2022年高考英语阅读解题技巧与方法 .pdf

英语阅读理解能力水平的提高，是提高学生英语水平的重要部分。阅读水平的提高，对于学生改错和书面表达，有极大的帮助，因此，阅读教学必须重视，阅读方法和技巧的提高，必须落实在课堂教学之中。首先，立足课文教学，训练阅读思维。高中新课标人教版英语课文，里面的阅读文章，每一篇都是好的阅读范文。课堂上，好好使用这些材料，运用这样的模式：预习 -上课 -稳固。通过这样的模式，提高学生的阅读能力。其次，明确文章体裁，掌握阅读技巧。体裁不同，阅读方法和技巧不同。体裁多样，包括记叙文、描写文、说明文、应用文、论述文等。因此，教学生学会分析体裁的能力对于提高阅读理解能力来说是非常重要的。由于不同的文体有不同的段落组织方式和脉络层次，所以我们老师教会学生可以根据这种特点来快速分析文章的体裁：记叙文往往按时间顺序展开段落，文章有明显表示时间先后的词语。阅读时抓住时间这条主线，弄清who、what、where、why 与 how。描写文通过细节的描写以画面的方式来反应事物的特征、性质。对这种文章要迅速弄清其主题，主题词往往出现在各个句子里，贯穿文章的始末；紧围绕这个主题进行阅读，找到文精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页，共 26 页章与之有关的信息，并确定信息与主题的关系。说明文多见于科普文章，用以解释或揭示事物的状态、特征、演变、结果及其相互之间的关系，这类文体的文章，首句往往是主题句，开门见山，说明文章的关注对象：弄清作者的思路和段落组织的方式； 把握次要信息及其与主题的关系。巧用主题句并依据主题句确定短文的中心。最有效的方法是找出主题句。 一篇文章 (或一段文章 ) 通常都是围绕一个中心意思展开的。而这个中心意思往往由一个句子来概括。这个能概括文章或段落中心意思的句子叫做主题句。因此，理解一个段落或一篇文章的中心意思首先要学会寻找主题句。主题句一般具有三个特点：(1) 概括性强：表述的意思比较概括。(2) 结构简单： 句子结构较简单， 多数都不采用长、 难句的形式。(3) 受它支撑：段落中其他的句子是用来解释、支撑或发展该句所表述的主题思想。 在一篇短文或一个段落中，大部分主题句的位置情况有三种：主题句在段首或篇首主题句在段首或篇首的情况相当普遍，其后的句子则是论证性细节。一般新闻报道、说明文, 议论文、科技文献等大都采用这种格式，即先总述，后分述的叙事方法。论述文的阅读难在这种文章处处都渗透作者的个人观点、态度。阅读论述文应该从文体的写作和结构特点入手。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页，共 26 页第三，明确文章的结构。文章的结构往往很容易把握，用主题句开门见山。作者往往通过信号词(signal words 或transitional words)和关联词 (referents 来组织段落、 文章 .对信号词的迅速反应和对关联词的准确判断是至关重要的；要特别注意区分作者的观点与文章里所提到的人物的观点，同时注意作者所使用 的 表 示 赞 同 、 反 对 等 感 情 色 彩 的 词 汇 。第四。注意绝对化的词。如果阅读答案选项中出现绝对化的词，比方：all，always，never，nothing，every 等等，除非文章当中使用了该类词汇，否则，一般都要排除。比方，原文中出现了这样一个句子：Almost everyone likes the music. 答题时，要你判断如下这个句子正误True or False ：Everyone likes the music. 该句子应该是错误的。答案要防止以点带面，以偏盖全。尤其是多个选项都有道理，难以挑选正确答案的时候，要注意选择最符合题目要求的一个。第五。培养阅读理解解题步骤1、第一步：先读题2、第二步：读文章3、第三步：解题第六。攻克单词关。要有一定单词量的积累。第七。养成良好的阅读好习惯。每天都坚持阅读，精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页，共 26 页并规定完成一定阅读量。同时，拓宽阅读空间。各种文体都进行阅读，比方，人文、地理、科普类、运动类文章。立足课文教学，训练阅读思维。概述高考阅读理解题选材，一般遵循三个原则：1. 文章一般为5 篇含信息匹配题，阅读量在2500 单词左右；2. 题材广泛，包括科普、社会、文化、政治、经济等多方面内容；3. 体裁多样，包括记叙文、描写文、说明文、应用文、论述文等。因此，学会分析体裁的能力对我们做好阅读理解来说是非常重要的。由于不同的文体有不同的段落组织方式和脉络层次，所以我们可以根据这种特点来快速分析文章的体裁：记叙文往往按时间顺序展开段落，文章有明显表示时间先后的词语。阅读时抓住时间这条主线，弄清who、what、where、 why 与 how。描写文通过细节的描写以画面的方式来反应事物的特征、性质。对这种文章要迅速弄清其主题，主题词往往出现在各个句子里，贯穿文章的始末；紧围绕这个主题进行阅读，找到文章与之有关的信息，并确定信息与主题的关系。说明文多见于科普文章，用以解释或揭示事物的状态、特征、演变、 结果及其相互之间的关系，这类文体的文章，首句往往是主题句，开门见山，说明文章的关注对象：弄清作者的思路和段落组织的方式；把握次要信息及其与主题的关系。论述文的阅读难在这种文章处处都渗透作者的个人观点、态度。阅读论述文应该从文体的写作和结构特点入手。 文章的结构往往很容易把握，用主题句开门见山。作者往往通过信号词(signal words 或transitional words) 和关联词 (referents 来组织段落、 文章 .对信号词的迅速反应和对关联词的准确判断是至关重要的；要特别注意区分作者的观点与文章里所提到的人物的观点，同时注意作者所使用的表示赞同、反对等感情色彩的词汇。常见问题1. 关于文章主旨和大意的问题此类考题主要针对段落(或短文 )的主题，主题思想，标题或目的，一般提问方式如下：1) Which is the best title of the passage? 2) Which of the following is this passage about? 3) What is the main topic of the passage ？4) The subject discussed in this text is _ 5) Which of the following best states the theme of the passage ？6) The passage tells us that_. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页，共 26 页7) The passage is meant to .8) This passage mainly talks about_. 9) The passage is mostly about _10) The passage is mainly concerned about _11) The general/main idea of the passage is about _12) The purpose of this article is to 13) In this passage the writer tries to tell us that_. 14) In this passage the author discusses primarily _ 15) The author s main purpose in writing the passage is to 2. 关于文章事实和细节的问题此类考题主要针对文章的细节，一般提问方式如下：Which of the following is right? Which of the following is NOT true according to the information in the passage? Which of the following statements is correct according to the passage? Which of the following is Not True in the passage? Which of the following is not mentioned? Which of the following is mentioned in the passage? The author mentions all of the following except . . . The writer mentions all of the items listed below except _. What is the example of . . . as described in the passage? Choose the right order of this passage. According to the passage, when (where, why, how, who, etc. ) . The reason for . . .is . . . From this passage we know that _. In the passage, the author states that _. 3. 猜测词义的问题此类考题目要求考生能根据上下文确定某一特定的词或短语的准确含义。一般提问方式如下：1) The word “ ABC ” in the passage probably means _.2) The underlined word “ ABC ” in the passage refers to/means _. 3) Which of the following is closest in meaning to the underlined word in the second paragraph？4The underlined sentence in the last paragraph means _5) The word it themin the first paragraph refers to _ 4. 关于对全篇逻辑关系的理解、对文章各段、各句间逻辑关系的理解的问题此类考题主要考查句语句之间，短语短之间的逻辑关系，一般提问方式如下：1) Many visitors come to the writer s city to _.2) Some shops can be built Dongfeng Square so that they may _. 3) Air pollution is the most serious kind of pollution because _. 4) Why did the writer get off the train two stops before Vienna station? 5. 关于推理和判断的问题此类考题一般针对短文内容和考生应有的常识，文章中虽然没有明确的答案，但考生在理解全文的基础上可以进行推理和判断其答案。一般提问方式如下：1) We can guess the writer of the letter may be a _. 2) We can infer from the text that _. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页，共 26 页3) It can be inferred from the text that _. 4) From the letters we ve learned that it s very _ to know something about American social customs. 5) From the story we can guess _. 6) From the text we know that _. 7) What would be happy if ?8) The story implies that _.9) The paragraph following the passage will most probably be _. 10) The writer s attitude toward.is _.11) The author implied suggested that12) It may be concluded from the passage that 13) Which of the following statements does the passage support ？14) With which of the following does the author agree？6. 关于作者意图、观点或态度的问题此类题目的主要提问方式是一般提问方式如下：1) How did the writer feel ?2) The author seems to think that _. 3) The writer writes this text to _. 4) The writer believes that _. 5) The writer suggests that _. 6) The author wants to appeal to _ . 7) The writer is trying to present a point of view in _. 8) The author s style is _ .9) The author s tone would be best described as _ . 10) What is the author s opinion of _?11) What is the authors main purpose in the passage? 12) In the authors opinion_? 题目类型A 类题：可以直接从原文中找到答案的题目A 类题为拿分题丢分原因：1凭印象做题，准确率低。2时间把握最容易出问题：忘记内容的时候往往会回到文章中去找答案，一篇文章往往要读好几遍。A 类题解题技巧：看清题目所问的内容之后，要在原文中划出原句，并标上题号。这样做的目的：1做到万无一失，保证把该拿到的分数拿到手。2减少阅读文章的次数，争取珍贵的时间。B 类题：不能够从原文中直接找到答案的题需要经过分析、 判断、推理之后才能解答的题。该类题是失分题，往往是出题人用来拉开学生梯度和层次的题。B 类题包括：文章主题和中心大意等，一般都是主旨题。B 类题解题技巧：1、以原文为依据，不参杂个人意见，要客观不要主观。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页，共 26 页2、答案是比出来的。答案不选对的，只选最好的。因为，有时候四个答案都是对的。所以，当看到第一答案是正确的时候，也要看后面的答案。遇到这种情况， 往往有学生钻牛角尖。老师给学生解释的时候，也可以这样说：你的答案没错，但是另一个答案更好，更全面。答案不选对的，只选最好的。比答案的原则是：好的不知道的；不知道的不对的。3、注意绝对化的词。如果答案选项中出现绝对化的词，比方：all，always，never，nothing ，every 等等，除非文章当中使用了该类词汇，否则，一般都要排除。比方，原文中出现了这样一个句子：Almost everyone likes the music. 答题时，要你判断如下这个句子正误True or False： Everyone likes the music. 该句子应该是错误的。4、答案要防止以点带面，以偏盖全。尤其是多个选项都有道理，难以挑选正确答案的时候，要注意选择最符合题目要求的一个。5、“ 傻瓜 ” 原则。文章中没有提到的就当时不知道，不要枉自猜测，自作聪明。一切以文章内容为准。阅读理解解题步骤1、第一步：先读题2、第二步：读文章3、第三步：解题实战阅读方法1 巧用主题句并依据主题句确定短文的中心最有效的方法是找出主题句。一篇文章(或一段文章 ) 通常都是围绕一个中心意思展开的。而这个中心意思往往由一个句子来概括。这个能概括文章或段落中心意思的句子叫做主题句。因此， 理解一个段落或一篇文章的中心意思首先要学会寻找主题句。主题句一般具有三个特点： (1) 概括性强：表述的意思比较概括。(2) 结构简单：句子结构较简单，多数都不采用长、难句的形式。(3) 受它支撑：段落中其他的句子是用来解释、支撑或发展该句所表述的主题思想。在一篇短文或一个段落中，大部分主题句的位置情况有三种：主题句在段首或篇首主题句在段首或篇首的情况相当普遍，其后的句子则是论证性细节。一般新闻报道、 说明文 , 议论文、科技文献等大都采用这种格式，即先总述，后分述的叙事方法。例文 1： All living things on the earth need other living things to live. Nothing lives alone. Most animals must live in a group, and even a plant grows close together with others of the same kind. Sometimes one living thing kills another, one eats and the other is eaten. Each kind of life eats another kind of life in order to live, and together they form a food chain(食物链 ). Some food chains become broken up if one of the links disappears. 例文 2： People have different tastes in food. Some feel that they havent eaten a meal unless they have had steak or other red meat. Some prefer chicken or fish and eat one or the other at every meal. Others prefer vegetables and fruits or grains and would enjoy a meal of spaghetti, eggplant, and fresh fruit. Others could live on what were called fast-foods: a hamburger or hot dog, French fries and a soft drink. 主题句在段末或篇末主题句也会出现在段尾，即作者先摆出事实依据, 层层推理论证, 最后自然得出结论- 段落的主题。 这种位于段末或篇末的主题句往往是对前面细节的归纳总结或者所得出的结论。因此，在阅读这种文章时，要注意表述细节的句子通常在前，概述性的句子在后，并以此结尾。例文 1： If you buy some well-made clothes, you can save money because they can last longer. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 7 页，共 26 页They look good even after they have been washed many times. Sometimes some clothes cost more money, but it does not mean that they are always better made, or they always fit better. In other words, some less expensive clothes look and fit better than more expensive clothes. 例文 2： Some students prefer a strict teacher who tells them exactly what to do. Others prefer to be left to work on their own. Still others like a democratic discussion type of class. No one teaching method can be devised to satisfy all students at the same time. 主题句在段落中间当主题句被安排在段中间时, 通常前面只提出问题，文中的主题由随之陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中导出, 而后又作进一步的解释, 支撑或发展 . 例文： Nothing is as useful as a flashlight on a dark night if a tire goes flat. Few inventions are so helpful to a child who is afraid of the dark. In fact, the modern flashlight brings light to many dark situations. Finding something in the back of a closet is easy with a flashlight in hand. A camper also needs one after the light of the campfire has been out. 无主题句有时，一篇文章里并没有明显的主题句。这时我们应该怎样来确定文章的主题或中心意思呢？其实这也不难。我们可以首先找出每一段的中心意思，各段的中心意思往往都是围绕一个中心来展开的， 或者说是来说明一个问题的。这个中心或这个问题就是这篇文章的主题或中心意思。例文： Killer bees started in Brazil 1957. A scientist in Sao Paulo wanted bees to make more honey(蜂蜜 ). So he put forty-six African bees with some Brazilian bees. The bees bred(繁殖 ) and made a new kind of bees. But the new bees were a mistake. They didn t want to make more honey. They wanted to attack. Then, by accident, twenty-six African bees escaped and bred with the Brazilian bees outside. Scientists could not control( 控制 ) the problem. The bees increased fast. They went from Brazil to Venezuela. Then they went to Central America. Now they are in North America. They travel about 390 miles a year. Each group of bees grows four times a year. This means one million new groups every five years.Why are people afraid of killer bees? People are afraid for two reasons. First, the bees sting(叮) many more times than usual bees. Killer bees can sting sixty times a minute nonstop for two hours. Second, killer bees attack in groups. Four hundred bee stings can kill a person. Already several hundred people are dead. Now killer bees are in Texas. In a few years they will reach all over the United States. People can do nothing but wait. 找出主题句后，再依据主题句定短文的中心任意一篇文章通常是围绕一个中心展开并且由段落组成的；段落之间有着内在的紧密联系，而表达段落主题的句子叫主题句，通常置于段落的开头，有时在段落末尾和中间；其它的句子是用来说明和阐述主题句的；假设把一个个主题句加以整理，你能悟出其中心思想，同时还可以回避、排除个别生词、难句等困难信号所带来的干扰，但也有一些文章的中心思想常贯穿在全文中，因而要综观全文，对全文有一个透彻的理解才行。例如：例题： My friend Matt and I arrived at the Activity Centre on Friday evening. The accommodation wasn t wonderful, but we had everything we needed (beds, blankets, food), and we were pleased to be out of the city and in the fresh air. On Saturday morning we met the other ten members of our group. Cameron had come along with two friends, Kevin and Simon, while sisters Carole and Lynn had come with Amanda. There were some other members I didn t know. We had come from different places and none of us knew the 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 8 页，共 26 页area. We knew we were going to spend the weekend outdoors, but none of us was sure exactly how. Half of us spent the morning caving while the others went rock-climbing and then we changed at lunchtime. Matt and I went to the caves (岩洞 ) first. Climbing out was harder than going in, but after a good deal of pushing, we were out at last. Though we were covered with mud, we were pleased and excited by what we d done.This passage mainly talks about _. A. the writer s friends at the Activity CenterB. the writer s experience at the Activity CenterC. outdoor sports at the Activity Center D. how to go rock-climbing and caving 在解主题大意时，以下方法可供参考。认真阅读文章的第一段或每段的第一个句子。文章的主题作者往往有意识地反复论述。抓住反复出现的中心词，即高频词， 也叫做主题词。例文： If you are a recent social science graduate who has had to listen to jokes about unemployment from your computer major classmates, you may have had the last laugh. There are many advantages for the social science major because this high-tech Information Age demands people who are flexible ( 灵活的 ) and who have good communication skills. There are many social science majors in large companies who fill important positions. For example, a number of research studies found that social science majors had achieved greater managerial success than those who had technical training or pre-professional courses. Studies show that social science majors are most suited for change, which is the leading feature (特点 ) of the kind of high speed, high-pressure, high-tech world we now live in. Social science majors are not only experiencing success in their long-term company jobs, but they are also finding jobs more easily. A study showed that many companies had filled a large percentage of their entry-level positions with social science graduates. The study also showed that the most sought-after quality in a person who was looking for a job was communication skills, noted as very important by 92 percent of the companies. Social science majors have these skills, often without knowing how important they are. It is probably due to these skills that they have been offered a wide variety of positions. Finally, although some social science majors may still find it more difficult than their technically trained classmates to land the first job, recent graduates report that they don t regret their choice of study. 3).文章或段落的主题句常常会出现在一些标志性的提示后。例如： On the whole, in short, in a word, in brief, to sum up, to conclude thereforeI agree with the opinion thatGiven all these points above, I would support the idea thatFor all the reasons mentioned above, I would prefer掌握了找主题句的方法后，就可以依据主题句归纳主题。但归纳主题容易出现以下三种错误，需要同学们注意。以偏概全。即只抓住了主题的一个侧面就误以为是主题。过于笼统。即归纳的主题太泛，与细节脱节或是没有对细节加以充分论证。把观点强加给作者。读者往往根据自己的常识对文章进行判断而无视了作者的见解。2 掌握具体事实和重要细节：精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 9 页，共 26 页做细节事实题的方法在阅读理解题目中，有相当一部分是考查细节和事实的题目。细节理解题就是我们常见的wh-题，它们大多是根据文章中的具体信息如事实、例证、原因、过程、论述等进行提问的。有些问题可以在文章中直接找到答案，有些则要我们在理解的基础上将有关内容系统化才能找到，比方计算、排序、是非判断、图形比较等。做此类题的方法一般是先用寻读法找出与问题相关的词语或句子，再对相关的部分进行细读，排除干扰项，找出正确答案。2.1).是非题出题形式：a.三正一误：Which of the following is true except?Which of the following is mentioned exceptb.三误一正：Which of the following is true? 这种做题方法主要与三正一误的以下问法相联系：Which of the following is mentioned exceptWhich of the following is not mentioned?这种问题的正确选项所包含的信息通常连续出现在同一段，而且往往无列举标志词，如first，second， third 等。做题时只需阅读有关段落，根据一个选项中的关键词在其前后找其他两个正确先项，剩下一个原文中未提到的，为正确答案。2.2) 例证题对举例的考查为高考阅读理解的常见考点之一，这类题的基本结构为: The author provides in line(或 Paragraph )an example in order to意思是问文中举出某现象或例子的目的。文章中举出一些例子无非是为了说明一定的道理。关键在于这个例子在原文出现的位置，但不管如何， 这个例子之前或之后不远处通常都有一句总结说明性的话，这句话就是答案，即举例的目的。如果例子与全文主题有关，则例证主题，答案为主题句。如果例子与段落主题有关，就例证段落主题，则答案为段落主题句；此外，答案为例子前后总结说明性的话。2.3年代与