Unit2西方文化导论.ppt

Unit2 西方文化导论 Four short words sum up what has lifted most successful Four short words sum up what has lifted most successful individuals above the crowd: a little bit more. individuals above the crowd: a little bit more. -author -author -date-dateGet StartedGet Started1. A General Introduction2. Focus InGet StartedGet Started Ancient Rome, once the largest empire in the world, was originated from some villages located on the Apennine Peninsula along the Mediterranean Sea in the 10th century BC. In 509 BC, Augustus built a republic country of Rome. During the 4th century BC, Rome unified Italy by military conquest, and after years of wars, it conquered Carthage, Greece, Macedon, etc. and built up a vast Roman Empire with a territory stretching across three continents. During this period, Rome succeedingly experienced the rule of Sulla Felix, the first Triumvirate, and the second Triumvirate. In 27 BC, Octavian called himself “Augustus” and held together in his own grasp all the military, administrative, judicial and religious powers, becoming the Emperor of Roman Empire. In the twoGet Startedcenturies after Augustus came to power, the Roman Empire reached its culmination in economy, culture, military force and trade. However, beginning from the 5th century or so, the Roman Empire embarked on a path of decline. Economic problems, social problems and frequent wars finally split the Roman Empire into two parts: Eastern and Western Parts. In 476, Western Roman Empire came to an end. Romans succeeded in putting into effect the ideas of rulership borrowed from ancient Greece. The Greek democracy provided the preliminary basis for the later form of Western government which would appear more open and less autocratic. The society has a clearly defined social status. Get StartedRomans also borrowed many other cultural ideas from ancient Greece, including daily customs, laws and architectural designs as well as literary styles and creative methods which greatly added to the taste and charm of daily life before the Greek and Roman cultures came around as classical culture as it was termed by later eras. However, it still attributed greatly to the Western culture in mythology, religion, literature, history, philosophy, architecture and art.Get StartedlTo get a brief view of the history and development of ancient RomelTo get to know the Roman social structure and economic conditionslTo be familiar with major characteristics and contributions of Roman culture in mythology, religion, philosophy, history, literature and artsText StudyText StudyI. The Historical Development of Ancient Rome II. The Roman Social and Economic Conditions III. Roman Cultural Achievements Text StudyMain IdeasMain IdeasThe History of Ancient RomeOrigin: small village in central ItalyDuring 700 BC800 BC, Seven Hill Ally took shape and cities and tribes came into being.Development: In 509 BC, Augustus built up Roman Republic.After three Punic wars, in the 4th century BC, a vast unified Roman Empire was established with territory stretching across three continents.Text StudyMain IdeasMain IdeasThree powerful rulers: L.Sulla Felix, the 1st Triumvirate, the 2nd TriumvirateIn 27 BC, Octavian called himself Augustus and built up a centralized Rome.Decline: In 33 AD, Roman Empire was divided into two parts.End: In 476, West Rome was defeated by German troops and came to an end.Text StudyInterpretation of Cultural TermsInterpretation of Cultural TermsLucius Tarquinius Superbus 卢修斯卢修斯塔克文塔克文苏佩苏佩布布(？ 496 BC): Superbus was the 7th emperor of the Roman Kingdom Etruscan，ruling from 535 BC to the Roman revolt in 509 BC which led to the establishment of the Roman Republic. Text StudyInterpretation of Cultural TermsInterpretation of Cultural TermsRomulus and Remus 罗穆卢斯和瑞摩斯罗穆卢斯和瑞摩斯：Romulus (771 BC717 BC) and Remus (771 BC753 BC) were the twin brothers, who were said to be the founders of Rome. In Roman mythology, their parents were Mars and Rhea Silvia, the daughter of Latin King. The twins were ordered to be drowned by the new king who dethroned the Latin King. However, they were saved and raised by a she-wolf. When they grew up, the twins built their own city, but Remus was killedText StudyInterpretation of Cultural TermsInterpretation of Cultural Termsby his brother who became the first king of Rome. Nowadays, Romulus is regarded as a mythological figure, whose name is the origin of Rome. Text StudyInterpretation of Cultural TermsInterpretation of Cultural TermsPunic Wars布匿战争布匿战争: A series of wars between Rome and Carthage from 264 BC to 146 BC. The main cause is the conflict of interests between the Carthaginian Empire and the Roman Republic. There are three largest wars: First Punic War (264 BC241 BC), Second Punic War (218 BC201 BC), Third Punic War (149 BC146 BC). Eventually, after more than a hundred years, Rome conquered the Carthaginian Empire and became the most powerful state in the classical world.Text StudyInterpretation of Cultural TermsInterpretation of Cultural TermsTriumvirate 三头统治三头统治: A political group of three powerful persons in Rome. The First Triumvirate was an informal governing alliance composed of Gaius Julius Caesar, Marcus Licinius Crassus, and Pompey in the mid-1st century BC. The Second Triumvirate was a formal one consisting of Octavian, Mark Antony and Marcus Aemilius Lepidus. Text StudyInterpretation of Cultural TermsInterpretation of Cultural TermsText StudyInterpretation of Cultural TermsInterpretation of Cultural TermsOctavian屋大维屋大维：Octavian（Augustus）（63 BC 14 AD）was adopted by Julius Caesar in 44 BC. He was the first emperor in Roman Empire from 27 BC to 14 AD. In 40 BC，he was called Augustus by the Senate, who had power to rule Romes religious, civil and military affairs. He made great achievements in his ruling time: the long peace after civil war, the sound currency, the highway system, constructions of bridges and buildings,Text StudyInterpretation of Cultural TermsInterpretation of Cultural Termsthe growth of literature. The Roman Empire subdued Spain, Gaul, etc. and annexed Egypt and most of Europe. He was viewed as a god in the hearts of the Romans as a result. B. Byzantium C. Pax Romana D. Seven Hill AllyText StudyComprehension ExercisesA. Roman RepublicAncient Roman culture is the culture from the formation of _ to the end of the Roman Empire, which had lasted about 1200 years throughout.Comprehension ExercisesMultiple choice.A. Octavian and Caesar B. Caesar and Remus D. Romulus and OctavianText StudyComprehension ExercisesC. Romulus and Remus (2) _ were the twins, the founders of Rome in the history.Comprehension ExercisesMultiple choice.A. Caesar C. Remus D. PompeyText StudyComprehension ExercisesB. Octavian(3) _was the first emperor in Roman Empire from 27 BC to 14 AD.Comprehension ExercisesMultiple choice.A. Julius Caesar, Mark Antony, SullaB. Pompey, Crassus, CleopatraD. Octavian, Brutus, MariusText StudyComprehension ExercisesC. Pompey, Crassus, Julius Caesar(4) The First Triumvirate consisted of _. Comprehension ExercisesMultiple choice.A. GreekB. SicilyC. SpainText StudyComprehension ExercisesD. Carthage(5) Punic wars are a series of wars between Rome and _. Comprehension ExercisesMultiple choice.Text StudyThink and DiscussPlease give a brief introduction to the development of ancient Rome. Analyze the reasons that attributed the conversion of Roman Republic to Roman Empire. Reasons: a. Roman rulership inherited largely from ancient Greece. Under the Republic, senators were elected by the people to run the government. b. Territory expanse caused rich landowners and merchants to be able to buy up most of the country land, which led to instability of Roman military. Think and DiscussText StudyThink and DiscussThink and Discussc. Fights among powerful rulers, such as the fight in the first Triumvirate, and in the second Triumvirate, gave chance to get the supreme power to only one person instead of the people. Text StudyMain IdeasRoman society was divided into a number of social classes. There was a distinction made between citizens and non-citizens, patricians and plebeians, and patrons and clients. These social divisions determined rights and privileges in the Roman Republic.Main IdeasText StudyMain IdeasMain Ideasl Distinctions FieldAspectCharacterssocial classupper classsenatorial class: Based on politics. Inherited nobles, consuls. equestrian class: Based on economy. Primarily involved in the types of business prohibited to senators. lower classplebs: All other free-born Roman citizens. Women could not vote or hold political office.Text StudyMain IdeasMain IdeasFieldAspectCharacterslower classfreed people: Slaves who had bought their freedom. Lots of restrictions on their rights. slaves: Property of their owners by law, without freedom and legal rights in the society. They were forced to perform physical labor or other manual labor, or play gladiatorial games in the public arenas as entertainment for the Romans. Text StudyMain IdeasMain IdeasFieldAspectCharactersconstruc-tionscitygreat economic development, better constructions. The system for water supply was at an advanced level of engineering.countryside poverty strickenfamily lifemale-dominatedabsolute obedience by women and other junior family members to their fathers, husbands, brothers and even sonsText StudyMain IdeasMain IdeasFieldAspectCharactersfamily lifenamesThe Roman males had three names: forename, middle name, and last or family name.Women were only given one name: feminine name for the clan or for the family. Text StudyMain IdeasMain Ideasl Social entertainmenta. attending banquets b. watching games (famous for public wrestling and fights between men and wild animals, or chariot-racing) c. joining in a get-together with familiesd. playing musical instruments e. reading, or engaging in carefree conversationl Roman laws: famous for Justinian Law and the Law of Twelve TablesMain IdeasText StudyMain IdeasMain IdeasText StudyMain IdeasText StudyMain IdeasMain IdeasMain IdeasText StudyMain IdeasMain IdeasText StudyMain IdeasText StudyInterpretation of Cultural TermsLaw of the Twelve Tables 十二铜表十二铜表法法：The law of the Twelve Tables was the oldest oral law made by ten magistrates called decimvir, which was inscribed on the bronze and wooden tablets in 450 BC. The original tables were destroyed in 390 BC. They are a series of articles about various private rights and the strict penalties. The code is the basis of Roman laws, existing for almost 1000 years. Interpretation of Cultural TermsText StudyInterpretation of Cultural TermsCircus Maximus 马克西穆斯竞技场马克西穆斯竞技场: An ancient Roman chariot-racing stadium and mass entertainment venue located in Rome, Italy. Situated in the valley between the Aventine and Palatine hills, it was the first and largest stadium in ancient Rome and its later Empire. It measured 621m (2,037ft) in length and 118m (387ft) in width, and could accommodate about 150,000 spectators. In its fully developed form, it became the model for circuses throughout the Roman Empire. The site is now a public park. Interpretation of Cultural TermsText StudyInterpretation of Cultural TermsThe Colosseum (or the Coliseum) 罗马圆罗马圆形斗兽场形斗兽场: : An elliptical amphitheatre in the centre of the city of Rome, Italy, the largest ever built in the Roman Empire. It is considered one of the greatest works of Roman architecture and Roman engineering. Interpretation of Cultural TermsText StudyInterpretation of Cultural TermsInterpretation of Cultural TermsToga 托加长袍托加长袍: A distinctive garment of ancient Rome, a cloth of perhaps 6m (20ft) in length which was wrapped around the body and was generally worn over a tunic. The toga was made of wool, and the tunic under it was often made of linen. After the 2nd century BC, the toga was a garment worn exclusively by men, and only Roman citizens were allowed to wear the toga. Text StudyComprehension ExercisesTrue of false question.(1) In ancient Rome, freed slaves could become Roman citizen without any restrictions on their legal rights. (2) All free-born citizens could get married in Roman society. (3) All Romans got their daily needs from war ravages and looting in other defeated countries or areas.(4) In Roman society, women had more chances to do some social activities than those in the East. (5) The Romans usually entertained at the risk of slaves lives. Comprehension ExercisesFFFTT_The major role the Roman women played was the child bearer. a. In politics, they have no right to vote or hold political office. b. In families, they had to be absolutely obedient to their fathers, husbands, brothers and even sons.c. In name assignations, women were usually given only one name, either the feminine name for the clan or the feminine name for the family. d. In education, some of the Roman women could go to public primary school, and they have more chances to do some social activities. Text StudyThink and DiscussPlease illustrate the social status of women in Roman society. Think and DiscussMain IdeasText Study The Romans conquered the Greek by their tremendous force, while on the other hand were beaten by Greek abundant culture. Roman culture was deeply influenced by Greek culture from myth, religion, philosophy to literature, architecture and art. Main IdeasMain IdeasText Studyl Myth and ReligionCompared with the other religious believers, the ancient Romans were never steady or firm enough in keeping a consistent and universal deity as the basis for their national religion. They completely adopted the Olympian pantheon of gods and then modified them in their own way. The average Roman had freedom to choose his or her god to believe in. From 4th century, Christian became Roman national religion.Main IdeasMain IdeasText StudyMain IdeasMain IdeasText StudyMain IdeasGod & GoddessGreek nameCharacterJupiterZeusthe master of the gods and main god of the RomansJunoHerathe queen of the gods, the goddess of women and fertilityMarsAresthe god of war, the strongest and most fearsome god except for JupiterVenusAphroditethe goddess of love and beautyMinervaAthena the goddess of wisdom, learning, art crafts and industryMain IdeasText StudyMain IdeasGod & GoddessGreek nameCharacterNeptunePoseidonthe powerful god of the seaCeresDemeterthe goddess of the harvestVulcanHephaestus the blacksmith of the gods and a god of the underworldDianaArtemisthe goddess of hunting and a goddess of the moonBacchusDionysosthe god of wine and partyingMercuryHermesthe messenger of the godsMain IdeasText StudyMain IdeasGod & GoddessGreek nameCharacterVestaHestiathe goddess of the hearth and homePlutoHadesthe god of deathApolloApollothe god of the sun CupidErosthe god of loveMain IdeasText StudyMain Ideasl Literature(1) Roman PoetryNameCharacterWorksVirgilfamous for his epic poemsEclogues, Georgics, and AeneidHoracea poet and critic, famous for his poetic forms, his sincerity and frankness in his self-portraitures, Book of Satires, Odes and EpistlesMain IdeasText StudyMain I