2022年高中英语必修4--Unit-5-构词法 .pdf
1 语法知识 构词法英语的构词法主要有: 合成法 , 转化法 ,派生法 ,混成法 , 截短法和词首字母缩略法. 1.转化法英语中,有的名词可作动词,有的形容词可作副词或动词,这种把一种词性用作另一种词性而词形不变的方法叫作转化法。1) 动词转化为名词很多动词可以转化为名词,大多意思没有多大的变化( 如下 ) ;有时意思有一定变化( 如下 ) ;有的与一个动词和不定冠词构成短语,表示一个动作(如下 ) 。例如:Lets go out for a walk. 我们到外面去散散步吧。He is a man of strong build.他是一个体格健壮的汉子。Lets have a swim.咱们游泳吧。2) 名词转化为动词很多表示物件( 如下 ) 、身体部位 ( 如下 ) 、某类人 ( 如下 ) 的名词可以用作动词来表示动作,某些抽象名词( 如下)也可作动词。例如:Did you book a seat on the plane?你订好飞机座位了吗? Please hand me the book.请把那本书递给我。She nursed her husband back to health.她看护丈夫,使他恢复了健康。We lunched together.我们在一起吃了午餐。3) 形容词转化为动词有少数形容词可以转化为动词。例如:We will try our best to better our living conditions.我们要尽力改善我们的生活状况。4) 副词转化为动词有少数副词可以转化为动词。例如:Murder will out.(谚语 ) 恶事终必将败露。5) 形容词转化为名词表示颜色的形容词常可转化为名词( 如下 ) ;某些形容词如old, young, poor, rich, wounded, injured等与 the 连用,表示一类人,作主语时,谓语用复数( 如下 ) 。例如:You should be dressed in black at the funeral.你在葬礼中该穿黑色衣服。The old in our village are living a happy life.我们村的老年人过着幸福的生活。2. 派生法在词根前面加前缀或在词根后面加后缀构成一个与原单词意义相近或截然相反的新词叫作派生法。1) 前缀除少数前缀外,前缀一般改变单词的意义,不改变词性;后缀一般改变词类,而不引起词义的变化。(1) 表示否认意义的前缀常用的有dis-, il-, im-, in-, ir-, mis-, non-, un-等,在单词的前面加这类前缀常构成与该词意义相反的新词。例如:appear 出现 disappear消失correct正确的 incorrect不正确的lead 带领 mislead领错stop 停下 non-stop不停(2) 表示其他意义的前缀常用的有a-( 多构成表语形容词), anti- (反对;抵抗 ), auto- ( 自动 ), co- ( 共同 ), en- ( 使), inter- (互相 ), re- (再;又 ), sub- (下面的;次;小), tele- (强调距离 ) 等。例如:alone 单独的 antigas防毒气的autochart自动图表cooperate合作 enjoy 使高兴internet互联网 reuse 再用subway 地铁 telephone 2) 后缀精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页,共 6 页2 英语单词不仅可以通过加前缀构成新词,也可加后缀构成新词。后缀通常会改变单词的词性,构成意义相近的其他词性;少数后缀还会改变词义,变为与原来词义相反的新词。(1) 构成名词的后缀常用的有-ence ,-(e)r/ -or ( 从事某事的人),-ese ( 某地人 ) ,-ess ( 雌性 ) ,-ful ( 一 ) , -ian (精通的人 ) ,-ist (专业人员 ) ,-ment ( 性质;状态 ) ,-ness (性质;状态 ) ,-tion(动作;过程 ) 等。例如:differ不同于 difference区别write写writer作家Japan 日本 Japanese 日本人act 表演 actress女演员mouth 口mouthful一口music 音乐 musician音乐家(2) 构成动词的后缀常用的有-(e)n (多用于形容词之后) ,-fy (使化 ) ,-ize (使成为 ) 。例如:widewiden 加宽beautybeautify美化purepurify提纯real realize意识到organorganize组织(3) 构成形容词的后缀常用的有-al ,-able ( 有能力的 ) , -(a)n(某国人的 ) , -en ( 多用于表示材料的名词后) , -ern ( 方向的 ) , -ese( 某国人的 ) , -ful, -(ic)al,-ish ,-ive , -less (表示否认 ) ,-like (像的 ) ,-ly ,-ous ,-some, -y ( 表示天气 ) 等。例如:nature自然 natural自然的reason 道理 reasonable有道理的America 美国 American 美国的China 中国 Chinese 中国人的gold 金子 golden 金的east 东eastern东方的child孩子 childish孩子气的snow 雪snowy 雪的(4) 构成副词的常用后缀有-ly (主要用于形容词之后表示方式或程度) ,-ward(s) (主要用于表示方位的词之后表示方向) 。例如:angry 生气的 angrily生气地to 到towards朝,向east 东方 eastward向东(5) 构成数词的后缀有-teen (十几 ) ,-ty (几十 ) ,-th (构成序数词 ) 。例如:six 六sixteen十六 sixteenth第十六four四forty四十 fortieth第四十3. 合成法1) 合成名词构成方式例词名词名词weekend周末名词动词daybreak 黎明名词动名词handwriting书法名词及物动词er or pain-killer止痛药名词介词名词editor-in-chief总编辑代词名词she-wolf母狼动词名词typewriter打字机动名词名词reading-room阅览室现在分词名词flying-fish飞鱼形容词名词gentleman 绅士副词动词outbreak爆发介词名词afternoon下午精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页,共 6 页3 2) 合成形容词名词形容词snow-white雪白的名词现在分词English-speaking讲英语的名词 to 名词 face-to-face面对面的名词过去分词man-made人造的数词名词one-way 单行的数词名词形容词two-year-old两岁的数词名词ed five-storeyed五层的动词副词see-through透明的形容词名词high-class高级的形容词名词ed noble-minded高尚的形容词形容词light-blue浅蓝色的形容词现在分词good-looking相貌好看的副词形容词ever-green常青的副词现在分词hard-working勤劳的副词过去分词well-known著名的副词名词fast-food专门提供快餐服务的介词名词downhill下坡的3) 合成动词名词动词sleep-walk梦游形容词动词white-wash粉刷副词动词overthrow推翻4) 合成副词形容词名词hotfoot匆忙地形容词副词everywhere 到处副词副词however 尽管如此介词名词beforehand事先介词副词forever永远5) 合成代词代词宾格 self herself她自己物主代词 self myself我自己形容词名词anything任何东西6) 合成介词副词名词inside在里面介词副词within在之内副词介词into进入4. 截短法 ( 缩略法 ) 截短法,即将单词缩写,词义和词性保持不变,主要有截头、去尾、截头去尾等形式。1) 截头telephone phone aeroplane planeomnibusbus 2) 去尾mathematicsmaths co- operate co -op examination exam kilogram kilolaboratorylabtaxicab taxi3) 截头去尾精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页,共 6 页4 influenza flurefrigeratorfridgeprescriptionscript5. 混合法 ( 混成法 ) 混合法,即将两个词混合或各取一部分紧缩而成一个新词。后半部分表示主体;前半部分表示属性。news broadcast newscast新闻广播television broadcasttelecast电视播送smoke and fog smog 烟雾helicopter airporthe liport直升飞机场6. 首尾字母缩略法首尾字母缩略法,即用单词首尾字母组成一个新词。读音主要有两种形式,即各字母分别读音;作为一个单词读音。very important personVIP ( 读字母音) 要人;大人物televisionTV ( 读字母音) 电视Testing of English as a Foreign LanguageTOEFL托福 Nato 1.That man was_enough not to tell the manager that he would not do the job. A.care B.careful 2.The soldier died for saving the child, so his_ is heavier than Mount Tai. 3.The child looked_at his brother who was badly wounded. C.sadly 4.He is an expert at chemistry.We all call him a _. 5.The three- _chair isnt suitable for a young child.He may fall off. 6.Stephenson became the_railway engineer in the world. 7.When the teacher praised him for working out the maths problem , Jack looked_about at his classmates. 8.To everyones _ , the girl finished the job quite well. 9. What are you doing here? Oh ,my teacher asked me to write a passage about _in English. You can write_passage in English? A.600 words ;a 600-words B.600-word ;a 600-words C.600 words ;a 600-word D.600 words ;a 600-words 10.No one should enter the spot without the_of the police. 11.You must come with us to the police _.Our head is waiting for you. 12.Letting that animal escape was no accident;you did it _. C.intentionally 13.The shop owner welcomed all the guests with a_smile. 14.The_ordered him to pay a $100 fine. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页,共 6 页5 15.My TV is out of order.Can you tell me what is the_news about Iraq War? 16.The Great Wall is more than 6000 li in _. 17.To my _ ,I passed the exam easily. 18.Canada is mainly an_country. 19.How_ he is! He is always acting_.He is really a _. A.foolish;foolishly;fool B.fool ; foolish;fool C.foolish;fool ;fool D.foolishly;foolish;fool s of great _. 21.There were_fish in the river in South America. A.in danger 22.The letter “b” in the word “ doubt ” is_. 23.The child looked at me_. 24.The black people were against slavery and fought for their_bravely. 25.What you said sounded_ but in fact it was untrue. 26.We have to learn_technology from other countries. 27.The children live in a village _.They come here almost every day. D.near by 28.Mr Black is an _in the army, not an_in the government.You can not easily find him in his_. A.official;officer;office B.officer;office;official C.official;official;official D.officer;official;office d better give up smoking if you want to keep _. 30._ speaking,I didnt do it on purpose. A.Honestly 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页,共 6 页6 参考答案 1-5 BDACB 6-10 CBDCB 11-15 ACDCB 16-20 BAAAB 21-25 CBBCA 26-30 DADBA精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页,共 6 页