2022年英语动词分类讲解及练习 2.pdf

一动词概述表示动作或状态的词叫做动词。可以分为以下四类：类别例句使用特点行为动词及物动词Love, make 后跟宾语不及物动词Go, rise 后不跟宾语连系动词Be, look 后跟表语助动词Be, have, do, shall, will, did 本身没有词义， 后跟动词原形或分词，构成疑问句或否定句等情态动词Can, may, mist 本身有词义，后跟动词原形，构成谓语注：英语行为动词也可以分为及物动词和不及物动词。及物动词是必须带宾语的动词。可以分为两类：（ 1）及物动词 +宾语（ 2）及物动词 +间接宾语 +直接宾语My mother bought me a gift. (可以接双宾语的词有：give, teach, buy, lend, find, hand, leave, sell, show, read, pay, make, offer, build, pass, bring, cook等不及物动词不需要跟宾语，本身意义完整。 有些不及物动词加上介词后变成及物性短语动词，后跟宾语。 She did not reply to my letter。英语中接双宾语的动词award sb. sth. = award sth. to sb. 颁奖给某人bring sb. sth. = bring sth. to sb. 把某物带给某人hand sb. sth. =hand sth. to sb. 把某物递给某人lend sb. sth. = lend sth. to sb. 把某物借给某人mail sb. sth. = mail sth. to sb. 把某物寄给某人offer sb. sth. = offer sth. to sb. 将某物给某人owe sb. sth. = owe sth. to sb. 欠某人某物pass sb. sth. = pass sth. to sb. 把某物递给某人pay sb. sth. = pay sth. to sb. 付给某人某物（钱）post sb. sth. = post sth. to sb. 把某物寄给某人read sb. sth. = read sth. to sb. 把某物读给某人听return sb.sth. = return sth. to sb. 把某物还给某人send sb. sth. = send sth. to sb. 把某物送给某人sell sb. sth. = sell sth. to sb. 把某物卖给某人serve sb. sth. = serve sth. to sb. 拿某物招待某人show sb. sth. = show sth. to sb. 拿某物给某人看take sb. sth. = take sth. to sb. 把某物拿给某人teach sb. sth. = teach sth. to sb. 教某人某物tell sb. sth. = tell sth. to sb. 告诉某人某情况throw sb. sth. = throw sth. to sb. 把某物扔给某人write sb. sth. = write sth. to sb. 给某人写信2、双宾语易位时需借助介词for 的常用动词book sb. sth. = book sth. for sb. 为某人预定某物buy sb. sth. = buy sth. for sb. 为某人买某物choose sb. sth. = choose sth. for sb. 为某人选某物cook sb. sth. = cook sth. for sb. 为某人煮某物名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 1 页，共 12 页 - - - - - - - - - draw sb. sth. = draw sth. for sb. 为某人画某物fetch sb. sth. = fetch sth. for sb. 为某人去取某物find sb. sth. = find sth. for sb. 为某人找到某物fix sb. sth. = fix sth. for sb. 为某人准备某物get sb. sth. = get sth. for sb. 为某人拿来某物make sb. sth. = make sth. for sb. 为某人做某物order sb. sth. = order sth. for sb. 为某人订购某物pick sb. sth. = pick sth. for sb. 为某人采摘某物prepare sb. sth. = prepare sth. for sb. 为某人准备某物save sb. sth. = save sth. for sb. 为某人留某物sing sb. sth. = sing sth. for sb. 为某人唱某物（歌）spare sb. sth. = spare sth. for sb. 为某人让出某物steal sb. sth. = steal sth. for sb. 为某人偷某物3、有的动词后接的双宾语易位时，既可用介词to 引出间接宾语，也可用介词for 引出间接宾语，含义相同。如bring ，play 等：Bring me today s paper.= Bring today s paper to for me. 把今天的报纸拿给我。He played us the record he had just bought. = He played the record he had just bought for to us. 他放了他刚买的唱片给我们听。4、有的动词后接的双宾语易位时，即可用介词to 引出间接宾语，也可用介词for 引出间接宾语，含义不同。如leave 等：They left me no food. = They left no food for me.他们没给我留一点食物。My uncle left me a large fortune. = My uncle left a large fortune to me. 叔叔死后留下一大笔财产给我。5、而有的动词后接双宾语时，既不能用介词to 引出间接宾语，也不能用介词for 引出间接宾语。如allow, ask, cause, charge, cost, forgive, refuse等：He allows his son too much money. 他给他儿子的钱太多。He asked me some questions. 他问了我一些问题。This caused me much trouble. 这给我带来了许多麻烦。He charged me five dollars for a cup of tea. 他一杯茶向我要了5 美元。His mistake cost him his job. 他的错误让他丢了工作。I envy you your good luck. 我羡慕你的好运。They forgave him his rudeness. 他们原谅了他的鲁莽。He refused her nothing. 她要什么他就给什么。二常用动词用法（见后）三连系动词系动词亦称连系动词（Link Verb ），作为系动词，它本身有词义，但不能单独用作谓语，后边必须跟表语（亦称补语），构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。系动词后不可接副词，接的是形容词。大致分七种1）状态系动词用来表示主语状态，只有be 一词，例如：He is a teacher. 他是一名教师。（is 与补足语一起说明主语的身份。）I am fine. 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 2 页，共 12 页 - - - - - - - - - 2）持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有 keep , rest, remain, stay , lie, stand, 例如：He always kept silent at meeting. 他开会时总保持沉默。This matter rests a mystery. 此事仍是一个谜。3）表像系动词用来表示 看起来像 这一概念，主要有seem , appear, look , 例如：He looks tired. 他看起来很累。He seems (to be) very sad. 他看起来很伤心。4）感官系动词感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如：This kind of cloth feels very soft. 这种布手感很软。This flower smells very sweet. 这朵花闻起来很香。5）变化系动词这些系动词表示主语变成什么样，变化系动词主要有become, grow, turn, fall （asleep） , get , go, come , run. 例如：He became mad after that. 自那之后，他疯了。She grew rich within a short time. 她没多长时间就富了。6）终止系动词表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove, turn out, 表达证实 ，变成 之意，例如：The rumor proved false. 这谣言证实有假。The search proved difficult. 搜查证实很难。His plan turned out a success. 他的计划终于成功了。（turn out表终止性结果）7使役动词：let,have,make 使，让 Let /make somebody do sth The teacher lets/makes them clean the classroom after school. Make sb/sth adj. The story makes me happy. The color makes it look beautiful. Have somebody do sth 让某人做某事Have sth done 让某物被My mother haves me make the bed. I have my hair cut/washed. 有些动词它们既可以用作实义动词，又可以用作连系动词。另外 be 还可用作助动词。它们的用法不同，词义和句型结构也有所不同。例如：Look at the blackboard, please.请看黑板。 (look 用作实义动词) He looks a little tired.他略显疲倦。(look 用作连系动词) They are at work. 他们在工作。 (are 用作连系动词) 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 3 页，共 12 页 - - - - - - - - - They are working. 他们正在工作。(are 用作助动词，帮助构成现在进行时) 四助动词协助主要动词构成谓语动词词组的词叫助动词（Auxiliary Verb ）。被协助的动词称作主要动词（ Main Verb ）。构成时态,语态。助动词是语法功能词，自身没有词义，不可单独使用，它没有对应的汉译，例如：He doesnt like English. 他不喜欢英语。（doesnt 是助动词，无词义； like 是主要动词，有词义) 1、助动词 be（am, is, are, was, were, being, been ）的用法（1） be 后跟现在分词构成进行时态。Who is playing the violin?谁在拉小提琴？She was reading a book then. 那时她正在读书。（2）be 后跟过去分词构成被动语态。He was asked to d o the work. 有人要他干这件工作。You are invited to attend the meetintg.有人邀请你参加会议。（3）be 后跟不定式作谓语，有如下几种情况： 表示计划、安排将要发生的事。Who are we to meet? 我们要见谁呀？Im to have supper with John this afternoon.今天下午我要与约翰一起吃晚饭。 表示指示、命令，否定式表禁止。You are to see the headmaster today. 今天你必须去见校长。You are not to enter the room without permission.未经允许你不能进入房间。 表示义务、责任等，同should 。You are to be back before 5. 你得在 5 点钟以前回来。What is to be d one?该干什么。 表示可能性，与情态动词may, can 同义。Such books are to be found in any library.这种书任何图书馆都有。Not a sound was to be heard. 一点声响也没有。 表示后来发生的事，可以用来表示命运或注定They say good-bye, little knowing that they were never to meet again.他们告别了，没想到再也不能相见了。He was to regret the decision.他有一天会后悔做出这一决定的。 用于习语Where am I to go? 我该向何处去？What am I to do? 我该怎么办？2、助动词 have(has, had, having)的用法（1）助动词have 可以构成完成时或完成进行时He has been a doctor for 10 years. 他当医生十年了。This is the place I have been longing to visit.这就是我一直渴望参观的地方。（2）和不定式构成谓语，表示客观上不得不做的事情。Weve missed the train. Well have to wait for another one.我们己经误了火车，我们只能等下一列。名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 4 页，共 12 页 - - - - - - - - - -Do we have to start work? 我们得立刻工作吗？-No. We dont have to. 不，不必了。3、do(does, did) 的用法（1）构成疑问句或否定句How did you know about it?你是怎样知道这件事的。He does not smoke. 他不抽烟。（2）加强语气。He did tell that. 他的确告诉了此事。Do come and see us.一定来看我们。（3）代替前面刚出现的动词，避免重复。-You like popular music, d ont you? 你喜欢流行音乐，是吧？-Yes , I d o.是的，我喜欢。He speaks French as fluently as she does. 他讲法语和她讲的一样流利。（4）用于倒装句中。Never did he pay attention to my words.他从不注意我的话。Only then did I understand the importance of English.只是那时，我才了解到英语的重要性。（5）构成否定的祈使句。Dont be so careless. 不要那么粗心。Do not hesitate to come for help.只管来求助。3.助动词shall和 will的用法shall和 will作为助动词可以与动词原形一起构成一般将来时，例如：I shall study harder at English.我将更加努力地学习英语。He will go to Shanghai.他要去上海。说明：在过去的语法中，语法学家说shall 用于第一人称，will 只用于第二、第三人称。现在，尤其是在口语中，will常用于第一人称，但shall 只用于第一人称，如用于第二、第三人称，就失去助动词的意义，已变为情态动词，试比较: He shall come.他必须来。（shall 有命令的意味。）He will come.他要来。（will只与动词原形构成一般将来时。）shall 在疑问句中,用于第一,第三人称,征求对方意愿shall I turn on the light? 要开灯吗?( 我把灯打开好吗?) shall he come to see you? 他要不要来看你(比较 : will he come to see you? 他会不会来看你) shall 用在陈述句, 与第二第三人称连用, 变为情态动词表示允诺,命令 ,警告 ,和说话人的决心等4.助动词should,would的用法1）should无词义，只是shall 的过去形式，与动词原形构成过去将来时，只用于第一人称，例如：名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 5 页，共 12 页 - - - - - - - - - I telephoned him yesterday to ask what I should do next week. 我昨天给他打电话，问他我下周干什么。比较：What shall I do next week?I asked. 我下周干什么？我问道。（可以说，shall 变成直接引语时，变成了should 。）2） would也无词义，是will的过去形式，与动词原形构成过去将来时，用于第二、第三人称，例如：He said he would come.他说他要来。比较：I will go, he said. 他说： 我要去那儿。 变成间接引语，就成了：He said he would come.原来的will变成 would ， go 变成了come. 。过去式从原来的go 变为 came 。五情态动词（1）情态动词本身有词义，但词义不完全，因此不能单独作谓语，只能和其他的动词原形一起构成谓语。（2）情态动词后接的动词不定式一律不带to。（3）情态动词不随人称变化而变。（4）含有情态动词的否定都是由“ 情态动词+ not ”构成的。can 的用法：1. (表示能力、功能)能,会The classroom can seat thirty students. 这教室能坐三十位学生。June can drive now. 琼现在会开车了。2. (表示可能性 )可能 ,可能会I think the work can be completed ahead of time. 我认为这项工作能提前完成。Can t 不可能he is in London, so you can t see him here.3. (表示允许、请求)可以You cant take the book out of the room. 你不可以将这本书拿出室外。Can I use your pen? 我可以用一下你的笔吗? 4. (表示命令 )必须If you wont keep quiet you can get out. 你如不保持安静,就请你走。5. (表示偶然发生的可能性) 有时会It can be quite windy there, especially in spring. 那里有时容易刮风,特别在春季。6. (表示惊讶 )究竟 ;竟至于名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 6 页，共 12 页 - - - - - - - - - What can it possibly be? 到底那是怎么一回事? could 的用法can 的过去式；（用于虚拟语气，表示与事实相反的设想）能；可以；（表示可能性）可能；（用于婉转语气）能，可以may 的用法1.表示请求和允许，意思是：可以He may come if he likes. 如果他想来，可以来2.表示祝愿，意思是：祝，（但愿）。May the friendship between our two peoples last forever. 祝两国人民的友谊万古长青。3.表示推测，意思是：可能（会），或许（会）。It may rain this evening. Youd better take an umbrella. 今晚可能要下雨，你最好带上雨伞。May not 可能不it is time for lunch. He may not be at home. must 的用法1.表“ 必须 ” 。You must talk to them about their study.你必须同他们谈谈关于他们学习的事。2.在否定结构中表不许。You mustnt leave here. 你不能离开这儿。3.表坚定的建议。You must come and see us as soon as you get to Shanghai.一到上海你得马上来看我们。4.表推测，暗含有很大的可能性，用在肯定句。He must be ill. He looks so pale. 他肯定是病了。他的脸色那么苍白。注意：否定式：neednt 表示不必要做的事。Must not 绝对不可以，禁止You must not smoke in the public. May I come back right now? no, you needn t.加动词不定式的完成式或完成进行式可以表示对过去事情的推测。may 暗含的可能性较小。must 暗含的可能性较大。否定的猜测用cant The baby cant be ill. He is so active.那宝宝不大可能是病了。他那么活跃。might的用法might 表示的可能性太小，没有足够的说服力去职责别人。may 的过去式。表示询问或允许或可能、推测。名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 7 页，共 12 页 - - - - - - - - - 表示可以做的事或可能发生的事，比may 口气缓和。表示现在的事情，语气较may 弱一些，可能性更小一些。用在表示目的等的状语从句中。用在虚拟条件句的主句中。注意： may，might 后加动词不定式的完成式可以表示对过去的推测，认为某事在过去可能发生，这一用法中may 和 might 都指过去，不过might 较 may 更含蓄或更不肯定。should的用法1.should 作为助动词shall 的过去式，可以在间接引语中与第一人称主语搭配，表示过去将来时间。2.should 作为情态动词，通常用来表示现在或将来的责任或义务，译作“ 应该 ” 、“ 应当 ” ，这时它可以和ought to ， be supposed to 互换使用。例如：You should （= are supposed to ） complete your test in time. 你们应该按时做完你们的实验。3.should 作为情态动词， 可以用在条件状语从句中，表示语气较强的假设，译作 “ 万一 ” 、“ 竟然” ， 这时也可将should 置于从句之首， 即将should 放在主语前面， 而省略从属连词if. 后接动词不定式的完成式时，表示过去的事情。肯定句中表示该做的没做；否定句中表示不该做的发生了If it should rain tomorrow， I wouldnt go. （= Should it rain tomorrow， I wouldnt go. ） 万一明天天下雨，我就不去了。would的用法1.would 是 will 的过去式， Would you like ？表示请求、劝说，是很客气的说法。Would you like a cup of tea？您愿意喝杯茶吗？2.主语 +would like to 表示 “ 想要 ”的意思上，与 want to 意思一样，但用此句型较客气。I want to ask you a question. 3.最基本的虚拟语气句型: 主句用 would/ should/ could/ might +动词原形。ought to的用法ought to 是一个可以加上to 的情态动词其意思与should 是一样的 ,但是 ought to 不能用于虚拟语气中表示推测,而 should 可以ought to 与 should 意思接近，大多数情况下二者可以互换，但是should 谈的是自己的主观看法， ought to 则更多反映客观情况，在谈到法律、义务和规定时使用。后接动词不定式的名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 8 页，共 12 页 - - - - - - - - - 完成时，如用肯定结构，表示过去某事该做而未做；如否定结构，则表示过去不该做的事情发生了。此用法相当于should （not ）have done 结构。如：We should ought to help each other and learn from each other in our workShe is your mother, so you ought to support herWe ought to go and see Mary tomorrow, but I don t think we willhave to 的用法后接动词原形，表示“ 不得不，必须 ” 的意思，它比must 更含有 “ 客观条件使得必须如此做”的意思。dare 的用法表示 “ 敢于 ” ，过去式是dared 。除在 “I dare say”这种结构中， dare 极少用于肯定句中，常用在否定句、疑问句及条件句中。常和动词不定式连用，但不带to need 的用法表示 “ 需要 ” ，用于否定句和疑问句中，和不定式连用。句型： need to be done/doing（主动表被动）need 后面有名词或动名词作宾语时，need 是实义动词，但后接动名词的句子相当于被动语态。shall 的用法主要用于第一人称的疑问句中，表示征求对方意见。used to 的用法后接动词原形，表示以前常发生的动作，但现在不是这样了，通常用于肯定句中。句型： be used to ，后接动名词或名词，表示“ 习惯 ”。情态动词句型（1）表示对现在情况的推测（情态动词+ v.）肯定： must/may/might + be/do/be doing 否定： can/could + not + be/do/be doing 疑问： Can/Could + sb. + be/do/be doing 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 9 页，共 12 页 - - - - - - - - - He must playing football in the playground because it is Sunday today. (2) 表示对过去情况的推测（情态动词+ have done ）肯定： must/may/might + have been 否定： can/could + not + have been/done 疑问： Can/Could + sb. + have been/have done 注意：表示推测（可能性从大到小）：must，can，could ，may，might 。They might have finished the work by now. Exercises:(A) 1. _ everyone here today? A. Be B. Are C. Is D. Am 2. Harry is old er than I. But he _ younger than I. A. look B. looks C. looked D. looking 3. It _ like the singing of the birds. A. sounds B. looks C. smells D. tastes 4. This kind of cake tastes _. A. good B. well C. to be good D. to be well 5. The children all looked _ at the broken model plane and felt quite _. A. sad, sad B. sadly, sadly C. sad, sadly D. sadly, sad 6. This kind of paper _ nice. A. feel B. felt C. is feeling D. feels 7. This math probl em is _ and I can do it _. A. easy, easily B. easily, easily C. easy, easy D. easily, easy 8. Coffee is ready. How nice it _! Woul d you like some? A. looks B. smells C. sounds D. feels 9. In winter the days _ col der and colder. A. gets B. getting C. got D. get 10. He _ pale at the thought. A. got B. looked C. turned D. seemed (B) 1.Mother _ (watch) TV every evening. 2.We_(talk) when the teacher came in. 3.He _(go) to Beijing two days ago. 4.He _(leave) Chengdu in two days. 5.Look!The boy_(play) football on the playground. 6.My uncle _(live) here for ten years. 7.He often helps the old woman _ (carry) water. 8.Would you like to make a contribution to _ (improve) our living conditions? 9.Don t forget _(turn) off the lights before you go out.10.Please let the girls _(go) first. 11.They had great fun _(play) football this afternoon. 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 10 页，共 12 页 - - - - - - - - - 12.Do you enjoy _(watch) TV? 13.Would you like _(have) a cup of tea? 14.You can _(go) there tomorrow. 15.Would you mind my _(open) the door? 16.Please ask him _(speak) more l oudly 17.I ll go fishing if it _(be) fine tomorrow.18.He said his grandpa _(be) d ead for ten years. 19.Tell the children _(not play) in the street. 20.Mr Zhu spent much time _(help) me with my English. (C)1. Mr Wang _ be in Nanjing now, he went to Beijing only this morning. A. mustn t B. may not C. cant D. needn t2. -Must I stay at home, Mum? -No, you _. A. needn t B. mustnt C. don t D. may not3. -Can you go swimming with us this afternoon? -Sorry, I can t. I _ take care of my little sister at home because my mother is ill.A. can B. may C. would D. have to 4. -May I go to the cinema, Mum? -Certainly. But you _ be back by 11 o clock.A. can B. may C. must D. need 5. To make our city more beautiful, rubbish _ into the river. A. needn t be thrown B. mustnt be thrownC. can t throw D. may not throw6. -May I go out to play basketball, Dad? -No, you _. You must finish your homework first. A. mustn t B. may not C. couldnt D. needn t7. -Where is Jack, please ? -He _ be in the reading room. A. can B. need C. would D. must A. musnt B. may not C. cant D. needn t8. -Mum, may I watch TV now? -Sure, but you _ help me with my housework first. A. can B. may C. must D. could 9. The boy said he had to speak English in class, but he _ speak it after calss. A. could B. didnt have to C. might D. shouldnt10. John _ go there with us tonight, but he