2022年高考英语语法复习专题-动词时态语态 .pdf

高考英语语法复习专题- 动词时态语态一、考点聚焦1、动词时态考查要点简述（ 1）一般现在时 考点分析表示客观事实或普通真理（不受时态限制）The geography teacher told us the earth moves around the sun.Water boils at 100oC. 表示现状、性质、状态时多用系动词或状态动词；表示经常或习惯性的动作，多用实意动词，且常与表频率的时间状语连用。Ice feels cold.We always care for each other and help each other. 表示知觉、 态度、感情、某种抽象的关系或概念的词常用一般现在时：see 、 hear、 smell、taste、 feel、notice、agree、believe、like、hate、want、think、belong 、seem 等。I know what you mean.Smith owns a car and a house. All the students here belong to No.1 Middle School. if/unless/as soon as/even if/until/no matter where/what. 等引导的时间或条件状语从句中常用一般现在时代替将来时，这时主句通常是一般将来时或祈使句。但要注意由if 引导的条件状语从句中可以用shall 或 will 表“ 意愿 ” ，但不表示时态。Please call me as soon as she_(finish)her work. Whatever he_ (say)tomorrow,I _mind. If you will accept my invitation and come to our party, my family will be pleased. 少数用于表示起止的动词如come、go、leave、arrive、fly 、return、start、begin、pen、close、end、stop、等常用一般现在时或现在进行时可表示按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作或状态。当be表示根据时间或事先安排，肯定会出现的状态，只用一般现在时。The shop closes at 11:00 p.m. every day.Tomorrow _(be)Wednesday. He_(come)tonight. The film_ （start）at 3:00pm tomorrow. （2）一般过去时 考点分析（考核重点） 。一般过去时的基本用法：表示过去的事情、动作或状态， 常与表示过去的具体时间状语连用（或有上下文语境暗示）;用于表达过去的习惯;表示说话人原来没有料到、想到或希望的事通常用过去式。一般过去时的时间状语有_ I _(meet) her in the street yesterday.I once_(see)Ma Yunin Hangzhou. He never smoked and _(drink) wine.I thought the film would be interesting,but it isn t.如果从句中有一个过去的时间状语，尽管从句中的动作先于主句发生，但从句中的谓语动词连用过去式。如：He told me he read an interesting novel last night. 表示两个紧接着发生过的动作，常由以下词语连接， 用一般过去时。 如： but, and, when, as soon as, immediately, the moment, the minute。The moment she came in, she told me what had happened to her.He bought a watch but lost it. 常用一般过去时的句型：I didn t notice it.I forgot to tell you I had been there with my brother before. I didn t recognize him.（3）一般将来时 考点分析。表示未来的动作或状态常用“will / shall + 动词” 的动词结构表示。一般将来时的时间状语有 _ 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页，共 11 页表示一种趋向或习惯动作。We ll die without air or water.表示趋向行为的动词如come、go、start、begin、leave 等词常用进行时的形式表示将来时。 She _（leave）for Ningbo next Monday. be going to 与 will / shall, be to do, be about to do 用法及区别：be going to 表示现在打算最近或将来要做某事，这种打算往往经过事先考虑，甚至已做了某种准备； shall / will do 常表示未事先考虑过，即说话时临时作出的决定。be going to 表将来，不能用在条件状语从句的主句中；而will 则能，表意愿。如：If it is fine, we ll go fishing.()If it is fine, we are going to go fishing.()be to do sth.表按计划或安排要做的事，还可表示吩咐、命令、禁止，可能性等。A meeting is_(hold) at 3:00 o clock this afternoon.be about to do sth.表示 “ 即可， 就要 ” ，后面不能接时间状语或状语从句（排除 when 引导的时间状语从句） 。Autumn harvest is about to start. When I was about to leave,he called me. 有些动词本身就有“想，打算”的意思，现在时态就可以表示将来的意思。如 want,plan,intend （4）现在进行时 考点分析。动词结构be(am/is/are+V-ing) 表示说话时正在发生着的一个动作或状态；表示现阶段但不一定是发生在讲话时；表近期特定的安排或计划；go/come 等起止动作可用进行时代替将来时。现在将来时的时间状语或标志词有_ It_now.He_(teach)English and _(learn)Chinese. I _(meet)Mr. Wang tonight. 注意：(与 always、 often 等频度副词连用， 表经常反复的行动或某种讨厌的感情色彩)The girl is always talking loud in public. 下面四类动词不宜用现在进行时。（A） 表示心理状态、 情感的动作： like, love, hate, care, remember, believe, want, mind, wish, agree, mean, need。（B） 表存在的状态的动词： appear, exist, lie, remain, seem belong to, depend on。 （C）表示一时性动作的动词：allow, accept, permit, promise, admit, complete 。（D） 表示感官的动词： see, hear, notice, feel, smell, sound, taste, look。（5）过去完成时考点分析（考核重点） 。常用过去完成时的几种情况：（A）在 by、by the end、by the time、until 、before、since后接表示过去某一时间的短语或从句表示这之前发生的动作。(B) 表示曾实现的希望、 打算、意图、诺言等。常用had hoped / planned / meant / intended/though / wanted / expected等或用上述动词过去式接不定式完成式表示即：hoped / planned + to have done 。 （C） “ 时间名词+ before ”在句子中作状语，谓语动词用过去完成时；“ 时间名词+ ago ”在句中作状语，谓语动词用一般过去式。 （D） before+过去的时间或一个过去时间的时间状语从句。（E）表示 “ 刚刚 就” 的几个句型：Hardly / No sooner / Scarcely had + 主语 +过去分词 + when / than / before +一般过去时，从句常用一般过去时,主句常用过去完成时,且常用倒装。By the end of last year, we _(produce ）20,000 cars. The train had left before we reached the station.He said his first teacher_(die) at least 5 years before. Xiao Hua _(die)3yearsago.We had no sooner been seated than the bus started.=No sooner_ than the bus started. 在 before 或 after 引导的时间状语从句中可以用一般过去时态代替过去完成时。After he (had)left the room, the boss came in.We arrived home before it snowed. 句式： It was/had been+一段时间 +since+从句（谓语动词用过去完成时）我们十年没这么玩的开心了。_. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页，共 11 页That/It was the first/second.time+that+ 从句（谓语动词用过去完成时）这是她第三次犯同样的错误了。_. （6）过去将来时 考点分析。参照一般将来时对比：用would do、was / were going to do sth. 表过去将来； come、go、leave等过去进行时表过去将来时；was / were to do sth.和 was / were about to do sth.表过去将来。特别说明： were to do sth 常用于 if 或 even if/though 引导的从句中表对未来的假设。Even if the sun were to rise in the west,I would never do such a stupid thing. （7）过去进行时 考点分析。过去某一时刻正在进行的动作或某一阶段内发生或频繁发生。过去进行时的时间状语或标志词有 _ 某一动作发生时另一动作正在发生，其中一个在由when 或 while 引导的时间状语从句中。 When I came in,he was sleeping.-_ （8）现在完成时 考点分析。现在完成时强调发生的动作持续到现在（已经完成或还会持续下去），并对现在造成了影响，除可以和for、since 引导的状语连用外，还可以和下面的介词短语连用：during / in /over the last(past)few years (months, weeks)/lately/since then/in recent years/up to now/so far(至今)/yet/just/already/before 等。下列句型中常用现在完成时It is (has been) +一段时间 + since 从句This(That / It)is the first(second )time that +完成时This(That / It)is the only + that+完成时This(that / It)is the best / finest / most inte resting + that 从句 +完成时在时间或条件状语从句中，现在完成时可以代替一般将来时。如：I shall post the letter as soon as I have written it. If you have done the experiment, you will realize the theory better. Don t get off the bus until it has stopped.（9）注意几组时态的区别：一般过去时与现在完成时：时间上有差异： 凡有过去时间的均用过去时态，不能用完成时态，如含有ago、last year、just now、 the other day 等。结果上有差异： 现在完成时强调的是对“ 现在 ” 的影响和结果， 动作到现在刚完成或还在继续；一般过去时强调的是动作发生在“ 过去 ” ，和现在毫无关系。过去完成时与一般过去时：过去完成时强调的是“ 过去的过去 ” ；如出现同一主语连续几个动作（ “ 连谓 ” ）形式则只用一般过去时即可。2、主动语态与被动语态（一）语态：英语的语态是通过动词形式的变化表现出来的。英语中有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。例如： Many people speak Chinese.谓语： speak的动作是由主语many people 来执行的。被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，即行为动作的对象。例如： Chinese is spoken by many people.主语 English 是动词 speak的承受者。（二）被动语态的结构被动语态由 “ 助动词 be及物动词的过去分词” 构成。人称、数和时态的变化是通过be的变化表现出来的。现以speak为例说明被动语态在各种时态中的构成。一般现在时：_spoken一般过去时：_spoken 一般将来时：_spoken现在进行时：_spoken 过去进行时：_spoken现在完成时：_spoken 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页，共 11 页过去完成时：_+ spoken 含有情态动词的被动语态含有情态动词的主动句变成被动句时，由“ 情态动词 be过去分词 ” 构成We can repair this watch in two days.This watch can be repaired in two days. 总结 ： 被动语态的构成方式：be +过去分词， 口语只也有用get / become +过去分词表示。被动语态的基本用法：不知道或没必要提到动作的执行者是谁时用被动语态。强调或突出动作的承受者常用被动语态（by 短语有时可以省略） 。The windwow has not been cleaned for weeks. This bridge was founded in 1988. （1）使用被动语态时应注意的几个问题。主动变化被动时双宾语的变化。看下列例句。My friend gave me an interesting book on my birthday. -An interesting book _. -I _. 主动变被动时，宾补成主补（位置不变）； （作补语的）不定式前需加to。The boss made him work all day long. He was made to work all day long(by the boss) 短语动词变被动语态时，勿掉“ 尾巴 ” 。The children were taken good care of (by her). Your pronunciation and spelling should be paid attention to. 情态动词和be going to、be to、be sure to、used to、have to、had better 等结构变被动语态，只需将它们后面的动词原形变为be +过去分词。当句子的谓语为say、believe、expect、think 、know、 write、consider、report 等时，被动语态有两种形式： （A）谓语动词用被动语态，动词不定式作主补。（B）用 it 作形式主语，真正的主语在后面用主语在后面用主语从句来表示。如：People say he is a smart boy. It is said that he is a smart boy. He is said to be a smart boy. People know paper was made in China first. It is known that paper was made in China first. Paper was known to be made in China first. 类似句型有： It is said / known / suggested / believed / hoped/ thought t hat 口诀： 宾变主，主变宾，谓变be done ,时不变，数格必须随被变。（2）不能用被动语态的几种情况。所有的不及物动词或不及物动词词组不能用于被动语态之中。如appear, die ，disappear, end（vi. 结束） , fail, happen, last, lie, remain, sit, spread, stand, break out, come true, fall asleep, keep silence, lose heart, take place等没有无被动语态。不能用于被动语态的及物动词或动词短语，如fit, have, hold, marry,own, wish, cost, notice, watch agree with, arrive at / in, shake hands with, succeed in, suffer from, happen to, take part in, walk into, belong to等。例如：I happened to meet her yesterday. 表示状态的谓语动词，如：last、hold、benefit、contain、equal、fit 、join、mean、last、look like 、等。表示归属的动词，如have、 own、belong to 等。宾语是反身代词或相互代词时谓语动词用主动语态，不能用被动语态。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页，共 11 页宾语是同源宾语，不定式、动名词等谓语动词不用被动语态。（） She likes to swim.（） To swim is liked by her.（3）主动形式表被动意义。当连系动词feel、 look、smell、taste、sound、 go、prove、 keep、get、grow 等后面接形容词构成系表结构时；当表示主语属性特征的动词如cut、read、sell、wear、write 、drink、wash等 词 带 状 语 修 饰 语 时 ； 当 动 词 表 示 “开 始 、 结 束 、 关 、 停 、 转 、 启动” (begin/finish/start/open/close/stop/end/shut/run/move) 等意义时。The fish smells good.It has gone bad. This kind of cloth washes easily. These novels wont sell well.My pen writes smoothly. The door won t lock. Work began at 8:00.pm. 当 break out、take place、shut off、turn off 、work out 、run out 等动词表示 “ 发生 /关闭 /制定 /用完 ” 等意思时。The plan worked out successfully.The lamps on the wall turn off. want,require,need,deserve 后面的动名词用主动表示被动含义。be worth doing 用主动形式表示被动意义。_. 在 “ .+be +形容词 + to do ”中，不定式的逻辑宾语是句子的主语，用主动表被动。 The door needs repairing.=_. This kind of water isn t fit _(drink). The air is hard to _(breathe). _. 这个女孩很难相处得好。另外 ：be to blame(受谴责 )，be to rent（出租）也用主动形式表被动。介词 in,on,under 等+加名词构成的介词短语可以表被动意义。under control受控制beyond belief难以置信for rent出租out of reach够不着on sale出售on show展览；展出in print在印刷中under repair在修理中（4）被动形式表示主动意义的几种情况。be seated坐着 He is seated on a bench.（He seats himself on a bench.）他坐在凳子上。be hidden 躲藏He was hidden behind the door.(He hid himself behind the door.) 他藏在门后。be lost 迷路 be drunk 喝醉 be dressed穿着be determined, be pleased, be graduated （ from）, be prepared （for）, be occupied （ in） , get married 等（5）被动语态与系表结构的区别被动语态强调动作；系表结构表主语的特点或状态。如：The book was sold by a certain bookstore.( 被动语态 )The book is well sold.( 系表结构 ) 3、方法指导 ：1）学习动词的时态和语态时，切不可脱离实际运用的语境，一味死记硬背语法规则的条条框框。 了解几种常用的时态规则后，要留心以英语为母语者在实际生活中如何运用各种时态和语态的。2）建立事太多时、 体概念（ “时”即指现在时、 过去时、 将来时、 将来时、 过去将来时； )每个时又分为四个“体”(即一般体、进行体、完成体、完成进行体)。3）了解时态和语态的问题，要遵循以下思路：A.这件事是什么时候发生的事情或者情况（定“时”） ；B.这个动作处于什么状态，是完成了，还是未完成，还是既不表完成也不表进行（定“体” ） ；C.这个动作与主语的关系，是主动还是被动（定“语态”） ；精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页，共 11 页二、精典名题导解选择填空1. Visitors _not to touch the exhibits.(NMET 2011) A.will request B.are requested C.are requesting D.request 2. Selecting a mobile phone for personal use is no easy task because technology _ so rapidly.(NMET 2012) A.is changing B.has changed C.will have changed D.will change 3. （2012 模拟试题）All the preparations for the task _, and we re ready to start.A.completed B.completeC.had been completed D.have been completed 4.My mind wasn t on what he was saying so I m afraid I half of it.A. was missing B. had missed C. will miss D. missed 5.The discussion alive when an interesting topic was brought in. A. was coming B. had come C. has come D. came 6.Tomin the library every night over the past 3 weeks. A. worksB. has been workingC.worked D. had worked 7.(2012.全国 )-When Alice came to,she did not know how long shethere. A.has been lying B.was lying C.has lain D.had been lying 8.(2011.安徽 )-I don t ask for the name list.Whyon my desk? -I put it there just now in case you needed it. A.does it land B.has it landed C.will it land D.had it landed 9.I think store shopping will exit along with home shopping but. A.will never replace B.will replace C.will never be replaced D.would never be replaced 10.(2013.全国 )-Have you finished reading Jane Eyre ? -No,Imy homework all day yestrerday. A.was doing B.would do C.had done D.did 基础训练题1. By the time I saw the angry expression in his face, I _ exactly what I was having to face. But not for a moment _ I should quit. A. had known ; I thought B. have known ; had I thought C. would know ; I would think D. knew ; did I think 2. In such a fierce competition, a person h as to make every effort if he _. A. has succeeded B. is to succeed C. should succeed D. will succeed 3. The man opened his eyes and moved his lips, as if _ that he had something to tell me. A. saying B. having said C. to say D. to have said 4. Is the meeting held in Room 302 or 303? It should be 302. But I hear that it _ till tomorrow. A. was put off B. will put off C. has been put off D. is put off 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页，共 11 页5. The University of Tokyo is the oldest university in Japan and has always been in the lead when it comes to _ new challenges. A. be faced B. face C. facing D. faced 6. In fact, more and more people _ to live a greener, healthier and more environmentally “ green life”.A. chose B. choose C. are choosing D. have chosen 7. Our car _ at the present speed until it reaches Qingdao at about nine o clock tonight.A. went B. is going C. goes D. will be going 8. China is _ to_ continued help to Iraq in its reconstruction. A. willingly ; give B. willing ; giving C. willing ; offer D. will ; offering 9. I thought you were going to leave early today to take your son to the show. I _, but I can t leave until I finish typing all the letters.A. had planned to B. planned to C. am still planning to D. was still planning to 10. Unfortunately, when we dropped in, Doctor Li _ for Indonesia to rescue the injured there, so we only had time for a few words. A. has just left B. was just leaving C. had just left D. just left 强化训练题1I in a foreign trade company for five years. Still, I don t regret giving up the well-paid job. Aworked Bhave worked Cwas working D had worked 2-Were you told to attend the meeting? I didn t see you anyway.-, but I had an accident on the way. AI was going BI would CI should have D I d like to3. -Youve agreed to go? So why arent you getting ready? -But I _ that you would have me start at once. A. dont realize B. hadnt realized C. didnt realize D. am not realizing 4. -Where is your daughter working? -In the same company as I. I would rather she _ here. A. had not worked B. not work C. doesnt work D. did not work 5. -You haven t said a word about my new hair-style, Molly. Do you like it? 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 7 页，共 11 页-I m sorry I _ anything about it sooner. I certainly think it s pretty. A. wasn t sayingB. don t sayC. won t sayD. didn t say6. Have you ever visited the Slender West Lake ？Yes. When I was in Yangzhou, Iit twice. A. have visited B. visited C. had visited D. would visit 7. The little boy _ asleep while watching TV . His mother carried him to bed. A. had fallen B. fell C. was falling D. would fall 8. -We would have arrived there much earlier in your car. -I agree. But it _. A. was repaired B. was repairing C. had been repaired D. was being repaired 9At this time tomorrow over the Atlantic. Awe re going to flyB we ll be flyingC we re flyingD we re to fly10When the next train leave for Boston, please? Usually at 13:15 but because of a small accident on the line, itat 13:45. Adoes; is going to startB will; startsC does; will start D will; is to start 高考训练题2008 年高考1. Have you known Dr. Jackson for a long time? （全国 I 卷）Yes, since she _ the Chinese Society. A. has joined B. joins C. had joined D. joined 2. The wet weather will continue tomorrow, when a cold front _ to arrive. （全国 I 卷）A. is expected B. is expecting C. expects D. will be expected 3. -Did you watch the basketball match yesterday? （安徽卷）-Yes, I did. You know, my brother _ in the match. A. is playing B. was playing C. has played D. had played 4. I like these English songs and they _many times on the radio. （安徽卷）