大学英语常用词汇词义辨析(2).doc

大学英语词汇词义辨析（2）林明金base, basis, foundation, ground基础辨析base指“物体的底部或基础，或军事或工业方面的基地”。basis指“信念、议论等的依据”。foundation指“大建筑物的地下基础，可引申为根据”。ground指“一些决定、论点或关系的基础”。例证1.This iron stand has a rectangular base.这个铁架的底为长方形。2.His proposal shall furnish the basis of our discussion.他的提议应成为我们讨论的依据。1. It affords a good foundation of older ideas and beliefs. 这是一个可以建造多层高楼的好地基。2. The grounds for his decision were never clearly stated.他从来没有清楚说出他的决定所依据的理由。begin, commence, start 开始 辨析begin指“开始某一行动、工作”，是一个普通词。commerce指“有正式程序或一定仪式的开始”，是书面语。start更口语化，有较强的动感。例证1. The building hasnt even been begun.这座建筑物还没有开工呢。2.The mass meeting commenced in Tiananmen's Square at 8 o'clock.群众大会八时在天安门开始。3.We must start early.我们必须早些动身。beneficial, advantageous, profitable带来益处和收获的辨析beneficial指“促进健康、感情或社会福利方面的益处”。advantageous指“有利的，有助的，有益于理想或目的”。profitable指“有益于生产利润、教育工作或身心发展，使其取得满意效果的”。例证1.Fresh air is beneficial to ones health.新鲜空气有益于健康。2.It is advantageous to take their side.站在他们这边有利。3.It would be more profitable to combine the two factories.把这两家工厂联合起来更能赚钱。benefit, advantage, favour, profit利益辨析benefit指“个人或社会上的获益，更为直接和实现了的利益”。advantage指“优越的地位或有利的条件”。profit指“金钱上的得益，如利润、赢利”。例证1. It was achieved with the benefit of modern technology.借助现代技术，这个目标已经达到。2. He has the advantage of a steady job.他有工作稳定的有利条件。3. They make a profit of ten pence on every copy they sell.他们每出售一本获利十便士。brave, bold, courageous勇敢的辨析brave指“在危险等面前表现出坚决、勇敢、无所畏惧”。bold指“大胆的，含有莽撞的或冒失的意思”。courageous指“不顾危险和威胁，出于正义感而做某事的，表示道义上的勇敢的”。辨析1. A brave fireman rescued the woman.一个勇敢的消防队员救了这女人。2. The young man had a bold plan to sail across the sea all by himself.这位年轻人有个独自驾船过海的大胆计划。3. It was courageous of him to save the child from a burning house.他真勇敢，把那孩子从燃烧的房子里救了出来。carpet, rug地毯辨析rug一般为毛织，比carpet小。例证1. We have fitted carpets in our house.我们家已全铺了地毯。2. There is a hearth-rug in the room.房间里有一块壁炉前的小地毯。cease, stop停止辨析cease指“状态、存在的停止，或不在存在”。stop指“动作、运行、进展的停止”。例证1. The officer ordered his men to cease fire.长官命令士兵停火。2. The earthquake stopped all the clocks.地震把所有的钟都震停了。childish, childlike孩子般的，孩子气的辨析childish指“幼稚的、不成熟的”，含有贬义。childlike指“天真无邪的”，含有褒义。例证1. Dont be so childish!不要这么孩子气。2. She has childlike enjoyment.她有孩子般的快乐。circumstances, environment, surroundings情况，环境辨析circumstances指“某种事件或动作发生时的情况”。environment指“环绕着某一特定的人或物，强调对人或物的影响”。surroundings指“周围事物是具体的物质的东西”。例证1.Circumstances forced us to change our plans.客观情况迫使我们改变了计划。2.An unhappy home environment can affect a childs behaviour.不愉快的家庭环境能影响儿童的行为。3.Animals in zoos are not in their natural surroundings.动物园中的动物没有自然环境。clasp, grasp, grip紧握辨析clasp指“把某件东西紧紧抓在受里，或指拥抱，抱紧”。grasp指“抓上或用手紧紧抓住”。grip指“用手指或工具紧抓住某件东西”。例证1They clasped hands briefly before saying goodbye.他们匆匆握手告别。2He grasped her firmly by the arm.他紧紧地抓住她的胳膊。3The frightened child gripped its mothers hand.受惊的孩子紧抓住他母亲的手。compact, agreement, contract协定，约定辨析compact指“两个人、两个政治团体或政府间达成的严肃的协议”。agreement指“表示已达成了一项解决办法，既可指人与人之间非正式的协定，也可指国家之间正式的协定”。contract指“以书面形式出现，具有法律效力的正式协定”。例证1The two states made a compact to cooperate against terrorism.两国签订了反恐怖主义合作协议。2An agreement with the employees was finally worked out.与雇主门的协议终于达成。3He has agreed salary terms and is ready to sign a new contract.他同意了薪金条件，准备签新合同。companion, acquaintance, friend朋友辨析companion指“关系密切的朋友或关系一般的相识”。acquaintance指“偶然相遇或结识而渐渐熟悉的人，但关系并不亲近”。friend指“所喜欢的、选择与其交往的人”，是一个普通用词。例证1.A dog is a faithful companion.狗是忠实的伙伴。2.He has a wide circle of acquaintances.他交游甚广。3.We are all good friends.我们都是好朋友。compile, edit编辑辨析compile指“把分散在各处的材料汇集、整理好”。edit指“整理别人写就的稿子供印刷出版之用”。例证1We are compiling an English dictionary for students. 我们正在编一本供大学生用的英语词典。2We are editing a Shakespeare plan for use in schools.我们正在编辑一部莎士比亚剧本供学校使用。complex, complicated, intricate, involved复杂辨析complex指“包含许多部分，因而比较难懂或难解释的”。complicated指“各部分相互交错而变得错综复杂”。intricate指“包含许多详细和交叉的部分而显得错综复杂”。involved指“由于陷入某种麻烦与混乱而难以解决的”。例证1. A computer is certainly a complex machine.电脑当然是一种结构复杂的机器。2.It is too complicated to explain their relationship.要解释他们的关系实在太复杂。3. This is a novel with an intricate plot.这是一部情节错综复杂的小说。4. Thats really an involved style of writing.那真是复杂的文体。conceal, hide隐藏辨析conceal指“有意而巧妙地隐藏或隐瞒”，是一个正式用词。hide指“故意或无意地躲藏或隐藏而不被发现”。例证1He concealed the sweets in his pocket. 他把糖果藏在口袋里。2He could not hide his embarrassment.他没法掩盖自己的窘态。conclude, close, end, terminate结束辨析conclude指“正式会议、事情等结束或达成协议”。close指“终止，结束”。end指“完全结束”。terminate指“时间上使结束或空间上使终止”。例证1To conclude, I wish you all good health and a long life.最后,祝大家健康长寿。2The closing day for applications is May 1.申请截止的日期是五月一日。3The party did not end until midnight.晚会到半夜才结束。4The meeting terminated in disorder.会议在混乱中结束。concrete, specific具体的辨析concrete指“有实物存在，可以感觉到的或具体的”。specific指“一事物与同类其它事物不同，强调特殊性”。例证1. Have you any concrete suggestions on how to deal with these difficulties? (喻)对怎样解决这些困难,你有没有什么具体建议?2. I want a specific answer. 我想要一个明确的回答。conflict, fight, struggle战斗，斗争辨析conflict指“由于严重不一致，而引起抵触或冲突”。fight指“任何形式的斗争，强调短兵相接”。struggle指“克服某种障碍或困难，以达到某种目的”。例证1. The two stories conflicted, so I did not know what to believe. 两个故事相冲突，我不知道相信哪一个。2. People often have to fight for their liberty.人们往往不得不为自由而战。3. I struggled to get free. 我争取自由。confront, face面对辨析confront指“遇到，面对”，是一个正式用语。face指“正视，面对”，是一个口头语。例证1. Only when the police confronted her with evidence did she admit that she had stolen the money.在警察让她面对证据时她才承认偷了钱。2.The window faces the street.那窗面临着街道。confusion, disorder, chaos混乱辨析confusion指“不加区别地混在一起，很难区分”。disorder指“秩序或东西安排的混乱”。chaos指“完全无秩序或明显不整齐”。例证1.Her unexpected arrival threw us into total confusion.她来得很突然，使我们完全不知所措。2.Everyone began shouting at once and the meeting broke up in disorder.大家一下子全都喊叫起来，会议秩序大乱而被迫中断。3.The burglars left the house in chaos.窃贼走后房屋一片凌乱。conquer, win, beat, defeat, overcome取胜辨析conquer指“击败对方，使对方就范”。win指“在竞赛或战斗中击败对方”。beat指“在战争、竞赛中或其它方面最终彻底地战胜对方”。defeat指“击败，打败，暂时的胜利”。overcome指“克服，战胜，在战斗或任何竞赛中胜过，感情和习惯上压倒”。例证1According to the textbook of history, the Normans conquered England in 1066.据历史书记载诺曼底人于一零六六年占领了英格兰。2She was determined to win the race.她决心要赢这场竞赛。3He beated me at chess.他下棋赢了我。4They were defeated in the football match. 他们在足球赛中输了。5We shall overcome.我们一定胜利。contest, competition, match, game比赛，竞赛辨析contest指“由一群特别选出的裁判进行裁决的比赛或竞争，或为争夺胜利而进行的争斗或较量”。competition指“对力量、技能、能力等方面的测试、评定，或为从另一方夺得利益、好处或胜利而进行的斗争”。match指“运动队或运动员进行竞争的体育比赛”。game指“体育比赛中的某一部分或某一场次的比赛”。例证1.The election was so one-sided that it was really no contest.选举呈现一边倒的局面，实际上毫无竞争可言。2.He came first in the peotry competition.他获诗歌比赛第一名。3.Do you like watching football matches? 你喜欢看足球比赛吗？5. We need another twenty points to make game.我们需再打20分才够一局。contrast, compare比较辨析contrast指“突出差异，对比双方的类型、性质或不同或相反”。compare指“比较双方的异同或优劣，比较的双方属于同一类型或同一性质”。例证1. Your action contrasts with your principles. 你的行为和道义对比时就显示出差别。2. The poet compares his lover to a rose in his poems.诗人在他诗歌中把他的情人比作玫瑰花。convert, alter, change 改变辨析convert 指“通过某种特别的方式改变物体，以提高其有用性，或态度或信仰的根本性的改变”。alter指“轻微的变动或调整”。change指“使事物发生了与以前不同的变化”。例证1. That building has been converted into a school. 那座楼房改成学校了。2.I didnt recognize him because he had altered so much.我没认出他来，因为他变了许多。3.You have changed a lot since I last saw you.自从我上次见到你来，你改变了许多。correspondent, reporter, journalist记者辨析correspondent指“受雇于报纸、电台、电视台等新闻媒体报道远处地方新闻的人”。reporter侧重指“亲自到某个地方看看发生了什么事情，并于人们进行交谈的新闻记者”。journalist指“从事新闻工作的人”，包括记者、编辑等。例证1.The London newspapers war correspondent was sent to Asia.伦敦报纸的随军记者被派到了亚洲。2. A local reporter covered the story.一名当地记者报导了这则消息。3. He is a sports journalist.他是名体育记者。costly, expensive, valuable贵的辨析costly指“由于物品华丽、稀少而价格高的”。expensive指“价格超出了货物本身的价值或一般人的购买力”。valuable指“由于有价值、很值钱而价格高的”。例证1The ring was very costly. 这枚戒指价钱很贵。2The diamond ring is more expensive than the silver ring and the gold ring.钻石戒指比银戒指和金戒指都要贵。3You are always wasting valuable time and effort.你总是浪费宝贵的时间和精力。costume, dress, clothes服装、衣服辨析costume指“由某个地区、某个时间或某个群体的人所穿的特色服装”。dress指“男人或女人穿的外套，特别适合于正式场合，或女孩或妇女穿的裙衣”。clothes指“人的所有穿戴，比如大衣、内衣、裤子和帽子等”。例证1. Her national costume showed which country she came from. 她的民族服装表明了她是从哪个国家来的。2.She makes all her own dresses.她的连衣裙都是自己做的。3.I like fashionable clothes.我喜欢时髦的衣服。conference, meeting, congress, assembly, gathering, council, convention, rally会议,会辨析conference指“专门问题研究或交换意见的正式会议，规模一般较大”，也指“研讨会、协商会、评议会，或定期的会议或会谈”。congress指“国会、议会、代表大会，是各社会团体或国家代表的正式会议”。meeting最普通用词，指“任何形式的会议”，也指“聚会、会见或偶然相会”。assembly指“有目的、有意识、有计划地聚集在一起，以获得情况、社交娱乐或作出集体决定或为了宗教礼仪”。gathering指“非正式或无组织地聚集在一起”。rally指“为采取共同行动而召开的群众性集会”，特指“鼓动性很强的群众性集会”。council指“理事会、委员会、商讨会、参议会等”。convention指“年会”，由组织派人参加，处理组织内有关事宜。例证1Many international conferences are held in Geneva.许多国际会议在日内瓦举行。2We have had three meetings and still we havent reached agreement.我们已经开过三次会了，还未取得一致意见。3We will hold the Church Congress.我们将举行教会代表大会。4Morning assembly is held in the school hall.集会在学校礼堂举行。5I like small family gatherings very much.我非常喜欢家庭小聚会。6A council of elders governs the tribe.有个叫长老会的组织治理这个部落。7. I know nothing about the US Democratic Party Convention.我对美国民主党代表大会一无所知。8.They often hold a peace rally.他们经常举行拥护和平的群众大会。courteous, polite礼貌的辨析courteous指“彬彬有礼的”、“谦恭的”。polite语意较强，指“有礼貌的”、“有教养的”。例证1.He is a courteous person.他是一个彬彬有礼的人。2.It wasnt very polite of you to serve yourself without asking.你也不问一声就吃起来是不太礼貌的。crawl, creep缓慢爬行辨析crawl指“爬虫借身体的蠕动而缓慢地前进，或人的身体贴着地匍匐前进”。creep指“人或四足动物靠四肢慢慢地、静悄悄地或偷偷地爬行”。例证1. The baby crawled towards his mother. 婴孩向他妈妈爬去。2.The cat crept silently towards the bird.那只猫一声不响地接近那只鸟。cripple, wound, maim, injure, disable使致残，使受伤辨析cripple指“由于损伤了腿或神经而使得运动或行走产生困难”。would指“伤害了某人的身体，尤指用枪类武器击穿或撕裂了皮肤”。maim指“由于受伤使身体的某一部分失去作用”。injure指“使人或动物受到伤害，以至于某些部位的功能受阻，或心灵或精神受到伤害”。disable指“使四肢致残，不能使用”。例证1She was crippled in the car accident. 她在汽车出事时把腿伤成了残废。2Ten soldiers were killed and thirty seriously wounded.有十名士兵阵亡，三十名重伤。3He was maimed in a First World War battle.他在第一次世界大战的一场战斗中受伤致残。4Malicious gossip injured her reputation.流言蜚语严重损害了她的名誉。5The soldier was disabled by leg wounds.那个士兵腿部受伤致残。crooked, deceitful, dishonest不诚实的辨析crooked常用作非正式用语，其“不诚实”使用的手段往往是违法的。deceitful其“不诚实”使用的手段往往是“说谎”。dishonest是常用词，指“某个人的行为是不诚实的”。例证1.I hate those crooked businessmen.我痛恨那些奸商。2.You have been going there without telling me, you deceitful child! 你一直在瞒着我到那地方去，你这个不诚实的孩子！3.He is always a dishonest partner.他总是一个耍滑头的合伙人。crush, crack, smash, shatter打碎，破坏辨析crush指“外部巨大的压力造成物体压碎或压变形”。crack指“裂开，破裂”。smash指“沉重的打击使某物完全成为碎片”。shatter指“突然摔破而碎片四处飞溅”。例证1Wine is made by crushing grapes.葡萄酒是压榨葡萄制成的。2You can crack this toughened glass ,but you cant break it.这种韧化玻璃只裂不碎。3I can hear the sound of a glass smashing into pieces on the floor.我能听见玻璃杯摔在地板上破碎时发出的声音。4The explosion shattered all the windows.这次爆炸把所有窗户都震碎了。cunning, sly, tricky, wily狡猾的辨析cunning指“利用聪明或计谋进行哄骗以取胜或达到目的的”。sly指“使用某种蒙混、欺诈手法，偷偷摸摸地达到个人目的的”。tricky指“玩花招，奸诈的”。wily指“以巧妙的计谋进行欺诈的”。例证1He is a cunning old fox.他是个诡计多端的老狐狸。2He is a sly fellow.他是个狡猾的家伙。3He is a tricky fellow to do business with.他诡计多端难以共事。4He is as wily as a fox.他像狐狸一样狡猾。