最新-2020年高考英语语法专题复习讲义独立主格结构.doc

精品资料-2020年高考英语语法专题复习讲义独立主格结构.2019-2020年高考英语语法专题复习讲义独立主格结构（一）：独立主格的概念 “独立主格结构”是由名词或代词作为逻辑主语，加上分词、形容词、副词、动词不定式或介词短语作为逻辑谓语构成。这种结构在形式上与主句没有关系，通常称为“独立主格结构”。 （二）：独立主格的功能“独立主格结构”实质就是带有自己主语的非限制性状语从句。众所周知非限制性从句通常以主句的某一成分作为自己的逻辑主语，从而依附于主句。而有些非限制性从句和无动词从句带有自己的主语，在结构上与主句不发生关系，因此成为独立主格结构。其实，虽然叫做独立主格结构，并不是真正的独立，它还是一种从属分句，在句中有多种作用。如：表原因、表条件、表方式、表伴随、表时间等，在句中通常起状语作用。 独立主格结构主要用于描绘性文字中，其作用相当于一个状语从句，常用来表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。例如：1) 表示时间The meeting being over, all of us went home. 开完会后我们都回家了。Her work done, she sat down for a cup of tea. 她干完了活，坐下来喝茶。2） 表示条件The condition being favorable, he may succeed. 若条件有利，他或许能成功。3） 表示原因There being no taxis, we had to walk. 没有出租车，我们只好步行。He wrapped her up with great care, the night being dark and frosty. 夜又黑又冷，所以他把她裹得严严实实的。4） 表示伴随情况Almost all metals are good conductors, silver being the best of all. 几乎所有的金属都是良导体，而银则是最好的导体。(=Almost all metals are good conductors, and silver is the best of all.)（三）： 独立主格结构的构成： 名词(代词)+现在分词、过去分词；名词(代词)+；名词(代词)+副词；名词(代词)+名词名词(代词)+不定式；名词(代词) +介词短语构成。 （四） 独立主格结构的特点：(1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词存在逻辑上的主谓关系，即逻辑主语为动作执行者。3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。举例：（一）1) 名词/代词+形容词The men moved slowly forward, neck deep in the water, with their officers guiding them. It stood silent in the noon sunlight, its door open.2） 名词/代词+现在分词Winter ing, it gets colder and colder. 冬天来了，天气越来越冷了。The rain having stopped, he went out for a walk. 雨停了，他出去散步。The question being settled, we wound up the meeting. 问题解决之后，我们结束了会议。3） 名词/代词+过去分词“Marquis,” said the boy, turning to the man, his eyes opened wide, and his right hand raised. 4） 名词/代词（主格）+不定式We shall assemble at ten forty-five, the procession to start moving at precisely eleven. 我们十点四十五分集合，队伍十一点准时出发。Here are the first two volumes, the third one to e out next month. 这是前两卷，第三卷将于下月问世。We divided the work, he to clean the windows and I to sweep the floor. 我们进行了分工，他擦窗户，我扫地。The two boys said good-bye to each other, one to go home, the other to go to his friends. 两个男孩彼此道了别，一个回了家，另一个去了他朋友家。5） 名词/代词+介词短语I followed him here, climbed in, sword in hand. The huntsman entered the forest, gun in hand. 那位猎人手里提着枪走进了树林。He sat at the table, coat off, head down, and pen in hand.6） 名词/代词+副词Nobody in, the thief took a lot of things away.Lunch over, he left the house. But he was thinking. 7） 名词/代词+名词he fought the wolf, a stick his only weapon. 他和狼搏斗着，唯一的武器是一根棍棒。（二）The test finished, we began our holiday.= When the test was finished, we began our holiday.考试结束了，我们开始放假。The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.= After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.总统被谋杀了，举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow. 如果天气允许，我们明天去看你。This done, we went home. 工作完成后，我们才回家。The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier. 会议结束后，每个人都想早点回家。He came into the room, his ears red with cold.他回到了房子里，耳朵冻坏了。He came out of the library, a large book under his arm.他夹着本厚书，走出了图书馆 2. With的复合结构作独立主格 表伴随时，既可用分词的独立结构，也可用with的复合结构。 with +名词(代词)+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语 举例: He stood there, his hand raised. = He stood there, with his hand raised【raising亦可】. 使用独立主格四点注意：1.独立主格与状语从句的转换当状语从句的主语与主句的主语不是指同一个对象时，可用独立主格结构取代状语从句，但不再保留连词。如：After class was over (=Class being over / Class over), the students soon left the classroom.下课后，学生很快离开了课室。2. 不能省略being (having been)的情形在下列两种情况下，独立主格结构中的being（或having been）不能省略。(1) 独立主格的逻辑主语是代词时。如：It being Sunday, we went to church.因为是星期天，我们去了做礼拜。(2)在There being名词的结构中。如：There being no bus, we had to go home on foot.因为没有公共汽车，所以我们不得不步行回家。3. 通常不用物主代词或冠词在“名词（或代词）介词短语”构成的独立主格结构中，一般不用形容词性物主代词和冠词。如： Miss Smith entered the classroom, book in hand.史密斯小姐走进了课室，手里拿着一本书。比较with的复合结构。如：Miss Smith entered the classroom, with a book in his hand.4. 独立主格结构没有所有格形式The chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting. 主编来了，我们开始开会。(比较动名词复合结构。)独立主格结构的用法独立主格结构主要表示谓语动词发生的时间、原因、条件或伴随情况等，相当于一个状语从句或并列句。 1. 用作时间状语：The work done (=After the work had been done), we went home. 工作完成后，我们就回家了。2. 用作条件状语：Weather permitting (=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。3. 用作原因状语：An important lecture to be given tomorrow (=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow), the professor has to stay up late into the night. 因为明天要发表一个重要的演讲，教授不得不熬夜到很晚。4. 用作伴随状语：He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head (=and his hands were crossed under his head).他躺在草地上，两手交叉枕在脑后。5.表示补充说明：We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. 我们加倍努力，一个人干两个人的活。*注：独立主格结构表示时间、条件或原因时，相当于一个状语从句，一般放在句首，表示原因时还可放在句末；表伴随状况或补充说明时，相当于一个并列句，通常放于句末。 典型例题The murder was brought in, with his hands _ behind his back。 A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied 答案D. with +名词（代词）+分词+介词短语结构。当分词表示伴随状况时，其主语常常用with来引导。由于本句中名词"手"与分词"绑"是被动关系，因此用过去分词，选D. 注意: 1) 独立主格结构使用介词的问题： 当介词是in时，其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分（如物主代词或冠词），也不用复数。但 with 的复合结构不受此限制 A robber burst into the room, knife in hand. ( hand前不能加his)。 2) 当表人体部位的词做逻辑主语时，用现在分词表主动，用过去分词表被动。 He lay there, his hand clenched, his eyes looking straight up. 他握着拳头，眼睛直视地躺在那儿。解析：拳头被握所以用过去分词表被动，眼睛直视是主动的所以用现在分词表示来修饰。注意：不可断章取义地根据动词是否为及物动词来判断是否采用过去分词或现在分词！典型例题： Weather_, we'll go out for a walk. A permitted B permitting C permits D for permitting 答案B. 本题中没有连词，它不是复合句，也不是并列句。 句中使用了逗号，且we 小写，可知其不是两个简单句。能够这样使用的只有独立主格或with的复合结构。据此判断，本句中使用的是独立结构， 其结构为：名词+分词。 由于permit在这里翻译为'天气允许'，表主动，应用现在分词，故选B。 如果不会判断独立结构作状语的形式，不妨将句子改为条件句，例如本句改为If weather permits, we'll go out for a walk. 然后将if 去掉，再将谓语动词改为非谓语动词即可。独立主格结构妙题赏析请看下面一道题：Not far from the school there was a garden, _ owner seated in it playing chess with his little grandson every afternoon. A. its B. whose C. which D. that【分析】此题很容易误选B，许多同学会认为句中逗号后是一个非限制性的定语从句，whose 在定语从句中用作定语修饰其后的名词 owner。此分析从表面上看，似乎天衣无缝，但实质上是错的，原因是空格后根本不是一个句子，因为没有谓语。尽管句中有两个动词，但它们都是非谓语动词。也许有的同学认为，其中的 seated 可视为谓语动词，但是注意，seat 用作动词时，它总是及物的，其后要么接宾语，要么它就用于被动语态，所以若在 seated 前加上助动词 is，则可以选择B（当然若将 seated 改为sitting，也应选择B）。所以此题最佳答案选A。请再看一个类似的例子： (1) He wrote a lot of novels, many of _ translated into foreign languages.A. it B. them C. this D. that(2) He wrote a lot of novels, many of _ were translated into foreign languages.A. it B. them C. which D. that第(1)应选B，而不能选C，是因为句中的 translated 是过去分词(非谓语动词)，若选C，则该从句无谓语；第(2)应选C，因为句中有谓语 were translatedC。再请看下面一例：(3) He wrote a lot of novels, and many of _ were translated into foreign languages.A. it B. them C. which D. that【分析】此题与上面的第(2)题不同，两句间多了一个并列连词and，说明这是一个并列句，故应选B，则不能选C。请做做以下三题(答案均为B)：(1) There I met several people, two of _ being foreigners.A. which B. them C. whom D. that(2) There I met several people, two of _ were foreigners.A. which B. whom C. who D. that(3) There I met several people, and two of _ were foreigners.A. which B. them C. whom D. that2019-2020年高考英语语法专题复习讲义荟萃特殊句式()1. Why cant I park my car here? At no time _ in this area.Ais parking permitted Bparking is permitted Cparking is it permitted Ddoes parking permit ()2. Not until they moved into the apartment _ a girl had been killed in it.Athey did know Bthey know Cdidnt they know Ddid they know()3. Little _ his wife though she was seriously ill. Ahe took care of Bhe takes care of Cdoes he take care of Ddid he take care of ()4. Early in the day _ the forecast _ there would be a dust storm.Ae; that Bcame; that Ces; that Dcame; what ()7. Not only_ from city to city but also from area to area.Athe birthrate variesBvaries the birthrateCdoes the birthrate varyDvary the birthrate()8. By no means _，for he has never made any mistakes in his work. ABob should be fired Bshould Bob be fired CBob be fired Dbe Bob fired()9. David has passed the driving test. _ and_. ASo he has; so you have BSo he has; so have you CSo has he; so have you DSo has he; so you have()10._ preparations from now on，she would be able to finish the essay on Sunday. AWould she make BIf she make CWere she to make DIf she had made()11. Only when you have got sufficient data _e to a sound conclusion.Acan you Byou canCwould you Dyou would()12. _received law degrees as today.ANever so many women haveBThe women arent everCWomen who have neverDNever have so many women()13. Li Ping is an actress and sings very well. _.ASo is Zhang huaBSo does Zhang huaCIt was the same with Zhang huaDSo it is with Zhang hua()14. Mr White promised to help me and _the next day.Aneither he did Bso he didCneither did he Dso did he ()17.Why are you making so much noise?I just cant help_ .Aso Bthat Cthis Dit()18. _ seems to be a strong petition in China for senior high students to enter college or university.AIt BWhich CWhat DThat()19. Many students in this school make _ a rule to e to the evening classes even on Saturday.Athis Bthat Cit Dthem()20. I would appreciate _，to be frank，if the goods could be delivered as soon as possible.Ayou Bthis Cit Dmyself1. A当否定词语置于句首以表示强调时，句中的主谓须采用倒装结构。本题的正常语序是Parking is permitted in this area at no time.2. D当not until引导的时间状语或时间状语从句位于句首时，后面的主句要采用倒装结构，故首先排除选项A、B。选项C否定重复，错误。故应选D。正常语序为：They did not know a girl had been killed in it until they moved into the apartment. 3. D否定副词如no, not，never, seldom，little，hardly, rarely，nowhere等位于句首时，句子要部分倒装。选项C动词时态与题干中所提供的时态(过去时)不符，故应排除。4. B如果句子将地点或时间状语提前，谓语动词为be, sit, go, e, lie, stand等，需要全部倒装。第二空格为that引导的同位语从句。5. D在否定词 no soonerthan， hardly/ scarcelywhen等开头的关联结构中，主句部分必须采用部分倒装，连词than和when引导的从句采用正常语序。 6. D因为地点状语down位于句首应该用完全倒装，整个谓语动词应位于主语之前。C项The woman falls down虽然语序正确，但时态错误，应该用和时间状语从句一致的过去时，而不是现在时。7. C在并列连词 not onlybut also引导的两个并列句中，not only 引导的句子必须采用部分倒装。8. B否定介词短语置于句首时，句子的主谓部分采用部分倒装。9. B第一空格重复上文内容“的确如此”，不倒装；第二空格表示“你也是”部分倒装。10. C省略了if (If she were to make preparations from now on)，将were提前，表示与将来事实相反的虚拟条件句。 11. A副词only引导的状语或状语从句位于句首时，主句必须采用部分倒装，即将句子的助动词置于主语之前。12. D考查倒装句。具有否定意义的副词，如：little，seldom，never，hardly，scarcely，rarely等位于句首时，句子的主谓部分倒装。故选D。13. D前一分句为两个不同的谓语部分，其内容也适合于后一分句时，后一分句要用So it is/ was with sb./ sth. 或It is/ was the same with sb./ sth.来表达。C项时态错误。14. B句子的选项部分为对前面句子内容的肯定强调，意为“他的确这样做了”，故不能采用倒装结构。15. C分析该句结构，其正常语序应为： The construction robots are so clever that they may eventually reduce the amount of labor needed on construction sites by 90 percent.在由sothat引导的结果状语从句中，当so 与其引导的形容词或副词一起置于句首时，必须采用部分倒装结构。 16. C句意：我们已经明确表示强烈反对在办公室吸烟。it作形式宾语，that we are strongly against smoking in the office为真正宾语。17. D句意：“你为什么要制造这么大的噪音？”“我管不住自己。”cant help it“没办法”。18. A句意：在中国高中生上大学似乎是场激烈的竞争。it作形式主语，to enter college or university是真正的主语。19. Cit作形式宾语，而to e to the evening classes是真正的宾语。20. C句意：坦白地说，如果这些货物能尽快发送的话，我将不胜感激。表示喜欢、憎恨等心理方面的动词如love，like，appreciate，hate等后加it作形式宾语，再加if/wh­从句作真正的宾语。xx届高考英语语法专题复习讲义荟萃情景交际 ()1. _ were you so late this morning? I forgot to set the alarm before going to bed last night.Ahow about BWhy Chow e Dhow()2. Try this yellow shirt. _. how about the red one? Thats OK.ABut I dont like the size BI like it very muchCBut I dont like the color DIll take it()3. I have got a cough and my chest hurts. _. Let me examine you.ADont mind BTake it easy CYou should learn to protect yourself DKeep calm. You will recover soon()4. _ It will help you a lot. Thats a good idea. Lets make some. AI promise to get you some coffee.BWould you please make me some coffee?CHelp yourself to some coffee.DYoud better have some coffee.()5. The girl was punished too seriously. Yes，_.Abut I think not Band I was afraid notCand I thought not Dbut I had thought not ()7. Well，my wife and daughter take great interest in most of the food on the menu. Thanks._？Salad，fried fish，chips and orange juice，please. AShall I take your order BAt your serviceCCan I help you DWhat to follow ()8. My daughter has passed the exam. Congratulations! Shes really intelligent. _ANo，no，she is nothing. BOh，thank you.CSometimes she is intelligent. DYou are right.()9. My children are always arguing. _AJust ignore them. BThats all right. CAre you sure? DHow old are the boys?()10. Dont forget to phone me when you get home. Just to let me know youve arrived safely. I wont forget. Good­bye then. _. AWith pleasure Bhave a nice tripCDont mention it DIts very kind of you ()11. Dont forget to post the letter._.AYes，I will BNo，I wontCI dont think so DSorry，I wouldnt ()12. Whats going on? _ANo，we wont go on. We need rest.BThe Times Theatre is on fire.CIm going on telling the story.DHow about some ice cream?()13. _ that he came here yesterday? By taxi.AHow it was BHow was it CHow are you DHow were you ()14. Im sorry to hear that your mother is ill in hospital. _AThats all right. BDont be so sorry. Shes well soon.CIts nothing. DIts very kind of you. ()17. I can not thank you enough for the gift you sent me. _. ANo，thanks BWith pleasure CMy pleasure DPlease dont say so ()18. What do you think of that tea set as a gift for Marys birthday? _，but I dont particularly care for the design. AIts the right thing BI think its a Chinese styleCNot bad DLet me think it over once again()19. Tom，Ive lost my keys again. Here，not again! You_ your keys.Aalways lost Balways lose Care always losing Dhave always been losing ()20. Bruce was killed in a traffic accident. _ I talked with him yesterday morning!AWhat a pity! BI beg your pardon?CSorry to hear that. DIs that so?参