专门用途英语简介ppt课件.pptx

lESP is a variation of English that is learnd/taught generally for a clearly utilitarian purpose.It is unfair for English learners majoring in sciences to acquire English through classic literature works which is the traditional way of learning language. ESP, as part of LSP, is more suitable for them in that it offers them opportunities to learn what they need and spare what they need not. Steven. PESP should be properly be seen not as any particular language product but as an approach to language teaching which is directed by specific and apparent reasons for learning. Hutchison & Waters Register AnalysisTarget Situation AnalysisDiscourse AnalysisSkills and Strategies whathow whyhuman-oriented lA genre comprises a class of communicative events, the member of which share same set of communicative purposes. These purposes are recognized by the expert members of the parent discourse community, and thereby constitute the rational for the genre. SwaleslReaders want to1. know right away what the topic is; 2. have some idea of how this topic will be developed.lAs a writer, you should 1. allow readers to guess whats coming and thus understand it more easily;2. allow them to avoid reading the paragraph altogether if the subject matter holds no interest for them. le.g. The human body is made up of millions and billions of cells, each of which contains, among other substances, millions and billions of protein molecules. .le.g. . An average cell contains hundred of different kinds of protein, and all of the cells of the human body contain, among them, as many as 100,000 different kinds of proteins. These proteins can perform millions of different functions, a versality which is largely responsible for the phenomenon called “llife”.lsome of the most commonly used patterns in EST1. choronological description;2. cause-and-effect analysis;3. comparison and contrast;4. listing;5. general-to-particular ordering of details. l the choronological description;feature 1: time adverbs and phrases;in 1995, last week, at 10:15, first, second, soon after the project began, .l the choronological description;feature 2: verb tense sequencing;Originally we wanted to .; More recently we have attempted to .;Now we are trying to . and in the future we shall try to . . l the choronological description;feature 3: grammatical parallelism;Mount the grating near the end .;Locate a rider on the scale . ;Adjust the grating .;Read the distance on the scale . .l the choronological description;e.g.Total U.S. R&D spending is projected to reach a current dollar level of $66.7 billion in 1981, an increase of 10% over the 1980 projected level and nearly double the amount spent on these activities in 1975. Even in constant dollars, and despite the reductions in R&D program contained in the Federal 1980 and 1981 budgets, U.S. R&D spending in 1981 is expected to follow the growth trend of the past five years, l the choronological description;when R&D funding grew at an average annual rate of better than 3%. That growth resulted in large part from increased emphasis on searching for means to resolv energe and environmental problems and a resurgence of defense R&D activity. Between 1975 and 1978, the last year for which survey data are availabe, energy accounted for one third of the R&D spending increase while, at the same time, amounting to 10% of the national R&D effort. lSearch and present the definitions, features and examples of the following paragraph patterns. 1. cause-and-effect analysis;2. comparison and contrast;3. listing;4. general-to-particular ordering of details. l the cause-and-effect analysis;This pattern is used when you 1. make a logical argument;2. describe a process; 3. explain why something happened the way it did; 4. predict some future sequence of events. l the cause-and-effect analysis;connective words and phrases subordinate clausescausative verbs therefore, thus, consequently, accordingly, as a result, so, . since, because, due to, .cause, give rise to, affects, require, produce, .l the cause-and-effect analysis; e.g.When ozone reacts with nitric oxide, the ozone is destroyed and NO2 is formed. l the comparison and contrast;connective words and phrases comparative constructionssubordinate clauseshowever, on the other hand, conversely, similarly, likewise, in/by contrast to/with, . more/less/rather than, as.as, while, but, whereasl the comparison and contrast;e.g.1. Program X will be easy to implement, whereas program Y would entail a number of complications. 2. Model X is reliable and efficient, whereas model Y is unreliable and relatively inefficient. l listing;Principles of listing 1. All items in a list should be cast in parallel grammatical form; 2. If the items in a list are not equally important, they should be arranged in descending order of importance. llisting;In addition to goal and nuclear energy, a wide variety of other power sources are also frequently discussed in the news and in scientific literature; unfortunately, most are not yet for practical use. Geothermal energy is one of the most practical of proposed new sources. It is already in use in Italy, Iceland, and Northern California but is not yet meeting all expectations for it. llisting;Solar energy seems an elegant idea because it is inexhaustible and adds no net heat or carbon dioxide to the global environment. Yet present methods of exploiting it make solar energy hopelessly inadequate as a major power source in the next few decades. Sophisticated windmills to generate electricity are under study by some. Biomass conversion is also getting under way. llisting;Some of these sources of energy, which we now generally regard as esoteric, may well prove themselves and make a substantial contribution over the long run if their costs can be brought within reason. llisting;In addition to goal and nuclear energy, a wide variety of other power sources are also frequently discussed in the news and in scientific literature; unfortunately, most are not yet for practical use. Geothermal energy is one of the most practical of proposed new sources. It is already in use in Italy, Iceland, and Northern California but is not yet meeting all expectations for it. llisting;Solar energy seems an elegant idea because it is inexhaustible and adds no net heat or carbon dioxide to the global environment. Yet present methods of exploiting it make solar energy hopelessly inadequate as a major power source in the next few decades. Sophisticated windmills to generate electricity are under study by some. Biomass conversion is also getting under way. llisting;Some of these sources of energy, which we now generally regard as esoteric, may well prove themselves and make a substantial contribution over the long run if their costs can be brought within reason. llisting; Geothermal energy . Solar energy . Sophisticated windmills . Biomass conversion . lgeneral-to-particular ordering of details Each sentence in this pattern focuses on a smaller frame of reference than the sentence before it.