2022年食品安全外文文献文 .pdf

Food safety is affected by the decisions of producers, processors, distributors, food service operators, and consumers, as well as by government regulations. In developed countries, the demand for higher levels of food safety has led to the implementation of regulatory programs that address more types of safety-related attributes (such as bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), microbial pathogens, environmental contaminants, and animal drug and pesticide residues) and impose stricter standards for those attributes.They also further prescribe how safety is to be assured and communicated. Liability systems are another form of regulation that affect who bears responsibility when food safety breaks down.These regulatory programs are intended to improve public health by controlling the quality of the domestic food supply and the increasing flow of imported food products from countries around the world. Common to the adoption of new regulations by developed countries is the application of risk analysis principles. Under these principles, and in line with the World Trade Organizations (WTOs) Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS Agreement), countries should base their regulatory actions on scientific risk assessment. In addition, a country should be able to clearly link its targeted level of protection, based on a scientifically assessed risk level, to its regulatory goals and, in turn, to its standards and inspection systems. Finally, the risk management options chosen should restrict trade as little as possible. Despite similarities in approach among developed countries, to date they have made only mixed progress toward aligning their regulatory requirements. Countries are struggling with the task of identifying key risk issues and choosing regulatory programs to control those risks.They emphasize different risks, apply different levels of precaution, and choose different regulatory approaches.The regulatory systems of countries are a mix of old laws and newer regulations that frequently do not apply consistent standards across products, risks, or countries of origin. Finally, countries may be tempted to use food safety regulations as a means of protecting domestic industries from foreign competition. These features of food safety regulation in developed countries have several implications for developing countries. First, they determine access to growing markets for food exports, particularly high-value fresh commodities such as those discussed in other briefs in this collection.When standards differ, this can create additional barriers for developingcountry exporters. Second, these features determine the issues that will be addressed in international forums, such as the Codex Alimentarius Commission.Third, they create expectations among developing-country consumers regarding acceptable levels of safety and set examples for emerging regulations in developing-country food systems. This brief reviews emerging regulatory approaches and the implications for developing countries. REGULATORY APPROACHES Countries regulate food safety through the use of process, product (performance), or information standards. Process standards specify how the product should be produced. For example, Good Manufacturing Practices specify in-plant design, sanitation, and operation standards. Product (performance) standards require that final products have specific characteristics. An example is the specification of a maximum microbial pathogen load for fresh meats and poultry. Finally, information standards specify the types of labeling or other communication 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 1 页，共 4 页 - - - - - - - - - that must accompany products. While these categories provide a neat breakdown, in practice most countries use a combination of approaches to regulate any particular food safety risk. For example, specifications for acceptable in-plant operations may be backed up with final product testing to monitor and verify the success of safety assurance programs. Labeling that instructs final consumers on proper food handling techniques may further back up these systems. MAJOR REGULATORY TRENDS IN DEVELOPED COUNTRIES ? Stronger public health and consumer welfare emphasis in decisions by regulatory agencies. The increasing use of the risk analysis framework for regulatory decision-making focuses attention on the effective control of public health risks as the ultimate goal of regulations, rather than intermediate steps such as assuring that accepted practices are used in production.This in turn leads to a focus on the food supply chain, on identifying where hazards are introduced into it, and on determining where those hazards can be controlled most cost effectively in the chain.This approach is referred to as “farm to table” or “farm to fork” analysis.When the supply chain extends across international borders, risk analysis may encompass farm or processing practices in developing countries. ? Adoption of more stringent safety standards, with a broader scope of standards. Food safety standards are becoming more stringent in developed countries on two fronts. First, in many cases food safety attributes that were previously regulated are being held to more precise and stringent standards. For example, rather than assuring meat product safety simply through process standards, those products may be required to meet specific pathogen load standards for E. coli or Salmonella.Similarly, tolerances for aflatoxin may be lowered as more information and better testing become readily available.Second, the scope of standards is broadening, as new risks become known. For example, the European Union, the United States, and other countries have instituted strict feeding restrictions to avoid the spread of BSE in cattle. In addition, the European Union has recently established a regulatory program to control human exposure to dioxins through the food supply.These evolving standards create continuing challenges for producers and regulatory agencies in exporting countries. ? Adoption of the HACCP approach to assuring safety.During the 1990s, developed countries made a strong shift toward requiring the Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) approach to assuring food safety. Under HACCP, companies are responsible for analyzing how hazards such as food-borne pathogens may enter the product, establishing effective control points for those hazards, and monitoring and updating the system to assure high levels of food safety.These HACCP systems are usually predicated on the processing plant having an adequate system of sanitary operating procedures already in place. HACCP does not prescribe specific actions to be taken in a plant: the company chooses its methods for controlling hazards. HACCP systems make clear that the central responsibility for assuring safety belongs to a company; the regulators job is often shifted from one of direct inspection to providing oversight for the companys operation of its HACCP plan. Since HACCP is primarily a process standard for company-level activity, inspection to assure compliance is challenging for imported products coming from plants in other countries. Some countries, such as those in the European Union, have mandated HACCP for all levels of the food supply 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 2 页，共 4 页 - - - - - - - - - chain, while others such as the United States have mandated it for specific sectors (meat slaughter and processing, for example). ? Adoption of hybrid regulatory systems. Mandatory HACCP may be combined with performance standards for finished products.The performance standards (a minimum incidence of Salmonella in finished products, for example) provide a check on whether the HACCP plan is performing adequately.The increased use of performance standards has been facilitated by the development of more accurate and speedier testing procedures, particularly for pathogens. Eventually such tests may make it easier for exporters to demonstrate and verify a particular level of safety. 食品安全受生产者、加工者、经销商、餐饮服务经营者决策的影响，也受到消费者和政府法规的影响。 在发达国家， 对更高水平的食品安全的需求导致监管的程序需要处理更多类型的与安全相关的属性（如牛海绵状脑病(BSE)、病原微生物、环境污染物和动物的药物和农药残留） 并且执行施加更严格的标准。他们还进一步规定安全是如何被确保和传达的。责任制度是当食品安全发生问题的时候谁负有责任的另一种管理形式。这些监管程序旨在通过控制国内粮食供应量和不断增加来自世界各地的进口食品来改善公共卫生。风险分析原理是由发达国家共同通过的新条例的应用。根据符合 世界贸易组织协定和实施动植物卫生检疫措施的协议（SPS 协定）这些原则，国家应该以监管行为为基础进行科学的风险评估。此外，一个国家应当有能力在其科学的风险的评估的基础上，明确将其对产品的保护能力与其制定标准和检查系统联系起来，进而达到其监管目的。最后， 选择风险管理方案应该尽可能减少贸易。到目前为止， 在发达国家采取了相似的方法，在调整他们的监管要求方面取得了一定的进展。各个国家都在努力确定风险问题的关键，并且选择相应的监管程序来控制这些风险。 他们强调不同的风险，需要运用不同等级的预防措施，也需要选择不同的监管方法。 国家的监管制度混合了旧的法律和新的法规，通常不适用于贯穿产品、风险或原籍国的标准。 最后，国家可能会使用食品安全法规作为保护国内工业免受外国竞争的一种手段。 发达国家食品安全监管的这些特点对发展中国家的食品安全监管有多方面的启示。首先，他们决定增长食品出口市场，特别是高价值新鲜的商品，在此集合中与其他概要一起讨论。当标准不同时， 就可以为发展中国家出口制造更多的障碍。其次， 这些特征决定了在食品法典委员会等国际论坛将讨论的问题。第三， 他们在发展中国家粮食系统中创建发展中国家消费者关于可接受水平的安全和新兴规章设定的举例寄予了厚望。这个概要回顾了新兴的监管方式及对发展中国家的影响。监管办法：各国通过使用流程、产品（性能）或信息标准规范食品安全。 工艺标准规定如何生产产品。例如，良好的生产规范中规定了工厂的设计，卫生和操作标准。产品（性能）标准要求最终产品要有特定的特性。一个例子就是一个最大的微生物病原体负载的新鲜肉类和家禽的规范。最后， 信息标准指定的标签，必须伴随着产品类型的其他交流。虽然这些类别为灵活的故障作好了准备，但是在实践中大多数的国家都会使用各种方法的组合来控制特定食品安全的风险。例如，工厂运营中的规范可能得到最终产品的测试， 一次来监测和核查安全保证项目的成功。标签的指示最终会使消费者对正确的食物处理技术系统进行进一步的支持。主要所监管的趋势都在发达国家，强有力的公众健康和消费者福利重点， 是由监管机构所决定的。监管监管决策的风险分析框架越来越多地使用，增加关注的公共卫生风险的有效控制才是制度的终极目标，而不是像用于被确保用于生产地做法这种中间步骤。这反过来导致焦点在食品供应链中，它有被确定的危害，并确定在哪里可以最控制这些危险成本并且有效地在供应链中。这种方法称为 农场到餐桌 或 农场到餐桌 分析。当供应链延伸跨越国届的时候，包括农场或处理做法的风险分析可能会在发展中国家。?采用更严格的安全标准，具有更广泛的标准范围。发达国家的食品安全标准日趋变得更加严格。 首先，在许多情况下以前是如何规定食品安全的属性被提升至到更精确和更名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 3 页，共 4 页 - - - - - - - - - 严格的标准。 举个例子， 不是确保肉类产品安全只是通过程序标准，而是这些产品可能需要满足特定病原体荷载标准为大肠杆菌或沙门氏菌。同样，随着更多的信息和更好的检测变得随时可用， 就一降低堆黄曲霉毒素的公差。其次，因为新的风险变得已知，标准的范围正在扩大。 例如，欧洲联盟、 美国和其他国家制定了严格的饲养限制，以避免疯牛病传播。此外，欧洲联盟最近成立一个监管的程序来控制人类通过食品供应所接触的二恶英（化学污染物） 。这些不断发展的标准为生产国和出口国的管理机构创造持续的挑战。?通过HACCP 方法保证安全。在上世纪90 年代，发达国家作出强烈转向要求保证食品安全的危害分析关键控制点(HACCP) 方法。按照HACCP ，公司负责分析如何把食源性致病菌危害尽可能输入产品，有效的控制要点和监测和更新系统，以保证高水平的食品安全。这些HACCP 系统通常取决于加工厂有适当的到位的卫生操作程序制度。HACCP 并没有规定所采取的设备具体的行动，公司选择其控制危害的方法。HACCP 系统明确保证安全中心责任属于公司；从直接检验之上，监管机构的工作经常被转移到监督为公司的操作提供其HACCP 计划。由于HACCP 是以公司活动级别的过程主要标准，检查以确保来自工厂的其他国家的进口产品遵从法规，是具有挑战性的。一些国家，例如在欧洲联盟，有授权HACCP 为各级食品供应链，而其他如美国是授权具体门（例如，肉类屠宰和加工）。?通过混合监管系统。强制性 HACCP 可能结合成品性能标准。性能标准（例如，在成品沙门氏菌的发生率最低）的提供对HACCP 计划是否充分执行进行了检查。通过更准确和更快的测试程序，特别是对病原菌的发展促进了增加的使用性能标准。最终这种测试可能方便出口商证明和核实特定级别的安全。名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 4 页，共 4 页 - - - - - - - - -