语或介词的宾语，如：The room in which there is a machine is a work shop. The river which is in front of my house is very clean. This is the pen which you want. 注意：(1)whom, which 用作介词宾语时， 介词可放在whom、which 之前 ， 也可放在从句原来的位置上；但在含有介词的动词固定词组中，介词只能放在原来的位置上。如： He is the very person whom we must take good care of. (2)引导非限制性定语从句时，必须用关系代词which ，不用 that,如： I have lost my bag, which I like very much. (3)关系代词在句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词的人称和数必须和先行词保持一致。5.由 that 引导的定语从句中，that 可以指人或物，在从句中作主语或谓语动词的宾语，但不能放在介词后面作介词宾语，如：The book that I bought yesterday was written by Lu Xun.注意在下面几种情况下必须用that 引导定语从句。(1)先行词是不定代词all, few, little, much, something, nothing, anything等 ， 如 ：All that we have to do is to practise English. (2)先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰，如The first letter that I got from him will be kept. (3)先行词被all, any, every, each, few, little, no, some 等修饰， 如Ive eaten up all the food that you gave me. (4)先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last 修饰时如He is the only person that I want to talk with. (5)先行词既有人又有物时，如: They talked about persons and things that they met. (6)当句中已有who 时 ， 为避免重复， 如 ： Who is the man that is giving us the class? 6.由 when, where, why 引导的定语从句，如: I dont know the reason why he was late. This is the place where we have lived for 5 years. Ill never forget the day when I met Mr Li for the first time. 注意：先行词是表示地点时，如果从句的谓语动词是及物的，就用that(which) ，如果从句的谓语动词是不及物的，就用where 引导。 This is the house Which /that he has lived in for 15 years.(Where he has lived for 15 year.) 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 1 页，共 12 页 - - - - - - - - - 7. 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句(1)限制性定语从句是句中不可缺少的组成部分，主句和从句之间不用逗号分开。引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词有who, whom, whose, which, of which等，这些关系代词都不能省略。(2)非限制性定语从句是对主句先行词的补充说明， 没有这种从句， 不影响主句意思的完整 ，一般用逗号把主句和从句分开， 关系代词用which, 不用 that;指人时可用who,如 ：I have two brothers, who are both students. 8如何简化定语从句（1）.定语从句简化为形容词或形容词短语作后置定语。如: My grandfather lives in a village that is far away from here.My grandfather lives in a village far away from here.我祖父住在离这儿很远的一个村子。This is a book that is worth reading.This is a book worth reading. 这是一本值得看的书。（2） 定语从句简化为现在分词或现在分词短语作前置或后置定语。The man who is standing under the tree is our English teacher.The man standing under the tree is our English teacher.站在树下面的那个人是我们的英语老师。I saw the house that was burning at that time. I saw the burning house at that time.当时我看到那房子在燃烧。（3）定语从句简化为过去分词短语作后置定语。I like to see the films which are directed by Zhang Yimou.I like to see the films directed by Zhang Yimou. 我喜欢看张艺谋导演的电影。She is the girl who was praised at the school meeting.She is the girl praised at the school meeting. 她就是在校会上受表彰的那个女孩。（4）定语从句简化为不定式作后置定语。He is always the first person that comes to school.He is always the first person to come to school.他总是第一个到校。The report which will be given tomorrow is important to us.The report to be given tomorrow is important to us. 明天要作的报告对我们很重要。（5）定语从句简化为what 从句。I couldnt remember the words that he said. I couldnt remember what he said. 我记不得他说的话。【典型例题解析】例 1 The second book _I want to read is Business the Speed of Thought. A. which B. what C. that D. as 解析 先行词book 被序数词修饰时要用that 引导定语从句，故选C。例 2 Ill never forget the days _I stayed with you. A. when B. in which C. that D. for which 解析 本题指时间，故选A。例 3 The book_ is sold out at the moment. A. you need B. what you need C. which you need it D. that you need it 解析B、C、D 中的 what 和 it 与先行 The book 相抵触， 故选A。名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 2 页，共 12 页 - - - - - - - - - 例 4 Is this the place _Lincoln once lived. A. that B. which C. where D. when 解析 本题指地点，故选C。例 5 Im one of the boys _ never late for school. A. that is B. who are C. who am D. who is 解析 本题中who 用作主语，谓语动词与先行词the boys 保持一致，故选B。【选讲例题】例 6 Her sister,_ you met at my home, was a teacher of English. A. whom B. that C. which D. who is 解析 非限制性定语从句中，关系代词用which,不用 that,但指人时用who 或 whom.故选 A。例 7 These book are for students _ mother language is not English. A. of whom B. that C. which D. whose 解析 whose引导的定语从句中,whose 用作定语，故选D。初中定语从句的用法和精练一、定语从句的概念在复合句中， 修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，定语从句一般放在先行词的后面。The man who / that I saw at the school gate yesterday is my English teacher. 先行词定语从句昨天我在校门口看见的那个人是我的英语老师。二、定语从句的关系词引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词，常见的关系代词包括that, which, who( 宾格whom，所有格 whose)等，关系副词where, when, why 等。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用，同时又作定语从句的重要成分。 I am waiting for the boy who /that is wearing a red coat. （关系代词作主语）先行词关系代词我正在等穿着红色外套的那个男孩。 The dictionary that / which my sister gave me last Sunday is very expensive. 先行词关系代词（关系代词作宾语）我姐姐上周星期天给我的那本字典很贵。 The woman whose name is Linda Brown is his mother. （关系代词作定语）先行词关系代词那个是他的母亲，名叫琳达?布朗。 That is the house where my father used to live. （关系代词作状语）先行词关系副词那是我父亲曾经居住过的房子。三、关系代词的用法名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 3 页，共 12 页 - - - - - - - - - 1. that 既可以用于指人，也可以用于指物。在从句中作主语或宾语，作主语时不可省略，作宾语时可省略。例如： Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle. 玛丽喜欢轻柔的音乐。(that 作主语 ) The coat (that) I put on the desk is blue. 我放在桌子上的那件外套是蓝色的。 (that作宾语 ) 2. which 用于指物，在句中作主语或宾语，作主语不可省略，作宾语可省略。例如： The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket. 位于火车站附近的那座大楼是一家超市。(作主语 ) The film (which) we saw last night was wonderful.我们昨天晚上看的那部电影很好看。(作宾语 ) 3. who, whom 都用于指人，who 用作主语， whom 用作宾语。在口语中，有时可用who 代替 whom ，也可省略。例如： The girl who often helps me with my English is from England.经常在英语方面帮助我的那个女孩是英国人。(作主语 ) Who is the teacher (whom) Li Ming is talking to? 正在与李明谈话的老师是谁? (作宾语 ) 小结： that既可指人，也可指物，作主语，不能省略；作宾语，可以省略。which指物，作主语，不能省略；作宾语，可以省略。who指人，作主语，不能省略；作宾语（常用whom） ，可以省略。注：当关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，定语从句的谓语动词形式由先行词定。注意 (1) 当定语从句中含有介词，介词放在句末时，who, that, which 可省略，但介词在关系代词前时，只能用“介词+ which/whom ”结构。例如： This is the house in which we lived last year. 这是我们去年居住的房子。 Please tell me from whom you borrowed the English novel.请告诉我你从谁那借的这本英文小说。(2) 含有介词的固定动词词组中，介词不可前置，只能放在原来的位置上。例如：This is the person whom you are looking for. 这就是你要找的那个人。(3) that 作介词的宾语时，介词不能放它的前面，只能放在从句中动词的后面。例如：The city that she lives in is very far away. 她居住的城市非常远。(4) 关系词只能用that 而不用 which 的情况：a. 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰，或本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级时，只能用that，而不用which 。例如：He was the first person that passed the exam. 他是第一个通过考试的人。b. 被修饰的先行词为all, any, much, many, everything, anything, none, the one等不定代词时，只能用that，而不用which。例如：Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop? 你在商店里有什么东西要买吗? c. 先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last, little, few 等词修饰时， 只能用 that，而不用 which。例如：This is the same bike that I lost. 这就是我丢的那辆自行车。d. 先行词里同时含有人或物时，只能用that，而不用 which。例如：I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room. 我能清楚记得我在那个房间所见到的人和一些照片。名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 4 页，共 12 页 - - - - - - - - - e. 以 who 或 which 引导的特殊疑问句，为避免重复，只能用that。例如：Who is the girl that is crying? 正在哭泣的那个女孩是谁? f. 主句是 there be 结构，修饰主语的定语从句用that，而不用 which。例如：There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom. 桌子上那本书是汤姆的。(5) 关系词只能用which，而不用that 的情况：a. 先行词为that, those 时，用 which, 而不用 that 。例如：What s that which is under the desk? 在桌子底下的那些东西是什么? b. 关系代词前有介词时,一般用 which,而不用 that.例如 : This is the room in which he lives. 这是他居住的房间。c. 引导非限制性定语从句，用which, 而不用 that。例如：Tom came back, which made us happy. 汤姆回来了，这使我们很高兴。五、关系副词的用法(1) when 指时间，其先行词表示时间，在句中作时间状语。例如：This was the time when he arrived. 这是他到达的时间。(2) where 指地点，其先行词表示地点，在句中作地点状语。例如：This is the place where he works. 这是他工作的地点。(3) why 指原因，其先行词是原因，起原因状语作用。例如：Nobody knows the reason why he is often late for school. 没人知道他为什么上学总迟到。I单项填空。1. Do you know the man _is talking with your father? Yes, he s our headmaster.A. he B. who C. which D. whom 2. Is this the river_I can swim? A. which B. in which C. that D. the one 3. This is the best hotel in the city_I know. A. where B. which C. that D. it 4. Can you lend me the dictionary_the other day? A. that you bought B. you bought it C. that you bought it D. which you bought it 5. Anyone_with what I said may put up you hands. A. which agrees B. who agree C. who agrees D. which agree 6. My watch is not the only thing_is missing. A. that B. it C. which D. who 7. The man_coat is black is waiting at the gate A. who s B. whoseC. that of which D. whichs8. The girl_is reading under the tree_my sister. A. which; is B. whom; was C. who; is D. who; was 9. I love places_the people are really friendly. A. that B. which C. where D. who 10. The world_is made up of matter. A. in that we live B. on which we live C. where we live in D. we live in 用适当的关系代词that, which, who, whom填空。名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 5 页，共 12 页 - - - - - - - - - 1. The first thing _you must do is to have a meal. 2. April 1st is the day _is called April Fools Day in the west.3. The family _ had lost everything in a big fire got much help from their friends. 4. The house _we live in is very old. 5. Didn t you see the man _I talked with just now?III牵手中考。1.（2011 清远） Have you read the book_is about the moon? A. what B. it C. / D. which 2.（2011 广西百色） The policeman caught the thief_has stolen Mr. Lis computer.A. which B. whose C. whom D. who 3.（2011 桂林） The basketball_I bought yesterday cost me 80 yuan. A. that B. where C. who D. when 4.（河北省2011） The teachers_came for a visit are foreigners. A. who B. whom C. whose D. which 5.（2011 河南省） Tony, tell me the result of the discussion_you had with your dad yesterday. A. what B. which C. when D. who 6.（2011 黑龙江绥化市）This is the camera _my uncle gave me for my birthday. A. which B. who C. what 7.（2011 哈尔滨） Get new knowledge by reviewing the old is a famous saying by Confucius (孔子). He was a great thinker_words still have a great effect on millions of people around the world today. A. who B. whos C. whose 8.（2011 呼和浩特） Is there anyone here_name is Betty? Sorry, I don t know.A. who B. which C. whom D. whose 9.（2011 四川达州） Where did you go last week? I went to Zhang Aiping s hometown and visited the house_he was born in.A. that B. there C. who D. whose 10.（2011 四川南充） Is that the man_helped us a lot after the earthquake? A. which B. who C. whom 11.（2011 四川资阳） I hear that Lily s brother is a worker here.Look, the man_is working over there is her brother. A. who B. whom C. what D. which 12.（2011 天津） John is the boy_legs were badly hurt in the accident. A. whose B. that C. who D. which 13.（2011 乌鲁木齐） We dont like people_talk too much but never do anything. A.whose B.who C.when D.which 14.（2011 梧州） Do you know the boy_is standing under the tree? Yes, he is my friend, Peter. A. what B. who C. whom D. whose 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 6 页，共 12 页 - - - - - - - - - 定语从句典型错误例析1. 我给他看了我上周在杭州的照片。【误】 I showed him the photos I took them in Hangzhou last week.【正】 I showed him the photos I took in Hangzhou last week.【析】 关系代词或关系副词既代替先行词，又在定语从句中充当一定的成分。例句为省略了关系代词（that/which）的定语从句， that/which 指代 the photos，在定语从句中充当took 的宾语，故 them多余，应去掉。2. 那个正在修理汽车的人是我的叔叔。【误】 The man is mending the car is my uncle.【正】 The man who/that is mending the car is my uncle.【析】关系代词在定语从句中充当主语时不可省略，只有作宾语时才能省略that。本句还可以译为 The man mending the car is my uncle. （-ing 形式短语mending the car作 the man的后置定语。）3. 这只风筝是你父亲昨天为你扎的吗？【误】 Is this kite your father made for you yesterday?【正】 Is this kite the one (that) your father made for you yesterday?【析】 若把 this 看作 kite 的修饰语，短语 this kite 为主句的主语， 这时我们可以看出主句中缺少表语，即定语从句的先行词， 所以应该加上代词 the one 。如果我们把 this 看作代词，作句子的主语，那么 kite 应该为句子的表语，名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 7 页，共 12 页 - - - - - - - - - 则可以看出先行词kite 前缺少定冠词 the。 故本句还可改为：Is this the kite (that/which) your father made for you yesterday?4. 她告诉我的就这些。【误】 This is all which she told me.【正】 This is all (that) she told me.【析】 当先行词为 all, none, one, any, few, little, everything, anything, nothing等或先行词前有序数词， 形容词最高级修饰时， 关系代词只能用that。另外，本句还可以译为 This is what she told me. 不过此时 what引导的是表语从句，而不是定语从句。5. 这是我们明天要讨论的问题。【误】 This is the problem about that well talk tomorrow.【正】 This is the problem about which well talk tomorrow.【正】 This is the problem (that/which) well talk about tomorrow.【析】“介词 +关系代词”引导的定语从句， 先行词指人时， 关系代词用 whom；指物时，关系代词用 which。 另外， 有些固定短语如 look after, listen to 等，一般也不能将介词提到关系代词之前。6. 他是今天早晨迟到的学生之一。【误】 He was one of the students who was late this morning.【正】 He was one of the students who were late this morning.名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 8 页，共 12 页 - - - - - - - - - 【析】 在 “one of+复数名词”结构中，定语从句的先行词是复数名词，故谓语动词应用复数；在“the only one of+复数名词”的结构中，定语从句的先行词是one，故谓语动词应用单数。如： She is the only one of the students in our class who has ever been to Beijing.她是我们班唯一去过北京的学生。7. 我还记得我在北京度过的日子。【误】 I still remember the days when I spent in Beijing.【正】 I still remember the days (which/that) I spent in Beijing.【析】 定语从句中引导词的选择关键词是看先行词在定语从句中充当什么样的成分，或者说定语从句中缺少什么成分。如果从句缺少主语，表语，宾语，则引导词通常为 which, that, who, whom, as；如果缺少定语则用关系代词whose ；如果缺少状语，则用关系副词when, where, why. 分析例句的成分可以知道，从句中缺少谓语动词 spent的宾语，故应用关系代词which 或 that 来引导定语从句。若把例句变为：I still remember the days _ I enjoyed myself in Beijing 。则定语从句中缺少时间状语，故此时应用关系副词when。8. 昨晚送你回家的那个人是谁？【误】Who is the man who sent you home last night?【正】Who is the man that sent you home last night?【析】当主句为含有 who/which 的疑问句，关系代词用 that， 而不用 who 或 which。如：Which is the book that you bought yesterday?哪本书是你昨天买的？9. 他们谈了许多他们所知道的人和事。【误】They talked about a lot of things and persons what/who/which they knew.【正】They talked about a lot of things and persons that they knew.名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 9 页，共 12 页 - - - - - - - - - 【析】 先行词既有人又有物时应该用that 来引导。 What 不可以引导定语从句。10. 我的家乡已不再是十年前的样子。【误】 My hometown is no longer the town which it used to be ten years ago.【正】 My hometown is no longer the town (that) it used to be ten years ago.【析】 当先行词在定语从句中充当表语时关系代词一般只能用that。另外，先行词是 there be中的主语时，关系代词也常用that，口语中这两中情况的关系代词 that 也可以省略。如：There is a park (that) we often visit on Sundays.由于定语从句的结构和用法比较复杂，初学者在使用时往往容易犯一些错误，最常见的有如下五种：一、在定语从句中加了多余的定语。1误： Some of the boys I invited them didnt come正：Some of the boys I invited didnt come译：我邀请的男孩中有几个没有来。析：应删去 them，因为从句的宾语是省略了的whom， who 或 that。2误： The book that you need it is in the library 正：The book that you need is in the library 译：你需要的书在图书馆里。析：应删去 it，因为从句的宾语是关系代词that。二、把定语从句谓语动词的单、复数弄错。1误： Anyone who break the law will be punished 正：Anyone who breaks the law will be punished 译：任何违犯法律的人将被处罚。析：应改 break为 breaks，因为 who 指 anyone，是单数。2误： Those who has finished may go home 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 10 页，共 12 页 - - - - - - - - - 正：Those who have finished may go home 译：做完了的人现在可以回家。析：应改 has为 have，因为 who 指 those，是复数。3误： He is the only one of the teachers who know French in our school 正：He is the only one of the teachers who knows French in our school 译：他是我们学校中唯一懂法语的人。析：应改 kn