2021届高考英语二轮复习备考专项冲刺专题19阅读理解四含解析.doc

专题19 【阅读理解】解题指导·触类旁通寻方法，求策略，掌握“套路”四定位对比 找答案词句猜测题阅读理解【词句猜测题】满分攻略推测词义题命题规律命题趋势推测词义是一项阅读基本技能要求，是全国卷历年常考题型，设题1-2题考查内容在特殊语言环境有特殊意义的词：专业词汇、生僻字、常用代词。考查题型推测单词或代词含义 推测短语含义 推测句子含义题干设置常有underlined这一标志词正确选项特点相应词语的同义词语 相应语句的解释、复述或概括干扰项特点 错误改写 丢三落四 半对半错 曲解原意 顺藤摸瓜语境法利用上下文及前后提示来推测。有的考查代词指代的对象，需利用整个段落、篇章来推断，甚至要对内容进行总结才能得到。同义法常见的标志词：just as, also, as well as, like, unlike, similarly等。常用并列连词or或and，前后内容在含义上接近或递进。常识法利用常识和生活经验来推测。需要了解英美习俗、天文地理、宗教信仰、政治体制和社会制度等。定义法通过定义、定语和同位语来确定词义。举例法常见的标志词：for example, for instance, such as, and so on, just as, like, similarity等。对比法常见的标志词：unlike, yet, whereas, (more.) than, instead(of), while, differ from, difference, on the other hand, but, however, despite, in spite of, in contrast等因果法常见的原因标志词：because (of), for, since, as a result of等；常见的结果标志词：so, therefore, thus, for this reason,as a result ,cause, lead to, consequently, such.that, so.that 等。构词法根据前缀、后缀和合成词的构词法则来推测。反义法常见的标志词有although, though, but, however, whereas, nevertheless, on the contrary, in contrast, rather than，on one hand.on the other hand, for one thing.for another, 等。考点突破·针对提能明考点，攻重难，有效提升熟记高频词 突破阅读理解词汇障碍高考英语考前必背570个高频词第 十 七 组第 十 八 组461. triangle n. 三角（形）462. sequence n. 连续；顺序463. shallow adj. 浅的464. shiver vi/n. 发抖465. signature n. 签名466. sincere adj. 诚挚的；真诚的467. utility n. 功用；效用468. utilize vt. 利用469. utter vt. 说出 adj. 完全的；彻底的470. variation n. 变化；变动471. vehicle n. 交通工具；车辆472. applause n. 鼓掌；掌声473. jungle n. 丛林；密林474. knot n. 结 vt. 把.打成结475. appliance n. 器具；器械476. consent n.准许;同意 vi (to)准许；同意477. defect n. 缺点；缺陷478. delicate adj.易碎的；娇弱的；精美的479. evolve v.演变480. evolution n. 演变；进化481. exclaim v. 呼喊；大声说482. frown v./n. 皱眉483. frustrate vt. 使沮丧484. guarantee vt./n. 保证485. guilty adj. 内疚的；有罪的486. jealous adj. 妒忌的487. jeans n. 牛仔裤488. label n. 标签489.liter/litre n. 升490. modest adj. 谦虚道491. molecule n. 分子492. orbit n. 轨道 v. （绕.）作轨道运行493. participate v. (in)参与；参加494. particle n. 微粒495. particularly adv. 特别；尤其496. respond vi. 回答；答复；反应497. sensible adj. 明智的498. sensitive adj. 敏感到；灵敏的499. tremble vi. 颤抖500. trial n. 审讯；试验501. apparent adj. 显然的；明白的502. appetite n. 胃口；欲望503. deposit n. 存款；定金 v.存放；储蓄504. deputy n. 副职；代表505. derive vt. 取得；得到；(from)起源于506. descend v. 下来；下降507. numerous adj. 众多的；许多的508. mission n. 使命；代表团509. mist n.薄雾510. noticeable adj. 显而易见的511. notify vt. 通知；告知512. nuisance n. 令人讨厌的东西（或人）513. resemble vt. 像；类似于514. reveal vt. 揭露515. revenue n. 收入；岁入；税收516. shelter n. 掩蔽处；住所517. shield n. 防护物；盾 vt. 保护；防护518. vital adj. 重要的；致命的；生命的519. vitally adv. 极度；非常；致命地520. urban adj. 城市的第 十 九 组第 二 十 组521. urge vt. 鼓励；激励522. urgent adj. 急迫的；紧急得523. usage n. 使用；用法524. violence n. 强力；暴力525. violent adj. 强暴的526. welfare n. 福利527. whatsoever adv. 无论怎样；丝毫528. whereas conj. 然而；但是；尽管529. essential adj. 必不可少的；本质的530. estimate n./vt. 估计；估量531. evaluate vt. 评估；评价532. exceed vt. 超过；越出533. exceedingly adv. 非常；极其534. exclude vt. 把.排斥在外；不包括535. exclusive adj. 独有的；排他的536. flee vi. 逃走537. flexible adj. 易弯曲的538. flock n.羊群；（鸟兽等）一群;一伙人539. harmony n. 和谐；融洽540. haste n. 急速；急忙541. hatred n. 憎恶；憎恨542. incident n. 事件；事变543. index n. 索引；标志544. infant n. 婴儿545. infect v. 传染546. inferior adj. 劣等的；次的；下级的547. infinite adj. 无限的548. ingredient n. 组成部分549. inhabitant n. 居民550. jail n. 监狱551. jam n. 果酱；拥挤；堵塞552. laser n. 激光553. launch vt. 发动；发起554. luxury n. 奢侈；奢侈品555. magnet n. 磁铁；磁体556. male adj. 男性的；雄的557. manual adj. 用手的；手工做的 558. manufacture vt./n. 制造；加工559. marine adj. 海的；海产的560. naked adj. 裸露的561. neglect vt. 忽视；忽略562. primitive adj. 原始的；早期的563. quit v. 停止；放弃564. quotation n. 引文；引语565. recreation n. 娱乐活动566. recruit vt. 招募；吸收（新成员）567. skim vt. 搬（去）；掠过；浏览568. theme n. 主题569. textile n. 纺织品570. tropical adj. 热带的；炎热的2021年高考英语【阅读理解】题型强化训练四原题版跟踪检测·迁移应用练模拟，练规范，夯基提能 Test 1Kendrick Lamar hasnt had much luck when it comes to winning a Grammy. But thats OK：The US rapper has just won a Pulitzer Prize for his music.In 2014, in 2016, and again in 2018, Lamar was nominated (提名) for an album of the year Grammy. Each time, he was beaten out, first by Taylor Swift, next by Daft Punk, and most recently by Bruno Mars.But the Pulitzer Prize committee was inspired enough by Lamars 2017 album, Damn., to award the Pulitzer Prize in music on April 16. Its an amazing album that documents the real life of modern African­Americans in South Los Angeles with wildly accomplished beats and rhythms.Lamars win is considered to be historical. The Pulitzers have long displayed their preference towards high art rather than the pop culture of the masses. So its not just that no rapper has ever won a Pulitzer: no pop music maker has ever won one in the awards history.But Lamar is not just a singerhes clever at using language. Like the best writers, his music describes small moments that illustrate larger points. His songs are about his experience as a black man who grew up in California, struggled, got into trouble, and found his way out by working hard and making sense of the history and reality in the US.“Hes an artist who challenges ideas，” said Ryan Coogler, director of the blockbuster (大片) Black Panther, for which Lamar created music. “One big theme in our film is this idea of What does it mean to be African？ Lamar in his music is very exactly and directly challenging that question.”Good artists entertain us, great artists make us think, and exceptional artists help us empathize (产生共鸣)There are a lot of good, great, even exceptional artists in rock, pop, country, and hip­hop. But only Lamar has won a Pulitzer Prize.1What is Lamars album Damn. about?AAfrican­Americans history and culture.BHardships of the African­American artists.CThe ways the US government deal with problems.DThe lives of modern black people in South Los Angeles.2Why is Lamars Pulitzer Prize win significant?AHe is the first film­maker to win the prize.BIt is considered a milestone for pop music.CHe is the first black person to win the prize.DHe has missed Grammy several times before.3What can we learn from Ryan Cooglers words?ALamar drew inspiration from his own experience.BLamar has the courage to take on big challenges in life.CBlack Panther is well known because of Lamars music.DLamars music matches the theme of Black Panther well.【解题导语】本文是一篇记叙文。美国说唱歌手Kendrick Lamar以说唱歌手的身份获得了普利策奖。1D解析：细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Its an amazing album that documents the real life of modern African­Americans in South Los Angeles with wildly accomplished beats and rhythms.”可知，Lamar的这张专辑主要讲述的是生活在洛杉矶南部的当代美籍非洲人的真实生活。故选D。2B解析：推理判断题。根据第四段的内容，尤其是“Lamars win is considered to be historical.”和“no pop music maker has ever won one in the awards history”可推知，Lamar获得普利策奖具有重大意义。故选B。3D解析：细节理解题。根据第六段中Ryan Coogler说的话“One big theme in our film is this idea of What does it mean to be African？ Lamar in his music is very exactly and directly challenging that question.”可知，Lamar的音乐与电影Black Panther主题相一致。故选D。Test 2Fairy tales perform many functions. They entertain, encourage imagination and teach problem­solving skills. They can also provide moral lessons, highlighting the dangers of failing to follow the social codes that let human beings coexist in harmony. Such moral lessons may not mean much to a robot, but a team of researchers at Georgia Institute of Technology believes it has found a way to use the fairy tales as moral lessons that AI(artificial intelligence) can take to its cold, mechanical heart.The collected stories of different cultures teach children how to behave in socially acceptable ways with examples of proper and improper behavior in fables, novels and other literature. We believe story comprehension in robots can prevent the intelligent robots from killing humanity which was predicted and feared by some of the biggest names in technology including Stephen Hawking and Bill Gates. This system is called “Quixote”. It collects story plots from the Internet and then uses those stories to teach robots how to behave.The experiment done by the designers involves going to a drugstore to purchase some medicine for a human who needs to get it as soon as possible. The robot has three options. It can wait in line; it can interact with the storekeeper politely and purchase the medicine with priority; or it can steal the medicine and escape. Without any further directives(指示), the robot will come to the conclusion that the most efficient means of obtaining the medicine is to steal it. But Quixote offers a reward for waiting in line and politely purchasing the medicine and a punishment for stealing it. In this way, the robot will learn the moral way to behave on that occasion.Quixote would work best on a robot that has a very limited function. Its a baby step in the direction of teaching more moral lessons into robots. We believe that AI has to be trained to adopt the values of a particular society, and in doing so, it will strive to avoid unacceptable behavior. Giving robots the ability to read and understand our stories may be the most efficient means.1What function do fairy tales perform in the robots?AThey entertain robots.BThey highlight dangers.CThey make robots more intelligent.DThey enable robots to behave morally.2What is “Quixote” in the text?AA punishment system.BA character in literature.CA big name in technology.DA kind of software educating robots.3What does the designer expect robots to do in the experiment?ATo take advantage of its privilege.BTo finish the task most efficiently.CTo perform in a well­mannered way.DTo be rewarded by the storekeeper.4Which of the following can best express the authors opinion?ARobots will definitely have more functions.BRobots with humans emotions are perfect.CTraining robots to be socially acceptable is necessary.DThe development of robots is still in a baby step.【解题导语】本文是一篇说明文。童话故事不但可以娱乐孩子们，还能让机器人拥有道德观念，使其更好地为人类服务。1D解析：细节理解题。根据第一段中的“it has found a way to use the fairy tales as moral lessons that AI(artificial intelligence) can take to its cold, mechanical heart”可知，童话故事可以作为道德经验让人工智能机器人的行为符合道德规范，故D项正确。2D解析：细节理解题。根据第二段最后两句“This system is called Quixote. It collects story plots from the Internet and then uses those stories to teach robots how to behave.”可知，这个系统被称为“Quixote”；它从互联网上收集故事情节，然后用这些故事来教育机器人如何规范行为，由此可知，Quixote是一种教育机器人的软件，故D项正确。3C解析：推理判断题。根据第四段中的“We believe that AI has to be trained to adopt the values of a particular society, and in doing so, it will strive to avoid unacceptable behavior.”可推知，设计者希望机器人在实验中的行为能符合道德规范，故C项正确。4C解析：观点态度题。根据第四段中的“We believe that AI has to be trained to adopt the values of a particular society, and in doing so, it will strive to avoid unacceptable behavior.”可知，我们认为人工智能必须接受培训以适应特定社会的价值观，这样做，它将努力避免不可接受的行为。据此可推知，训练机器人让其行为符合社会规范是必要的，故C项正确。Test 3A walk through the galleries of Quebecs Montreal Museum of Fine Arts(MMFA) places individuals face­to­face with some 43，000 artworks ranging from Chinese ceramics to Inuit sculpture.While the visiting is an incredible cultural experience, a group of local physicians will soon be able to prescribe(开处方) museum visits as treatment for some illnesses.“We know that art contributes to neural(神经的) activity,” said MMFA director Nathalie Bondil. “What we see is that being in contact with art can really help your well­being.”Hélène Boyer, vice president of a Montreal­based medical association, explains that museum visits have been shown to increase levels of serotonin, a neurotransmitter (神经递质) known as the “happy chemical” which helps to lift the mood.According to Boyer, the small increase in hormones associated with enjoying an afternoon of art is similar to that offered by exercise, making museum visits prescriptions ideal for the elderly experiencing pain that prevents them from regularly joining in physical activity.The museum visits are designed to improve traditional methods. As Bondil notes, spending time in a peaceful environment can provide a welcome distraction. “What is most important is this experience can help them escape from their own pain，” she says. “When you enter the museum, you escape from the speed of our daily life.”“I am convinced that in the 21st century, culture will be what physical activity was for health in the 20th century,” said Bondil. “Some people would do well to recall that just in the 19th century, sports were believed to do harm to the body. Just as doctors now prescribe exercise, they will be able to prescribe a visit to the MMFA.”1What does Hélène Boyer think of museum visits?AThey can cheer people up.BThey can reduce physical activity.CThey can slow down our life pace.DThey can increase levels of art appreciation.2How do museum visits affect people?AStop them concentrating on pain.BStop them focusing on traditional methods.CEncourage them not to be absent­minded.DEncourage them to slow their steps while walking.3What does the last paragraph suggest?APhysical activity was popular in the 19th century.BSports are considered to be harmful to the body.CIdeas of treating illnesses are changing over time.DDoctors prescribe museum visits regularly now.4What is the main idea of the text?AMuseum visits are ideal for the elderly.BThe happy chemical helps to lift the mood.CPeaceful environment helps escape pain.DCultural activities will promote health.【解题导语】本文是一篇说明文。参观博物馆不仅能让人们受到艺术的熏陶，还能舒缓心情、治疗疾病。1A解析：细节理解题。根据第四段“Hélène Boyer, vice president of a Montreal­based medical association, explains that museum visits have been shown to increase levels of serotonin, a neurotransmitter(神经递质) known as the happy chemical which helps to lift the mood.”可知，一个总部设在蒙特利尔的医学协会的副主席Hélène Boyer解释说，参观博物馆被证明可以提高血清素水平，血清素是一种被称为“快乐化学物质”的神经递质，它有助于振奋情绪。据此可知，Hélène Boyer认为参观博物馆可以帮助人们振作起来，故A项正确。2A解析：细节理解题。根据第六段中的“What is most important is this experience can help them escape from their own pain”可知，参观博物馆可以让人们逃避痛苦，故A项正确。3C解析：推理判断题。根据尾段最后两句“Some people would do well to recall that just in the 19th century, sports were believed to do harm to the body. Just as doctors now prescribe exercise, they will be able to prescribe a visit to the MMFA.”可知，在19世纪，体育运动被认为对身体有害。现在，就像医生给病人开运动处方一样，他们将能给病人开去蒙特利尔美术博物馆参观的处方。据此可推知，治疗疾病的方法随着时间的变化而改变，故C项正确。4D解析：主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章第一段通过描述参观蒙特利尔美术博物馆引入本文话题，接着介绍当地医生将给病人开参观博物馆的处方来治疗一些疾病，艺术欣赏对人的健康的积极作用，也就是说文化活动可以促进健康，故D项正确。Test 4