2022年高中英语介词讲义 .pdf

1 高中英语语法介词一.常见高频介词的用法：1.against (1.)表示方位：“逆；靠着，倚靠；碰着，撞击”Birds fly slowly_ the wind. Tired, Jim was fast asleep with his back _ a big tree. He often stands_ the fence and talks endlessly with my father about gardening. The girl was leaning _ the wall with her arms folded. (2.)表示态度：“反对；对着；违背”They got married_her parents wishes.Scientists are racing_ time in order to find a cure for cancer as soon as possible. The invention of artifical hearts marked a turning point in the battle_ heart disease. An agreement seems to be impossible because the majority of the committee members are _ it. (3.)表示对比：“以 为背景；衬托，相应” ：The skier s red clothes stood out clearly _the snow.Before selecting the curtain for your newly-decorated house, it s more important to know what colors look great_ the wall paper. Flowers look better_ green leaves. (4.)“防备；对抗” ：We will be competing _ the best companies in Europe. Some animals store food_ the winter. They don t believe its goal is to defend_ possible missile attacks from rogue countries.2.as (1.)“作为；当作”I feel that one of my duties_ a teacher is to help the students to become better learners. New York City, also known_Big Apple, becomes one of the world s great business and cultural centers._ an eight-year-old boy, I spent most of that afternoon sitting in the shade while they sweated in the sunshine. (2.)习惯用语： as for; as to 至于；关于_ for me, I don t mind going there by train._ for the selection of business media, would you like to share some thoughts with us? 3.at (1.)表示“处于 .状态”Europe was_peace for the first time in ten years after the wars. After a rather hard time, people could 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 1 页，共 13 页 - - - - - - - - - 2 live_ at last. (注意： in peace“平静地、安静地”=peacefully; at peace 处于和平状态 ) The two countries are _ war. (2.)表示“在 .时刻、钟点、岁”Children begin schooling_ the age of five. The two brothers decided to leave _ midnight, for they had many miles to cover. The advertisement said that a suitable house in a quiet area was up for sale_ a reasonable price (3.)表示速度、价格、比率:“以 .”The population of the world is growing_ a surprising rate. Gary must have driven_ the speed of 80 miles an hour just now, for which he was given a ticket by a policeman. (4.)表示目标、方向:“对、向、朝” ，这类动词有：laugh, come, aim, point He aimed_ the target. I stared _everything as if I were looking for the first time. My uncles immediately jumped up and shot their arrows _ the bird. (5.)表示“应 .请求、号召、邀请”We came to Beijing_ the invitation of my good friend who has been woeking here for three years. (6.)习惯用语：“at+名词短语”：表示“一 .就.”at the sight of.一看见 .就 . at the sound of.一听到 .就. at the thought/ ideaof. 一想起 .就. at the news of . 一得到 .的消息 ,就. The girl cried _ the sight of her mother. The terrible king s wish was that all the people would shake in fear_ the sound of his order. People in love with each other may feel empty and sick_ the thought of not being together. 4.beyond (1.)表示程度 :“超出，非 所能及”To be acknowledged as the first to receive this honor is_ expression in words for me. You really need to pay a visit to Shanghai since you haven t been there for years, and you will find changes there are_ imagination. We must read not only between the lines, but sometimes_ the lines so that we can fully understand the writer. (2.)表示时间 :“过了，比 .晚，迟于 ”He delayed the matter _ the fixed time. He came home_ the usual time. (3.)表示位置：“在 另一边，在 更远处”The woods go for about two miles _ the river. 这片森林伸展到河那边大约两英里。The small villiage is 20 miles_ the town. 那个小村庄在离城20 英里以外的地方。名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 2 页，共 13 页 - - - - - - - - - 3 5.by (1.)表示方法、手段： “靠、用、通过”You can reserve tickets _ phone. 你可以通过电话订票。He makes a living_ selling newspapers. This kind of work is done_hand/machine. 这种工作是手工/机器做的。What do you mean _saying “the boy is overgrowing?” I mean that he is tall_ his age. (2.) 表 示 标 准 、 度 量 、 数 量 : 根 据 , 按 照 , 以 计 算 , 常 用 结 构 “ by the 计 量 名 词 或by un.(weight/length/width/depth/volume)”Parcel post is charged _ weight and mileage, without reference to contents. 包裹邮递按重量和路程收费,不管所装何物。Meat is sold_ the pound. They are paid_ the hour. (3.)“经过、经由”If you really have to leave during the meeting, youd better leave_ the back door.He walked right _ me without even saying hello.他径直从我身边走过，甚至连招呼都不打。(4.)表示时间：“在 .之前，不迟于”It will be dark_ the time I get there. The documents need to be ready_ next Friday. Workers will have finished the construction of the main teaching buildings_ the end of this month. (5.)表示方位 :“在 .旁边，靠近”（同 beside）Hes wandering, standing_ the window as if something urgent occurred. The little girl is so timid that she always sit_ her mother wherever they go. 6.for (1.)表示目的、对象、感情、能力：“为了、替、给、对、对于” I just know there are some new films for children these days. Why don t you telephone the cinema_ more details?Would you mind not picking the flowers in the garden? They are_ everyones enjoyment.Youd better leave a note_ your parents.Here is a letter_ you. She has an ear_ music. (2.)表示原因：“因为、由于”He was prraised_ his good deeds. China is famous_ the Great Wall and also_ one of the largest countries with the largest population in the world. (3.)表示方向、倾向、能力： “向、往”名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 3 页，共 13 页 - - - - - - - - - 4 The train is heading_Beijing. We went out_ lunch. The young manager hungered_ knowledge of management. (4.)表示买卖、交换： “以 .的代价，以 .的价钱”He agreed to give her 300 dollars_ the picture. I bought a dictionary_ 5 dollars. He thought the jar made of earth of little value and let me have it_ only one dollar. (5.)表示用途：“适于，适合于”I believe through my previous job experience, I can be competent_ this job. One of the requirements of living abroad is that climatic conditions should be suitable_ habitation throughout the year. Everyone should keep it in mind that there is only one earth, if we go on treating her like this, it wont be fit_ ushuman to live in any longer. 7.on (1.)“从事 .中，处于什么情况”He saw a soldier_ watch at the door. Tired, his young brother fell asleep, leaving him in the toilet for two hours till the teacher_ duty discovered them. There were daily strikes and demonstrations, and buildings were_ fire. (2.)表示关系：“关于、涉及”He will give a talk_ the economic situation. The conference has been held to discuss the effects of tourism_ the wildlife in the area. He declined to reveal any information_ the presidential election. (3.)表示方式：“以 .方式、通过”I often have conversations with John_ the phone, while keep in touch with Tom_ letter. Nowadays, it s more convenient to know what s going on in the world_ the Internet.(4.)“是 .的成员、在 .供职”He and my brother are_ their school basketball team and they both play well. Hes_ the People s Daily.(5.)表示时间，后街动名词： “一 .就”_ arriving the factory, he went to see the manager. _ my finishing typing the letter, you will have it delivered. 8.with (1.)with 复合结构： with+ 名词或代词 +宾补 (介短 /副短 /形短 /to do/done/doing) _his colleagues to help him, it s likely that the tough mission will be handled ahead of schedule.名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 4 页，共 13 页 - - - - - - - - - 5 With exports_(play) a big role in its economic growth, this country has been affected by the current financial storm. The company has had another excellent year_ production up by 60%. _ only twenty minutes to go before the train left, I felt uneasy in the taxi to the railway station. (2.)表示时间：“随着、与 .同时”_ the development of modern agriculture and industry, more and more waste is produced. The risk of developing heart disease increases_ the number of cigarettes smoked. _ the rapid growth of short messages sent by mobile phoes, the increasing number of criminal cases appeared through short messages. (3.)表示从属关系： “具有、带有、在.身边”What made John wild_ joy? Being admitted to his dream university. _ a sigh, she leandt back and closed her eyes. He was in his early forties, tall and blond _ bright blue eyes. (4.)表示工具、手段： “用、用 .工具”She said she wouldn t believe such a kind of strange bird unless she saw it_ her own eyes.Remove the meat_a fork and divide it into four plates. 二.常考易混介词辨析：1.表示时间点的at, in 和 on: 介词用法特例at 表示在某个时间点、时刻at breakfast/lunch/dinner; at dawn/sunrise/noon/dusk/sunset/night/midnight; in 表示在某个较长的时间内，如世纪、朝代或年月；泛指的上午、下午、傍晚in the morning/afternoon/evening; in a (short)while, in no time, in time, in the day, in the night on 表示在具体某一天或具体某一天的上午、下午、晚上、前夕on Christmas Eve, on Children s Day, early on the morning of Oct. 1stWhen did he come here? He came here_ the morning of Monday, and went back_ the afternoon. Li Ming s father bought him a nice bike_ his fourteenth birthday.2.表示时间点的in, during, after 介词用法in 表示一段时间：“在 .之内” ，可与 during 互用； “在 .之后”，用于一般将来时；in the last/past+ 时间段，用于现在完成时名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 5 页，共 13 页 - - - - - - - - - 6 during 表示一段时间： “在 .之内” ,与 in 区别： during+ 表活动的抽象名词，in+表活动的动名词短语during the discussion, in discussing the problem after 表示一段时间： “在 .之后”，用于一般过去时He promised to buy me a new dress_ his staying in Paris. Please take care of youeself, and I willcome to see you again_ a few days. He left home and went to the front_ two days. He has made rapid progress_ the past three months. 3.表示 ” 方式、方法、手段” 的介词： in, on, by, with, through 介词用法典例by by+交通 /运输 /通讯单数名词by land 由陆路by sea由海路by water 由水路by air 空运by post 邮递by letter 通过信件by telephone 通过电话by car /bus/train in in+语言 /材料 /语调 /心情in+限定词 (冠词 /物主代词 )+交通in English 用英语in blue ink 用蓝墨水in a high/low voice 大声 /低声in a good/bad mood 心情好 /不好in a friendly tone 用友好的语气in the car /bus/train, in an early bus, in this plane on on+the+通讯工具on+限定词 (冠词 /物主代词 )+交通on the telephone/radio/computer/Internet, on TV on the car /bus/train, on an early bus, on this plane, on foot with with+ 限定词 (冠词 /物主代词 )+具体有形工具 /器官with one s eyes/ears/legs/handswith a knife/fork 注意： way, manner, means, method 与介词的搭配：in this/that/the same. way/manner by this/that. means 或 by means of. with this/that. method The bycicle,_ which she goes to school every day, is made in Shanghai. I made the coat_ my own hands. It was made_ hand, not _ a machine. The form is very important. Please fill in the form_ ink not_ a pencil. 4.表示“除外”的介词：介词用法besides 表示“除 .之外 (包含宾语 )” ；可作副词“而且，并且”except 表示“除 .之外 (不包含宾语 )”except for except for+名词短语“要不是.”except that except that+ that 从句“要不是 .”apart from 表示“除了 .之外还有”“除了 .之外别无”名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 6 页，共 13 页 - - - - - - - - - 7 in addition to 表示“除 .之外还有”，相当于 besides but 作介词，其用法同except,常与 no-否定词连用There will be five of us for dinner_ John. So remember to book a table for six. I found the island a wonderful place for our experiments_ the hot weather. He usually goes to work on time_ on rainy days. The road was almost empty_ a few cars and bikes. He is a good student_ he sometimes late for school. He has not changed_ he is wearing dark glasses. Nobody _ John was able to answer such a question finally. How did she lose so much weight as expected? _ eating less, she jogged for several miles every day. 注意：介词but 特殊用法：(1.)接带 to 的不定式： (无 do 加 to) We ve missed the last bus. I m afraid we have no choice but_(take) a taxi.The little naught boy has no choice but_(lie) down and sleep. (2.)接不带 to 的不定式： (有 do 无 to) do nothing but/ have nothing to do but/can t help but/can t but+v.原“只好，不得不”They did nothing but_(complain) I cannot but_(admire) the grandeeur of the Great Hall of the People. She couldn t help but_(confess) she was wrong.(3.接动名词：He suggested nothing but_(lie) down and sleeping. The old man enjoyed nothing but_(watch) TV . 二.常用介词短语：1.介词与名词的常用搭配(1)atn.:表示状态 : at a loss 不知所措at peace 处于和平中at war 在战争中at work 在工作at length 详细地 ,长时间地at will 任意地at lunch 在吃午饭at rest 在休息at table 在吃饭at school 上学at church 做礼拜at the beginning of 在 的开始at the cost of 以的代价at the risk of 冒的危险at the mercy of 在支配下 ;任由 摆布(2)on n.:表示状态on exhibition/show 在展出on fire 着火on sale 出售 ;打折on holiday/vacation 在度假on duty 在值班on guard 在值勤on leave 在休假on strike 罢工on loan 借贷on the way 在途中on the decrease/increase 在减少 /在增加名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 7 页，共 13 页 - - - - - - - - - 8 on the move 在移动，搬迁；离开on the march 在行军on the air 正在广播on account of 因为on behalf of 代表on no account/condition 决不(3)byn.:表示方式by accident 偶然by chance 偶然by coincidence 碰巧by hand 用手工by mistake 错误地by nature 天生地(4)inn.:表示方式in cash 用现金付款in width 在宽度上in depth 在深度上in detail 详细地in size 在大小上in height 在高度上in length 在长度上in advance 提前 ,事先 ,预先in case如果 ,万一in common 共有 ,共同in demand 有需要的in fact 事实上in order 有序in progress 进行中in return 作为回报in turn 依次,替换地 ,相应地in vain 徒劳 ,白费力气的in need of 需要in no case 决不in charge of 掌管 ,看管 ,负责in no time 立刻in no way 决不in exchange for 作为交换in place of 代替in possession of 拥有 ,占有in control of 管理;控制 ;操纵in addition to 另外in charge of 掌管 in case of 万一 ;如果；假如in response to 作为回应in spite of 尽管in favour of 同意 ,赞成in celebration of 为庆祝 in honour of 为向 表示敬意in memory of 为了纪念 in support of 为支持 in the direction of 在方向in the face of 面对 in terms of 在方面in search of 寻找in view of 由于 ;鉴于(5)ofn.:表示特征 (等于相应的形容词) of benefit 有益处的of help 有帮助的of importance 重要的of significance 有意义的of use 有用的of value 有价值的(6)out of n.:表示状态out of balance 失去平衡out of breath 上气不接下气out of control 失去控制out of date 过期out of debt 不欠债out of order 出故障out of shape 走样 ,不成形out of sight 看不到out of work 失业out of the question 不可能out of question 毫无疑问out of breath 上气不接下气地out of business 破产out of patience 不耐烦out of touch 失去联系(7)undern.:表示被动under attack 遭到袭击under discussion 在讨论中under pressure 在压力下under treatment 在治疗中under control 处于控制之中under construction 在建造中(8)with n.:表示方式名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 8 页，共 13 页 - - - - - - - - - 9 with delight/joy 高兴地with difficulty 困难地with ease 轻而易举地with fear 害怕地with pleasure 乐意地(9)beyondn.:表示 “ 超出,难以 ”beyond compare 无与伦比beyond reach 够不到beyond ones understanding无法理解beyond description 难以描述beyond doubt 不用怀疑 ,确实地beyond expression/words 难以表达2介词与形容词的常用搭配(1)beadj.about be anxious about 忧虑 be curious about 对好奇be particular about 对讲究 /挑剔be worried/concerned about 对 担心(2)beadj.at be angry at因生气be good at 擅长be astonished/urprised/shocked at对吃惊be present at出席be disappointed at 对失望(3)beadj.in be absorbed in 专注于 be active in 积极于 be dressed in穿着 be engaged in 忙于be rich in 富含 be occupied in 忙于be interested in 对感兴趣be involved in 包括在 中,被卷入(4)beadj.for be eager for 渴望 be famous for 以 著名be fit for 适合，胜任 be hungry/eager/anxious for 渴望 be ready for 准备好 be sorry for 对感到抱歉be thankful for 因而感激be competent for 胜任be prepared for 为做好准备(5)beadj.from be absent from 缺席be different from 不同于be far from 远离be free from 不受 影响(6)beadj.to be close to 接近 be contrary to 与 相反be devoted to 致力于 be equal to 等于 ;胜任be familiar to 对 来说熟悉be friendly to 对友好be good to 对有好处be grateful to 对心存感激be harmful to 对有危害be kind to 对友好be opposed to反对 be similar to 与相似be/get used to (变得 )习惯于 (7)beadj.of be aware of 意识到 be fond of 喜欢 be full of 充满 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 9 页，共 13 页 - - - - - - -