考研英语翻译(提高必备).doc

_考研英语翻译词法翻译讲义名词性从句一、主语从句（一）以what, whatever, whoever, whether, when, where, how, why等词引导的主语从句，在翻译的时候，一般可以按照英语原文顺序来翻译。What he told me was only half-truth. 他告诉我的只是些半真半假的东西而已。Whatever is worth doing should be done well. 任何值得做的事情都应该做好。Whether he comes or not makes no difference. 他来不来都没有关系。When we can begin the expedition is still a question. 我们何时才能开始这次考察仍然是悬而未决。How he is going to do it is a mystery. 他准备怎么做这个事情是个迷。（二）用it作形式主语的主语从句，可以把主语从句放到汉语句子最前面去翻译。为了强调起见，it一般可以译出来；如果不需要强调，it也可以不译出来。 It doesnt make much difference whether he attends the meeting or not. 他参加不参加会议没有多大关系。（It没有翻译） It seemed inconceivable that the pilot could have survived the crash. 驾驶员在飞机坠毁之后，竟然还能活着，这看来是不可想象的。（It翻译为“这”）有时候，如果主语从句仍然按照英语原来的顺序翻译的话，it一般不需要译出来。在汉语译文的开始，一般可以用“.的是，.”这样的结构来翻译。 It is strange that she should have failed to see her own shortcomings.真奇怪，她竟然没有看出自己的缺点。（It不用翻译，还可以用“奇怪的是.”这样的结构来翻译）二、宾语从句（一）用that, what, how, when, which, why, whether, if 等引起的宾语从句，翻译成汉语的时候，一般不需要改变它在原句中的顺序。I told him that because of the last condition, Id have to turn it down. 我告诉他，由于那最后一个条件，我只得谢绝。Can you hear what I say? 你听得到我所讲的吗？I dont know that he swam across the river. 我不知道他游过了那条河。I dont know how he swam across the river. 我不知道他是怎么游过那条河的。He has informed me when they are to discuss my proposal. 他已经通知我他们将在什么时候谈论我的建议。有时可加“说”字，再接下去翻译译英语原文宾语从句的内容。Smith replied that he was sorry. 斯密斯回答说，他感到遗憾。He would remind people again that it was decided not only by himself but by lots of others. 他再三提醒大家说，决定这件事的不只是他一个人，还有其他许多人。（二）用it 作形式宾语的句子，在翻译的时候，that所引导的宾语从句一般可按英语原文顺序翻译；it有时候可以不用翻译。I made it clear to them that they must hand in their papers before 10 oclock in the morning. 我向他们讲清楚了的，他们必须在上午十时前交卷。（it没有翻译）I heard it said that he had gone abroad. 听说他已经出国了。（it没有翻译）但有时候，也可以在译文中将that引导的宾语从句提前到句子最前面翻译。I regard it as an honor that I am chosen to attend the meeting. 我被选参加会议，感到光荣。（it没有翻译）We consider it absolutely necessary that we should open our door to the outside world. 打开国门，实行开放，我们认为这是绝对必要的。（it翻译为“这”）三、表语从句It seems that it is going to snow. 看起来要下雪了。That is why Jack got scolded. 这就是杰克受到训斥的原因。The question remains whether we can win the majority of the people. 问题是我们能否赢得大多数人民群众的支持。His view of the press was that the reporters were either for him or against him. 他对新闻界的看法是，记者们不是支持他，就是反对他。四、同位语从句能接同位语从句的名词主要有：belief（相信），fact（事实），hope（希望）， idea（想法，观点），doubt（怀疑），news（新闻，消息），rumor（传闻），conclusion（结论），evidence（证据），suggestion（建议），problem（问题），order（命令），answer（回答），decision（决定），discovery（发现），explanation（解释），information（消息），knowledge（知识），law（法律），opinion（意见，观点），truth（真理，事实），promise（承诺），report（报告），thought（思想），statement（声明），rule（规定），possibility（可能）等。（一）一般来说，同位语从句可以直接翻译在主句后面。He expressed the hope that he would come over to visit China again. 他表示希望再到中国来访问。There is a possibility that he is a spy. 有可能他是一个间谍。（二）有时候在翻译同位语从句时，可以将其放在所修饰的名词前面，相当于前置的修饰语，但不一定使用定语的标志词“的”。这种情况下，同位语从句都是比较简单。We know the fact that bodies possess weight.我们都知道物体具有重量这一事实。The rumor that he was arrested was unfounded.关于他被捕的传闻是没有根据的。（三）增加“即”（或者“以为”）这样的词来连接，或用冒号、破折号直接分开主句和同位语从句。But this does not in any way alter the fact that they are now, from a practical point of view, irrational. 但这却丝毫改变不了这样一个事实，即从实用的观点来看，他们今天仍是不合理的。We have reached the conclusion that practice is the criterion for testing truth. 我们已经得出这样的结论：实践是检验真理的标准。Not long ago, the scientists made an exciting discovery that this waste material could be turned into plastics. 不久前，科学家们获得一个令人振奋的发现可以把这种废物变成塑料。定语从句的翻译一、 前置法：把定语从句翻译到所修饰的先行词前面，可以用“的”来连接。He who has never tasted what is bitter does not know what is sweet. 没有吃过苦的人不知道什么是甜。Space and oceans are the new world which scientists are trying to explore. 太空和海洋是科学家们努力探索的新领域。His laughter, which was infectious, broke the silence. 他那富有感染力的笑声打破了沉寂。二、后置法： 把定语从句翻译在所修饰的先行词后面，翻译为并列分句。（一）重复先行词。I told the story to John, who told it to his brother.他把这件事告诉了约翰，约翰又告诉了他的弟弟。We wish to express our satisfaction at this to the Special Committee, whose activities deserve to be encouraged.在我们对特别委员会表示满意，特别委员会的工作应该受到鼓励。You, whose predecessors scored initial success in astronomical research, have acquired a greater accomplishment in this respect.你们的先辈在天文学研究方面取得了初步的成功，而你们现在则在这一方面获得了更大的成就。Although he lacks experience, he has enterprise and creativity, which are decisive in achieving success in the area.他虽然经验不足，但很有进取心和创造力，而这正是在这一领域获得成功的关键。（二）省略先行词。ceived the letter that announced the death of your uncle. 是他接到那封信，说你的叔叔去世了。They worked out a new method by which production has now been rapidly increased. 他们制定出一种新方案，采用之后生产已迅速得到提高。三、 融合法： 把定语从句和它所修饰的先行词结合在一起翻译。There is a man downstairs who wants to see you. 楼下有人要见你。In our factory, there are many people who are much interested in the new invention. 在我们工厂里，许多人对这项新发明很感兴趣。We used a plane of which almost every part carried some indication of national identity. 我们驾驶的飞机几乎每一个部件都有一些国籍标志She had a balance at her bankers which would have made her beloved anywhere. 她在银行里的存款足以使她到处受到欢迎四、状译法（一）译成表示“时间”的分句A driver who is driving the bus mustnt talk with others or be absent-minded 司机在开车时，不许和人谈话，也不能走神。（二）译成表示“原因”的分句He showed no further wish for conversation with Mrs. Smith, who was now more than usually insolent and disagreeable. 他似乎不愿再和史密斯太太讲话，因为她现在异常无礼，令人厌烦。（三）译成表示“条件”的分句Men become desperate for work, any work, which will help them to keep alive their families. 人们极其迫切地要求工作，不管什么工作，只要它能维持一家人的生活就行。（四）译成表示“让步”的分句He insisted on buying another house, which he had no use for 尽管他并没有这样的需要，他坚持要再买一幢房子，。（五）译成表示“目的”的分句He wishes to write an article that will attract the public attention to the matter. 为了引起公众对这一事件的注意，他想写一篇文章。He is collecting authentic material that proves his argument. 为了证明他的论点，他正在收集确凿的材料以。（六）译成表示“结果”的分句They tried to stamp out the revolt, which spread all the more furiously throughout the country. 他们企图镇压反抗，结果反抗愈来愈烈，遍及全国。（七）译成表示“转折”的分句She was very patient towards the children, which her husband seldom was. 她对孩子们很有耐心，而她丈夫却很少这样。状语从句的翻译一、时间状语从句在英语中，时间状语从句的连接词常常有：when（当.的时候），whenever（每当.），as（当.时）， since（自从.），until（直到.，如果不.），till（直到.），before（在.前），after（在.后），as soon as（一.就），once（一旦.），the moment（一.就），immediately（一.就），the day（在.那天），no sooner. than（一.就），hardly(scarcely). when（一.就），the instant（一.就），instantly（一.就），directly（一.就），the minute（一.就），the second（一.就），every time（每当.），by the time（等到.的时候）等。（一）译成相应的时间状语While she spoke, the tears were running down .她说话时，泪水直流。She came in when I was having supper. 我正在吃饭的时候，她进来了。As he finished the speech, the audience burst into applause. 他结束讲话的时候，听众掌声雷动。（二）译成“一（刚、每）.就”的结构Ill let you know as soon as I have it arranged. 我一安排好就通知你。Directly he uttered these words there was a dead silence. 他刚说出这些话，大家就沉默下来。（三）译成条件句Turn off the switch when anything goes wrong with the machine. 如果机器发生故障，就把电门关上。A body at rest will not move till a force is exerted on it. 若无外力的作用，静止的物体不会移动。We can't start the job until we have the approval from the authority concerned. 如果没有有关当局的批准，我们不能开始这项工作。二、原因状语从句英语中，原因状语从句的连接词常常是：because（因为），since（既然，由于），as（因为），now that（既然），seeing that（既然），considering that（考虑到，因为），in that（在某方面），in view of the fact that（鉴于）。（一）译成表示“原因”的分句，放在主句之前翻译，显示“前因后果”的关系。The crops failed because the season was dry.因为气候干旱，作物歉收。We had to put the meeting off, since so many people were absent.由于很多人没有来，会议只好延期。二）有时候可以用汉语的“之所以.是因为”的结构来连接。A gas differs from solid in that it has no definite shape. 气体不同于固体是因为（就在于）它没有固定的形状。He will get promoted, for he has done good work. 他将得到提升，因为他工作干得好。Theory is valuable because it can provide a direction for practice. 理论之所以有价值，是因为它能给实践指出方向。（三）not.because的结构I dont teach because teaching is easy for me. 我之所以教书并不是因为教书对我来说太容易三、条件状语从句英语中连接条件状语从句的连接词常常有：if（如果），unless（除非，如果不），providing that（假如），so long as（只要），on condition that（条件是），suppose that（假如），in case（如果），only if（只要），if only（但愿，要是.就好了）等。（一）翻译在主句前面。It was better in case they were captured. 要是把他们捉到了，那就更好了。If you tell me about it, then I shall be able to decide. 假如你把一切都告诉我，那么我就能够作出决定。（二）翻译在主句后面，用来补充说明条件。You can drive tonight if you are ready. 你今晚就可以出车，如果你愿意的话No doubt I could earned something if I had really meant to. 毫无疑问，我本来是可以赚到一点的，如果我真有那样打算的话。四、让步状语从句英语中，表示让步关系的连接词常常有：though（虽然），although（虽然），even if（即使），as（尽管），while（尽管），whatever（无论什么），wherever（无论哪里），whoever（无论谁），however（无论怎样），no matter（不论，不管），for all that（尽管），granted that（即使），in spite of that fact that（尽管），despite the fact that（不管）等等。No matter what I say or how I say it, he always thinks Im wrong. 不管我说什么，也不管我怎么说，他说是认为我错了。While we can not see the air, we can feel it. 我们虽然看不见空气，但却能感觉到它。Granted that you dont like the proposal, you shouldnt have rejected it without consulting others.即使你不喜欢这个建议，你也不应该没有同别人商量就把它否决了。五、目的状语从句在英语中，连接目的状语从句的连接词常常有：that（为了，以便），so that（为了，以便），lest（以防），in case（以防，以免），for fear that（以防）in order that（为了）等等。（一）一般翻译在主句前面。一般来说，这种表示“为了”的目的状语从句通常放在主句前面翻译。He pushed open the door gently and stole out of the room for fear that he should awake her. 为了不惊醒她，他轻轻推开房门，悄悄地溜了出去。We should start early so that we might get there before noon. 为了正午以前赶到那里，我们很早就动身了。（二）还可以翻译在主句后面，表示“省（免）得”、“以免”、“以便”、“使得”、“生怕”等概念。He emphasized it again and again, lest she should forget. 他反复强调这一点，免得她忘了。They hid themselves behind some bushed for fear that the enemy should find them. 他们躲在树丛后面，以防被敌人发现。六、结果状语从句（一）英语中，连接结果状语从句的连词常常有：so that, so.that, such.that, to such a degree等等，通常可以翻译为“结果，如此.以致于.”，可以直接翻译。He made a wrong decision, so that half of his lifetime was wasted. 他做了错误的决定，结果浪费了自己半生的时间。The difference is such that all will perceive it. 差别这么大，所有的人都看得出来。（可以省略连接词而不翻译）（二）有时候，如果在主句中含有“never, never so, not so, not such”等否定词，“but that和but what”也可以连接结果状语从句，构成双重否定。翻译的时候，可以翻译为“没有.不”。She never comes but she borrow . 她不借东西不来。（即：他如果不借东西就不来。）She is not so old but that she can read. 他并没有老到不能读书。被动语态的翻译一、译成汉语主动句（一） 保存原文主语The meeting is scheduled for April 6th. 会议定于四月六日举行。Water can be changed from a liquid into a solid. 水能从液体变成固体。When rust is formed , a chemical change has taken place. 当锈形成的时候，就发生了化学变化。（二） 主宾颠倒She was given a new pen by her father. 她爸爸送给她一支新钢笔。Heat and light can be given off by this chemical change. 这种化学反应能放出热和光。Only a small portion of solar energy is now being used by us. 现在我们只能利用一小部分太阳能。Communication satellites have already been used for living transmission in our country. 我国已将通讯卫星用于实况转播。The numerical data concerned are provided in the next chapter. 下一章提供了有关的数据资料。（三） 增加主语The issue has not yet been thoroughly explored. 人们对这一问题迄今尚未进行过彻底的探索。She was seen to enter the building about the time the crime was committed. 有人看见她大致在案发时进入了那座建筑物。What we say here will not be long remembered, but what we do here can change the world. 我们在这里所讲的话，人们不会长久记住。然而我们在这儿所做的事，却能改变世界。二、译成汉语无主句Measures have been taken to prevent the epidemic from spreading quickly. 已经采取了措施来防止这种流行病迅速蔓延。Water can be shown as containing impurities. 可以证明，水含有杂质。The unpleasant noise must be immediately put an end. 必须全部停止这种讨厌的噪声。三、译成汉语判断句The decision to attack was not taken lightly. 进攻的决定不是轻易作出的。Printing was introduced into Europe from China. 印刷术是从中国传入欧洲的。The manuscript was sent to the printer in London a few weeks before the French revolution. 手稿是在法国革命前几周寄往伦敦付印的。The credit system in America was first adopted by Harvard University in 1872. 美国的学分制是1872年在哈佛大学首先实施的。四、译成汉语被动句使用“被、受、遭、让、给、由、把、得到、受到、加以、得以、为.所、由.来”等等。The minister was found to have appropriated government money. 部长被发现挪用公款。He had been fired for refusing to obey orders from the head office. 他因拒绝接受总公司的命令而被解雇了。The schoolboy was knocked down by a minibus when crossing the street. 那名男生在穿过街道时让一辆小公共汽车撞倒了。He was praised by his teacher. 他得到了老师的表扬。Problems should be resolved in good time. 问题应及时加以解决。 For a long period to come, most of Chinas elderly will continue to be provided for by their families.在未来较长的一段时间里，中国的老年人仍旧要由家庭来赡养。五、常用被动句型“It+被动语态+that”的翻译It is considered that bioclimatology is an involved subject.有人认为，生物气候学是一门复杂的学科。It is stressed that the field of science may be divided into two major areas: natural science and social science.有人强调说，科学的范畴可以分成两个主要领域：自然科学和社会科学。It should be pointed out that this process is oxidation.应该指出，这一过程就是氧化。下面是一些常用被动句型的习惯译法：51_It is hoped that. 希望，有人希望It is assumed that. 假设，假定It is claimed that. 据说，有人主张It is believed that. 有人想信，大家相信It is reported that. 据报道，据通报It is considered that. 人们认为，据估计It is said that. 据说，有人说It is supposed that. 据推测，人们猜测It has been announced that. 已经宣布It is asserted that. 有人主张It is rumored that. 有人主张It is rumored that. 听说，谣传It is noticed that. 有人指出，人们注意到It is suggested that. 有人建议，建议It is reputed that. 人们认为，可以认为It is learned that. 据说，据闻，已经查明It is demonstrated that. 据证实，已经证明It is estimated that. 据估计，有人估计It is estimated that. 有人指出，人们指出It is pointed out that. 有人推荐，有人建议It is proposed that. 有人提出It was told that. 有人曾经说It was first intended that. 最初就有这样的想法It will be said that. 有人会说It will be seen from this that. 由此可见，因此可知It was noted above that. 前面已经指出It must be admitted that. 必须承认，老实说It has been illustrated that. 据图示，据说明It is stressed that. 有人强调说It is stressed that. 有人列举出了It can not be denied that. 无可否认It can be said without exaggeration that. 可以毫不夸张的说It is sometimes asked that.人们有时会问It was felt that. 有人认识到了It is universally accepted that. 人们普遍认为It is unanimously agreed that. 大家一致同意It is alleged that. 据说It is calculated that. 据计算It has been proved that. 已经证明It has been found that. 人们已经发现It is still to be hoped that. 我们仍然希望It is well-known that. 众所周知，大家都知道It should be realized that. 我们应该认识到否定结构的翻译一、部分否定（一）all, both, every, everybody, everyday, everyone, many, everything, entirely, altogether, absolutely, wholly, completely, everywhere, always, often等与否定词not搭配使用。常常翻译为“并非所有，并不是都。如：allnot（不全是，不都是），bothnot（并非两个都，不是两者都），everynot（不是每个都），not always（不总是，不一定），not often(不经常)，not altogether（不全是），not necessarily（未必）等。All that glitters is not gold. 并非所有发光的都是金子。Both the windows are not open. 两扇窗户并不都是开着的。