中考英语定语从句专题复习5.doc
定语从句定语从句的概述在复合句中修饰或限定名词、代词的从句叫做定语从句。被定语从句修饰或限定的名词、代词叫做先行词；引导定语从句的词叫做引导词。定语从句放在所修饰、限定的词（先行词）之后。例1：The boy who is reading a story book is my brother. 那个正在读一本故事书的男孩是我的兄弟。在这句话中，who is reading a story book.是定语从句。它修饰、限定the boy，the boy是先行词，引导定语从句的who是引导词。定语从句的分类定语从句可分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句一般紧跟在先行词的后面，用来说明先行词的性质、身份、特征等状况，与先行词的关系非常密切，翻译时一般要译到先行词的前面；如果去掉，则整个句子的意思含混不清。A doctor is a person who looks after people's health. 医生是照顾人们健康的人。非限制性定语从句起到补充说明作用，译为汉语时常不译作定语，而是根据句意译为相应的其他形式的从句。它与主句的关系不如限制性定语从句密切，只是对先行词作附加说明，既使去掉，主句的意思依然清楚。非限制性定语从句前往往有逗号与主句隔开，如非限制性定语从句放在句子中间，其前后都需要用逗号与隔开。Yesterday, Jimmy left for Canada, where he had stayed two years.昨天，吉米动身到加拿大去了，他曾在那儿呆了两年。定语从句的引导词引导定语从句的词称为引导词，它一方面连接先行词和定语从句；别一方面又在定语从句中充当句子成份，如例1中的who，以定语从句中作主语。引导词一般不能按照疑问代词或疑问副词的意义进行翻译，一般情况下应译为“的”。定语从句的引导词可为分为关系代词和关系副词。I. 关系代词关系代词代替的是表示人或物的名词或代词，并且在从句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成份。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。关系代词在从句是作宾语时常可省略。常见的关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which等。1. 当先行词指人时，使用who或whom，如果在从句中作主语，则用who；作宾语，则用whom，但在口语中，常可用who代替whom，也可以省略。Whom 作介词宾语时，可以和介词一起放在先行词和从句之间，也可以把介词放在从句中有关动词的后面。The boy who can play basketball well is our monitor. 那个篮球打得好的男孩是我们的班长。The man (whom) we met at the school gate is an English teacher. 我们在学校门口遇到的那个人是一位英语教师。 The woman to whom you talked is Kangkangs mother. = The woman (whom) you talked to is Kangkangs mother 那位与你谈话的妇女是康康的妈妈。2. 当先行词指物时，使用which，在从句中作主语或宾语。作宾语时常可省略。Which 作介词宾语时，可以和介词一起放在先行词和从句之间，也可以把介词放在从句中有关动词的后面。The books which were bought last week will be sent to poor children. 上周买的那些书将被送给贫困孩子。 He gave me the ball (which) we bought last week. 他把我们上周买的球给了我。Don't bring children to see the animals of which they are afraid. =Don't bring children to see the animals (which) they are afraid of.不在带孩子去看那些他们害怕的动物。3. Whose 引导的定语从句的先行词可以是人也可以是物，whose在从句中作定语。Whose 作介词宾语时，可以和介词一起放在先行词和从句之间，也可以把介词放在从句中有关动词的后面。The man whose coat is blue is cleaning the room. 那个穿蓝上衣的人在打扫房间。The book whose cover is red is an English book. 那本红色封面的书是一本英语书。The boss in whose factory I worked is a very kind person. = The boss whose factory I worked in is a very kind person.我工作的那个工厂的老板是一个非常和善的人。4. that引导的定语从句的先行词既可指人也可指物。在从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时常可省略。that在定语从句中作介词的宾语时，介词一般不放在它的前面。The new job that I found was to be a teacher. 我新找的工作是当老师。He is the teacher that we met at the bus stop. 他就是我们昨天在公共汽车站遇到的那位老师。The village that he lives in is very far away. 他所居住的村子非常远。 关系代词在定语从句中作短语动词的宾语时，此时关系代词前的介词应是短语动词固定搭配中的那一个介词。 This is the house in which Lu Xun once lived. 这是鲁迅曾经住过的房子。5. 当先行词指人时that一般可以与who 通用；当先行词指物时，that一般可以与which通用。但是当先行词符合下列条件之一时，只能用that. 当先行词指物为不定代词时，只用that引导定语从句。I've forgotten everything that I learnt at school. 我在学校学的东西我全忘记了。 当先行词是最高级或被最高级所修饰时，只能用that引导定语从句。This is the best way that we can raise money. 这是我们可以筹钱的最好方法。 当先行词是序数词或被序数词所修饰时，只能用that引导定语从句。He is the first person that I met this morning. 他是我今天早上见到的第一个人。 当先行词被only, very, just, last, one of, all no, little, few, any等词修饰时，只能用that引导定语从句。It is one of the beautiful views that I have seen. 这是我所见到的最美的风景之一。 当先行词既有人又有物时，只能用that引导定语从句。We talked the things and persons that we were interested in. 我们谈论我们感兴趣的人和事。 如果有两个从句，其中一个用了who (which)来引导，则另一个用that以避免重复。He built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.他建造了工厂要生产一些我们以前没见过的东西。 当先行词被the only, the very, the some, the last等词修饰时，只能用that引导定语从句。 This is the last place that I want to visit. 这是我想参观的最后一个地方。6. 当先行词指物时，that一般可以与which通用。但是当先行词符合下列条件之一时，只能用which. 当作主语或宾语的关系代词前有介词时，只能用which. This is the house of which the windows face south. 这是那间窗户朝南的房子。 在引导非限制性定语从句时，which可代表先行词或前面的一句话，译成“这一点，这件事”。 He passed the exam, which made us very happy. 他通过了考试，这使得我们非常高兴。 先行词为that, those时，引导词用which. What's that which on the table? 桌子上是什么？7. 当先行词指人时that一般可以与who 通用。但是当先行词符合下列条件之一时，只能用who. 当先行词是one, ones, anyone, those指代人时， 只能用who. Anyone who does that must be mad. 谁那样做一定是疯了。 在there be 结构中，先行词是人时，只能用who. There is a girl who is waiting for you. 有个女孩在等你。 当先行词是人，后面有较长的修饰语时，只用who. I met a friend of mine who had got three gold medals in the Asian Games. 昨天我在公园见到一个朋友，他在亚运会上得到了三枚金牌。 当先行词是I, you, he ,they等时（常用于谚语中），只用who. He who plays with fire gets burned. 玩火自焚。II. 关系副词 关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。常用关系副词有why, when, where.1. when 指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。也可以用“介词+关系代词”代替when, 这时的介词一般为in, at, on等。I'll never forget the day when (on which) I first come here. 我永远都不会忘记我第一次到这儿的那天。2. where 指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。也可以用“介词+关系代词”代替where, 这时的介词一般为表示方位的at, in , on, beside等。This is the room where (in which) he lived last year. 这是他去年住过的房间。3. why指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。也可以用“介词+关系代词”代替why, 这时的介词一般为for。Thats the reason why (for which) he was late for school. 这就是他上学迟到的原因。4. that 可用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why引导的定语从句，在口语中that常被省略。This is the place (that / where / in which) he works. 这是他工作的地方。非限制性定语从句关系代词和关系副词在非限制性定语从句中的应用与在限制性定语从句中类似。先行词为人时，用who, whom, whose；先行词为物时，用which。 that不用于非限制性定语从句中。Mary has a brother, who is an engineer. 玛丽有一个兄弟，他是一位工程师。She has six cousins, three of whom lived to grow up. 她有六个表兄弟，其中三个已经长大成人了。The children are taught by a 32-year-old Englishman, whose wife is an American.孩子们的老师是一位32岁的英国人，他的妻子是美国人。非限制性定语从句也可以由where或when 引起。Last week we visited Hangzhou, where there is a beautiful lake.上周我们游览了杭州，那儿有一个美丽的湖。We will put off the party until next week, when we won't be so busy.我们把晚会推迟到下周，那时我们就不会这么忙了。定语从句专练单项选择. 从题后所给四个选项中选择最佳答案填入空白处。1. Mr. Li is an English teacher _ loved playing soccer.A. whoB. whomC. heD. which2. We called the man _ had promised to help us.A. he B. thatC. whomD. which3. The coat _ he is wearing today was bought by his aunt.A. whatB. whereC. who D. that4. The place _ he works is in the factory.A. thatB. whichC. in whichD. in where5. That's the most beautiful place _ I have ever _.A. where; visitedB. that; visitC. where; visitD. that; visited6. I don't know the boy _.A. whom you often talkB. you often talk withC. with who you often talkD. that you often talk7. Look! The boy _ name is Simon is playing soccer with his friends.A. whoB. whoseC. whichD. whom8. All _ they have done is good for us.A. whatB. whichC. whyD. that9. I want to go to some places _ it's cool in summer. A. thoseB. whichC. whereD. this10. Saturday is the day _ people can have a rest.A. thatB. at whichC. on whichD. on that11. She is new here, there are no friends _ she can _ turn for help in the city.A. whomB. to whomC. whichD. to which12. He is one of the boys _ basketball well.A. whom playB. whom playsC. who playD. who plays13. The fence in our garden, _ my father built many years ago, has lasted for a long time.A. thatB. whichC. whatD. where14. I'll remember the time _ we spent together in the country.A. thatB. whenC. during whichD. at which15. I dont believe the reason _ he has given for his being late.A. whyB. thatC. howD. what16. There are two caps on the table, _ belongs to Tom.A. the smaller of whichB. the small of whichC. the smaller of themD. the small one17. My brother had become a doctor, _ was what he wanted to be.A. whoB. whatC. thatD. which18. There is a mountain _ the top is always covered with snow.A. whoseB. of whichC. it'sD. that19. Is there a post office around _ I can get some stamps?A. whichB. whatC. whereD. that20. He talked happily about the man and books _ interested him greatly in the school.A. whichB. thatC. whoD. when21. There isn't a dictionary _ you can find everything.A. thatB. whichC. whereD. in that22. He wanted to know the time _ he needed to know.A. thatB. whenC. whereD. what23. Lucy's pet cat died, _ made her very sad.A. as B. whichC. thatD. whose24. This is one of the best films _ this year.A. have been showB. that have shownC. that have been shownD. which has been shown25. Is _ some foreigners visited last week?A. this factoryB. this the factoryC. this factory oneD. the factory where26. I'll give you _ he gave me last week.A. all whichB. all whatC. that allD. all27. I'll never forget the day _ I joined the army.A. whereB. whenC. whyD. that28. That is the reason _ he didn't come to your birthday.A. whyB. thatC. whichD. when29. The doctor _ we met at the gate works in the nearby hospital.A. /B. whoC. whichD. he30. His book is not the only thing _ has been stolen. A. thatB. / C. whichD. who参考答案1. A 先行词teacher 指人，关系代词who在定语从句中作主语。B中whom只能作宾语；C中he不可以作定语从句引导词；D中which引导定语从句时，先行词应为物；故选A是正确的。2. B 先行词the man指人，关系代词that在定语从句中作主语。C中whom只能作宾语；A中he不可以作定语从句引导词；D中which引导定语从句时，先行词应为物；故选A是正确的。故选B。3. D 先行词the coat指物，关系代词that在定语从句中作wearing的宾语。What, it, this均不做引导词引导定语从句。因此选D是正确的。4. C 先行词the place， 关系代词in which在定语从句中作地点状语，相当于where。He是定语从句的主语，work是不及物动词，不带宾语，因此A，B不正确。副词不可作介词的宾语，D选项不正确。故选C是正确的。5. D 先行词是place, 关系代词that在定语从句中作visited 的宾语。句子的后半部分为现 在完成时。定语从句中visit需要一个宾语，因此A，C可排除。Visit前有have ever，可以判断出是现在完成时，B选项中visit没有用现在完成时。选D是正确的。6. B 先行词为the boy指人，关系代词who/ that作talk with的宾语, 可以省略。Talk为不及物动词，A，D选项不正确；who 不作介词宾语，C选项可排除；故选B。7. B 先行词the boy 指人，关系代词whose在定语从句中作定语。What, which, whom不能作定语。故选B。8. D 先行词all是不定代词，关系代词that在定语从句中作done的宾语。当先行词为不定代词且指物时，引导定语从句的关系代词只能是that.故选D。9. C 先行词是some places, 表示地点。 关系副词where在定语从句中作地点状语。Those, this 不引导定语从句。Which是关系代词。因此，只能选C。10. C 先行词是the day，表示时间。On which等于where在定语从句中作时间状语。因此，A，D不符合要求。在具体到某一天时，我们一般用介词on而不用at，所以B也不合适。只可以选C。11. B 先行词是friends, 指人。关系代词whom在定语从句中作turn to 的宾语。选项C，D不可以代指人，turn to sb. for help 向某人求助, A不符合要求。故选B。12. C 先行词是the boys, 关系代词who在定语从句中作主语。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。选项A，B中whom不可以在定语从句中作主语，D中数与先行词不一致。故选C。13. B 这是一个非限制性定语从句，先行词是the fence, 关系代词在定语从句中作宾语。That不引导非限制性定语从句，不可以选A。where 不能在定语从句中作宾语。What不引导定语从句。故选B。14. A 先行词是the time, 关系代词在定语从句中用spent的宾语。Spent是及物动词，可以直接带宾语，不需用介词。因此，B，C，D不符合要求。选A。15. B 先行词是the reason, 关系代词that在定语从句中作given的宾语。Why不能作宾语，how, what不引导定语从句。故选B。16. A 这是一个非限制性定语从句，先行词是two caps, 关系代词which在定语从句中作主语。C，D不是定语从句，指两个中较小的那个，应用形容词的比较级。故选A。17. D 这是一个非限制性定语从句，先行词是doctor, 在本句中指职业。关系代词在定语从句中作主语。Who引导的定语从句先行词指人，that不用于非限制定语从句。What 不用于引导定语从句。故选D。18. B 先行词是mountain, of which等于where, 在定语从句中作地点状语。Whose, that在定语从句中不作状语，it's不引导定语从句。故选B。19. C 先行词是post office, 关系副词where在定语从句中作地点状语。Which, that不能在定语从句中作地点状语，what不引导定语从句。故选C。20. B 先行词是the man and books，既有人又有物。关系代词that在定语从句中作主语。当先行词既有人又有物时，只能用that引导定语从句。故选B。21. C 先行词是a dictionary, 关系副词where在定语从句中作状语。That, which在定语从句中不作状语。That在定语从句中作介词宾语时，介词不可以放在它的前面。故选C。22. A 先行词是the time, 关系代词that在定语从句中作know的宾语。When, where在定语从句中不作宾语，what不引导定语从句。故选A。23. B 这是一个非限制性定语从句，关系代词which在定语从句中作主语，指代Lucy's pet cat died这一个句子。在引导非限制性定语从句时，which可代表前面的一句话，译成“这一点，这件事”。As引导定语从句时，不可指代一个句子，that不用于非限制性定语从句，this不引导这定语从句。故选B。24. C 先行词是the best films，关系代词that在定语从句中作主语。当先行词是最高级或被最高级所修饰时，只能用that引导定语从句。故选C。25. B 主句是is this the factory, 先行词是factory, 关系代词that/ which在定语从句中作visited的宾语。关系代词在定语从句中作宾语时可以省略。选项A，C，指代不明。选项D中where不可作定语从句的宾语。故选B。26. D 主句是I'll give you all, 先行词是不定代词all, 关系代词that在定语从句中作gave的直接宾语。关系代词在定语从句中作宾语时可以省略。A选项中当先行词是不定代词时，不用which引导的定语从句。B选项中what不引导定语从句。C选项中that作give 的直接宾语，指代不明。故选D。27. B 先行词是the day指时间，关系副词在定语从句中作时间状语。Where, when, that不能在定语从句中作时间状语。故选B。28. A 先行词是the reason指原因, 关系副词在定语从句中作原因状语。That, which, when不能在定语从句中作原因状语。故选A。29. A 先行词是the doctor指人，关系代词that/whom在定语从句中作宾语。关系代词在定语从句中作宾语时可以省略，在这里省略了that或whom。Who在定语从句中不作宾语。Which引导的定语从句修饰的先行词指物，he不引导定语从句。故选A。30. A 先行词the only thing指物，关系代词that在定语从句中作主语。当先行词被the only修饰时，只能用that引导定语从句。故选A。7
