英语语法详解.doc
精品文档,仅供学习与交流,如有侵权请联系网站删除一时态详解16个时态中,常用的有12个:一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、过去将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、将来进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时、将来完成时、现在完成进行时和过去完成进行时。其他时态很少单独使用。 下面把各种时态的构成和用法做一个全面的介绍。 1、一般现在时 通常以动词原形表示。主语为第三人称单数时,用现单三形式。 动词be和have(表示“拥有”)各人称的单数形式为: 第一人称单数 第二人称单数 第三人称单数 Have Have Have Has Be Am Are is 一般现在时的否定式、疑问式和简单回答形式如下: 动词be 与 have(表示“拥有”):否定式直接把not放在动词之后,疑问式直接把动词放在主语之前,见下表: 否定式 疑问式 Be Have Be Have I am not (Im not) I have not (havent) Am i? Have i? You are not (arent) You have not (havent) Are you? Have you? He is not (isnt) He has not (hasnt) Is he ? Has he ? 动词be 的否定疑问式和简单回答: 否定疑问式 肯定回答 否定回答 Am I not (arent i)? Yes, you are. No, you arent Are you not (arent you)? Yes, I am. No, Im not. Is he not (isnt he)? Yes, he is. No, he isnt 动词be 与 have(表示“拥有”):否定式直接把not放在动词之后,疑问式直接把动词放在主语之前,见下表: 否定式 疑问式 Be Have Be Have I am not (Im not) I have not (havent) Am i? Have I ? You are not (arent) You have not (havent) Are you ? Have you? He is not (isnt) He has not (hasnt) Is he ? Has he ? 动词have(表示“拥有”) 的否定疑问式和简单回答: 否定疑问式 肯定回答 否定回答 Have I not (havent i)? Yes, you have. No, you havent. Have you not (havent you)? Yes, I have. No, I havent. Has he not (hasnt he)? Yes, he has. No, he hasnt. 注意:have 作为行为动词则只能按照行为动词的规则变化。 行为动词(以study为例)一般现在时的否定式、疑问式和简单回答(注意要加助动词do/does) 否定式 疑问式 I do not (dont) study Do I study You do not (dont) study Do you study He does not (doesnt) study Does he study 否定疑问句式 简单回答(肯定/否定) Do I not (Dont I) study? Yes, I do. No, I dont. Do you not (Dont you) study? Yes, you do. No, you dont. Does he not (Doesnt he) study? Yes, he does. No, he doesnt. 2、现在进行时 由助动词be 现在分词构成。其中be有人称和数的变化,有三种形式:第一人称单数用am, 第三人称单数用is, 其他用are。 现在进行时的否定式是:直接在助动词be后面加上not;疑问式是:把助动词be提到主语之前。以study 为例: 否定式 疑问式 I am not studying Am I studying? You are not studying, Are you studying? He is not studying. Is he studying? 5、一般过去时 一般过去时通常由动词过去式表示。一般过去时的否定式、疑问式和简单回答形式要用助动词do 的过去式did, 同时注意实义动词要用原形。以study 为例,其否定式、疑问式和简单回答形式如下: 否定式 疑问式 I did not (didnt) study. Did I study? You did not (didnt) study. Did you study? He did not (didnt) study. Did he study? 否定疑问式 简单回答 (肯定/否定) Did I not (Didnt I) study? Yes, you did. No, you didnt. Di you not (Didnt you) study? Yes, I did. No, I didnt. Did he not (Didnt he) study? Yes, he did. No, he didnt. 6、过去进行时 由助动词be 的过去式 现在分词构成。其中be有人称和数的变化,第一、第三人称单数用was,其他用were. 1)过去进行时动词主要表示在过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行或持续进行的动作。过去进行时经常与过去时配合使用。例如: This time yesterday, we were having an English lesson. 昨天这个时候,我们正在上英语课。 The teacher was giving us a lesson when Tom walked into the room. 老师在给我们上课时,汤姆走进教室。 While we were having supper, all the lights went out. 我们吃饭的时候,灯灭了。 He was reading while she was setting the table. 她摆桌子时,他在读书。 It was getting dark. The wind was rising. 天渐渐黑下来了。风势增强了。 2)过去进行时动词常用always, continually, frequently 等词连用,表示过去经常发生的行为。这种用法表明带有的感情色彩。例如: The two brothers were frequently quarreling when they were young. 两兄弟小时候常吵架。 In Qing Dynasty, China was always making concessions to western powers. 清朝时,中国总是对西方列强妥协。 7、过去完成时 一律用had + 过去分词构成。 用法: 1)表示发生在过去某一时间或动作之前的事情,即“过去的过去”。用过去完成时,必须有一个过去的时间或动作来作参照,说明在此之前某事已发生。如果两个动作都是在过去发生的,先发生的用过去完成时,后发生的用一般过去时。例如: She told me she had been there three times before. 她告诉我她以前到过那里三次。(“去过”发生在“告诉”之前) How long had he taught here by the end of last term? 到上学期末为止,他在这里教学多长时间啦? (“教学”发生在上学期末结束之前) When we arrived, the football match had already begun. 我们到的时候,足球赛已经开始了。 She had visited China twice before she came this year. 她今年来中国之前已访问过中国两次了。 2)过去完成时动词可以表示过去某一时刻之前发生的动作或呈现的状态,这一动作一直持续到过去这一时刻或将继续下去。例如: By the middle of last month, I had lived in Beijing for five years. 到上月中旬,我已在北京住了五年了。 By six oclock they had worked for eight hours. 到六点为止,他们已工作八小时了。When I came to Shanghai, he had been there for a long time. 我到上海时,他在那里很长时间了。 3)过去完成时动词常用于间接引语和虚拟语气,我们以后会详细讲述。 4)此外,过去完成时常用于 no soonerthan 和 hardly(scarcely) when 这两个句型,前面部分用过去完成时,后面部分用一般过去时。例如: No sooner had he stolen the purse than he was caught red-handed. = He had no sooner stolen the purse than he was caught red-handed. 他刚偷到钱包就被当场抓获。 Saddam had hardly realized what was happening when he was captured. = Hardly had Saddam realized what was happening when he was captured. 萨达姆还没有意识到在发生什么事情就被抓获了。 8、过去完成进行时 had been + 动词的现在分词。 用法:表示一直持续到过去某个时间的行为动作,此行为动作或刚结束、或还没结束(可以从上下文看出)。这一时态经常与一般过去时一起使用。例如: When he came in, I had been trying to repair the TV for a couple of hours. 他进来的时候,我一直在努力修理电视机好几个小时了 The roads were dangerous. It had been raining for two whole days. 道路很危险。雨一直下了两整天。 They were tired because they had been digging since dawn. 他们累了,因为从天亮开始他们就一直在挖。 The boy was delighted with the new mountain bike. He had been hoping for one for a long time. 那男孩得到一辆新山地自行车很高兴。很长时间来他一直希望有一辆。 9、一般将来时 一般将来时动词表示将来发生的动作或情况。主要有以下几种表现形式: (1)shall/will + 动词原形 表示单纯的将来,不涉及主语的主观意愿。第一人称I, we用shall 或will,其余用will. 其否定式、疑问式和简单回答形式如下: 否定式 疑问式 I shall/will not study. Shall I study? You will not study. Will you study? He will not study. Will he study? 否定疑问式 简单回答(肯定/否定) Shall I not (shant i) study? Yes, you will. No, you wont. Will you not (Wont you) study? Yes, I shall/will. No, I shant/wont. Will he not (Wont he) study.? Yes, he will. No, he wont. 例如: I shall be twenty years old next year. 我明年二十岁。 The sky is black. I think it will rain. 天黑下来了。我想可能会下雨。You will meet him at the station this afternoon. 你下午会在车站碰到他。 The train will arrive soon. 火车快要到了。 When shall we see you next time? 我们下次什么时候能看见你呢? He probably wont go with us. 他大概不能和我们一起去。 注意: 1)shall, will的缩写形式为ll, 如Ill, youll, hell 和shell等。 2)will 用于第一人称时,可以表示将来的意愿、决心、允诺、命令等;shall用于第二、三人称时,可以表示说话人的将来的意愿。例如: I will give you a new pen for your birthday. 我将送你一支新钢笔作为生日礼物。(允诺) I will take the college entrance examination. 我将参加大学入学考试。(决心) Shall I open the window? 我打开窗户好吗?(征求允诺) You shall have the book as soon as I get it. 我一拿到书就给你。(说话人的允诺) The enemy shall not pass. 决不让敌人通过。(说话人的保证) I will do my best to help you. 我愿意尽力帮助你。(意愿) Nobody shall be late for the meeting. 任何人开会都不能迟到。(说话人的命令) (2)be going + 动词不定式 1)这种结构表示主体现在打算在最近或将来要做某事。这种打算往往是事先考虑好的。例如: My brother is going to learn English next year. 我哥哥准备明年学英语。 I am going to meet Tom at the station at six. 我六点钟要到火车站去接汤姆。 She is not going to be there. 她不会到那儿去的。 When are you going to finish your work? 你的工作什么时候做完? He is going to stay a week. 他准备呆一星期。 We are going to call a meeting to discuss it. 我们准备开个会来讨论一下。 2)这种结构还可以表示说话人根据已有的迹象认为非常可能即将发生某事。例如: Look at these black clouds?it is going to rain. 看这些乌云?要下雨了。 I think it is going to snow. 我看要下雪。 I am afraid I am going to have a bad cold. 恐怕我要得重感冒。 10、将来进行时 shall/will be + 现在分词 用法:将来进行时动词表示在将来某一段时间内将会发生的动作。 This time next week we shall be working in that factory. 下星期这时候,我们将在那个工厂劳动。 When I get up tomorrow morning, my mother will be getting breakfast for me. 当我明天早晨起床时,我妈妈将在为我准备早饭。 I will be seeing him next month. 我下个月将要见他。 Tomorrow we will be going to the village fair.我们明天去赶集。 We will be taking our holiday at the seaside in July. 七月份我们要去海边度假。 一般将来时与将来进行时都表示将来,那么如何区别一般将来时和将来进行时呢?将来进行时不表示个人意愿,强调主观上感觉某事即将发生,并对这一事情有着期待,感情色彩较浓,强调动作。一般将来时主要是对某一事情即将发生做一个事实性的说明或陈述,强调事实或意愿。 11、过去将来时 (1)由should/would + 动词原形构成。第一人称用should; 第二、三人称用would。美国英语所有人称一律用would. should/would 的简略形式为d, 如Id, youd; would not 和should not的简略形式分别为wouldnt 和shouldnt. (2)过去将来时表示从过去某时间看将要发生的事情,多用在宾语从句中。还可以表示过去的倾向或过去经常发生的事情。如: They asked me if I would go to Guangzhou soon. 他们问我是否很快要去广州。 She told me she would come again next week. 她和我说她下周还来。 I told him to leave immediately, but he wouldnt. 我告诉他马上离开,但他不。 Hed play the violin when he was in low spirits. 他情绪低落的时候,就拉小提琴。 When I was in college, I would find a part-time job during the summer holidays every year to earn my tuition. 我上大学的时候,每年暑假都找份临时工挣学费。 (3)其他表示过去将来时的结构: 12、将来完成时 shall/will + have + 过去分词 用法:将来完成时动词主要表示在将来的某一时刻或将来的某一时刻之前完成的动作,这一动作也可能继续进行。例如: By seven oclock this afternoon we shall have got to Shanghai if the train keeps good line. 如果火车运行正常,我们今天下午七点就到上海了。 Before bedtime Xiao Ming will have completed his work. 到上床睡觉的时候,小明会做完他的工作(或作业)。 By February next year this foreign expert will have been here on this job for five years. 到明年二月,这个外国专家在这儿做这项工作就满五年了。 By Sept. 2008 Beijing will have held/hosted the Olympic Games. 到2008年9月,北京将举行完了奥运会。二1.被动语态的构成 被动语态由“be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。这里要强调一定是及物动词的过去分词,因为不及物动词不能带宾语,也就不可能有被动语态。英语主动语态有16个时态;被动语态常用的有8个,以give为例说明如下: 时态 动词形式 一般现在时 Am/is/are given 一般过去时 Was/were given 一般将来时 Shall/will be given 现在进行时 Am/is/are being given 过去进行时 Was/were being given 过去将来时 Should/would be given 现在完成时 Has/have been given 过去完成时 Had been given 被动语态的疑问句是将第一个助动词移到主语之前、句末用问号;否定式是在第一个助动词后加not或never等其他否定词、句末用句号。The origin of the universe will probably never be explained. 宇宙的起源大概永远也不会被解释清楚。 Is the restaurant being decorated? 那家餐馆正在装修吗? The restaurant is not being decorated. In the fact the restaurant has never been decorated。 那家餐馆没有在装修。实际上,那家餐馆从来没有装修过。 2.被动语态的用法 1、不知道或没有必要指出动作的执行者。换个说法,有一件事情不知道是谁干的或者不想说出是谁干的,这时就用被动语态。例如: I felt a littlie nervous when I was being interviewed. 我接受面试的时候,有点紧张。 These fighters are imported from Russia. 这些战斗机是从俄国进口的。 That place has been turned into a swimming pool. 那个地方已被变成游泳池。 2、说话或发表意见时,为了显得客观公正,也常用被动语态 Hes said/believed/reported to be in the U. S. A. 据说/据信/据报道他在美国。 还有下列常用句型(that后面跟句子): It is said that. 据说 It is reported that. 据报道 It is hoped that. 希望 It is believed that. 人们相信 It is announced that. 据宣布 it is (well) known that. 众所周知 It has been decided that. 已经决定 It is supposed that. 人们认为 It is suggested that. 有人建议 It must be remembered that. 务必记住 It is taken for granted that. 被视为当然 三、虚拟语气 多数中国人对虚拟语气的理解是:虚拟语气表示说话人的愿望,是假设的,虚构的,与事实相反的,或者是不太可能的。这种理解固然是对的,但并不全面。在英语中,虚拟语气是个广义的概念,包括好几种句型和结构。假设,意愿等只是虚拟语气的两个方面。 英汉两种语言表达虚拟语气的方式差异: 而在英语中,虚拟语气是通过句子中谓语动词的特殊形式来表示的。这又一次证明动词在英语中的核心地位,又一次证明要学好英语语法,就要学好英语动词。由于虚拟语气是通过句子中谓语动词的特殊形式来表示的,因此,掌握虚拟语气中所使用的各种谓语动词形式变化是掌握虚拟语气的关键,这也是虚拟语气的难点。虚拟语气本身也是英语语法的一个难点。 学习虚拟语气的方法是分别弄通虚拟语气的各种句型和结构,各个击破。下面对虚拟语气在各种句式中的用法分别介绍。 (一)虚拟语气用于表示假设的条件状语从句,状语从句相当于汉语的“假如” “要是”等。 请看一个句子: If she invites me tomorrow, I shall go to the party. 如果她明天邀请我参加聚会,我就去。 这是个带条件从句的主从复合句,是直接的陈述语气,主句谓语动词用将来时,从句谓语动词用现在时代替将来时,表示能实现的动作。这句话说明说话人认为邀请的可能性较大。此句的条件是“只要她邀请我”,“去”这一动作就能实现。 请把这句话与下面虚拟语气的带条件从句的主从复合句进行比较: 1) If she invited me, I should go to the party. 假如她邀请我参加聚会,我就去。(说话人认为邀请的可能性较小或不可能。) 这句话主句谓语动词用过去将来时,从句谓语动词用一般过去时,其含义是: She will probably not invite me, so I shall not go to the party. 她很可能不会邀请我参加聚会,所以我不会去。 2) If she had invited me yesterday, I should have gone to the party. 假如她昨天邀请我参加聚会,我就去了。 这句话主句谓语动词用“should have + 过去分词”形式,从句用过去完成时,对过去发生的事情进行虚拟假设,表示与过去事实相反的情况,其含义是: She didnt invite me yesterday, so I didnt go to the party. 她昨天没有邀请我参加聚会,因此我没有去。 3) If she should invite me tomorrow, I should go to the party. 如果她明天邀请我参加聚会,我会去的。 这句话主句谓语动词用过去将来时,从句谓语动词也用过去将来时,表示的意思是,“邀请我”的可能性较小,对将来要发生的情况表示怀疑。其含义是: It is unlikely that she will invite me tomorrow, so I shall not go to the party. 明天她不可能会邀请我,因此我不会去。 从以上例句可以看出:虚拟语气的条件句是用谓语动词的特殊形式来表示与现在、过去事实相反的情况或对将来发生的情况表示怀疑,和直陈语气条件句的谓语动词形式以及所表达的含义完全不同。虚拟语气条件句中所用的谓语动词过去式、过去完成式、过去将来式等只表示不同的虚拟语气,与直陈语气句子的过去时、过去完成时等毫无关系,在学习时应注意加以区别,不要混淆。现将虚拟语气在条件句中的各种具体形式和用法分述如下:1、对现在的虚拟,表示与现在事实相反的假设时,条件状语从句的谓语动词用过去式(be的过去式用were.而主句中的谓语动词用would (should, could, might) + 动词原形。见下表: 条件状语从句的动词形式 主句的动词形式 If+主语+动词过去式(be的过去式were.在口语等非正式场合中,I,he,she,it等后面也可用was.但在If I were you中,一定要用were,不能用was. I (we)should+动词原形 主语+would (might,could)十动词原形 2、对过去的虚拟,表示与过去的事实相反的假设时,条件状语从句的谓语动词用过去完成时,主句的谓语动词用would (should, could, might)+过去分词。见下表: 条件状语从司的动词形式 主句的动词形式 If+主语+had+过去分词 i(we)should+have+过去分词 主语+could (might,could)+have 过去分词 3、表示与将来事实相反的假设,对将来表示怀疑,或将来的动作不太可能实现时,条件状语从句和主句的谓语动词有以下形式:(见表) 条件状语从句的动词形式(三种) 主句的动词形式 (1)if十主语+动词过去式(be的过去式用were),通常要与一个表示将来的时间状语连用. (2)If+主语(任何人称和数)+should+动词原形 (3)if+主语(任何人称和数)+were to+动词原形 I(we)should+动词原形 主语+would (might, could)+动词原形 4、当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时,动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间来调整。这与以上三种情况不同,虚拟语气的谓语动词形式没有遵循以上规律。5. 以上句型可以转换成以下形式: 1)条件状语从句省略if:在书面语中,如果条件状语从句的谓语中有were, had 或should, 就可以省略if, 并将were, had 或should 放到句首,谓语主语之前,用 “Were/Had/Should + 主语”的形式。这种虚拟语气在意义上与带if 的条件状语从句相同。当然,如果从句没有were, had, 或should,就不能省略if. 2)用介词短语代替条件状语从句。(可以改为条件状语从句)。例如: Without air, there would be no living things. But for your help, I couldnt have done it. 3)用其他方式代替条件状语从句(可以改写为条件状语从句。)例如: It would produce bad results to do that. 用动词不定式 =If you did that/should do that, it would produce bad results. 6、虚拟语气省略条件从句或主句 表示虚拟语气的条件句的主句或从句有时可以省略,而省略部分的含义仍有所体现。(二)虚拟语气的其他句型和用法 1、用在“wish+宾语从句”中,表示很难实现或不能实现的愿望,可以翻译为“但愿”, “悔不该”等。表示现在不能实现的愿望,从句的谓语动词用过去式;表示将来的愿望,从句的谓语动词用“would (could)+动词原形”;对过去的事情表示愿望,从句的谓语动词用 “had+过去分词” 或“could + have + 过去分词”。Wish 后面的宾语从句必须用虚拟语气,不管这个愿望是否能实现。如: I wish it were Spring all the year round. I wish you could go with us. We wish we had arrived there two hours earlier.2、用在as if/as though,或even if/even though引导的从句中: 这时,如果从句中表示的动作发生在过去,则谓语动词用had过去分词形式;如果指的时现在的状况,则用过去式(be用were);指将来则用would(should, could)+动词原形。这里只看从句动作发生的时间,与主句的时态没有关系。3、在It is (high) time (that)句型中,后面的从句的谓语动词常用过去式(be的过去式用were), 或用should+动词原形(should 不能省略)来表示。这句话的意思是“(现在)该”。For example: It is time we left/should leave. It is high time that you got married. 4、在 I would rather (that)句型中,后面的从句的谓语动词用过去式(be的过去式用were)。这句话的意思是“我宁可”,表示说话人的意愿。 For example: Id rather I were in the rain now. Id rather you did not tell him. 5、用在suppose开头的祈使句中,从句的谓语动词变化与as if后面的动词变化规律相同,用过去式、过去完成式、或过去将来式。意思是“假如”,但suppose 是动词,不是连词。如: Suppose the boss walked in. What should I do? Suppose Saddam had not been captured. What would the U.S. do? Suppose Chen Shui-bian should declare Taiwan independent. What would China do? 6、用在for fear that或lest引导的从句中,表示“怕”“万一”等意思。从句的谓语动词用should动词原形,should 可以省略。如: She closed the windows for fear that she (should) catch cold. The officer forbade the use of artillery lest the citys industry be damaged. Lest the wall should collapse, they evacuated from the building. 7. 在表示建议、要求、命令等意思的动词,如arrange, command, demand, desire, insist, order, propose, request, require, suggest, beg, move(提议)后面的宾语从句中,谓语动词用should + 动词原形,should 可以省略,而引导宾语从句的that 不能省略。例如: We suggested that we (should) have a meeting. We insisted that they (should) go with us. The doctor ordered that she (should) stay in bed for a few days. He demanded that we (should) start right away. The commander ordered that the bridge (should) be bombed. The villagers requested that the old building not be pulled down. Now lets do some translation: 总经理坚持该项目必须按计划执行。 The general manager insi