Marrakech课件PPT.ppt
l lI. Background Knowledge lBritish novelist and essayist between the two world wars http:/etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/o/orwell/georgel See notes 1 on page 25l George Orwell was the pseudonym of Eric Arthur Blair (1903-50), an English writer who at one time served with the Indian Imperial Police in Burma. He fought in the Spanish Civil War, an experience he recorded in Homage to Catalonia.l His novels include Down and Out in Paris and London (describing a period of poverty in these cities); Burmese Days; Coming up for Air; A Clergyman s Daughter; Keep the Aspidistra Flying; Animal Farm; and 1984. The last two novels vilify (诽谤,中伤 ) socialist society and communism. lAmong his well known essays are: Shooting an Elephant; A Hanging; Marrakech; and Politics and the English Language.lOrwell is best remembered today for two of his novelslAnimal Farm and Nineteen Eighty-Four l- a political fableEach animal represents a certain human character, meant to criticize Stalins socialism.l A short novel that criticizes the Soviet Union, one of Englands allies in World War II . It is an entertaining story about animals or, on a deeper level, a savage attack on the misuse of political power.l An English novel about life in a dictatorship as lived by Winston Smith, an intellectual worker at the Ministry of Truth, and his degradation when he runs afoul of the totalitarian (极权主义的 ) government of Oceania (大洋洲), the state in which he lives in the year that he presumes is 1984.lthe master of a superb, lucid (清晰的) prose style.lan uncompromising individualist and political idealist lfamous for his political satireslOrwell argued that writers have an obligation of fighting social injustice, oppression, and the power of totalitarian (极权主义的 ) regimes.lIn reading his works, several aspects draw our attention:l1. His works show sharp powers of observation and deep sympathy for suffering people. l2. His works give a deep sense of conviction and urgency.l3. The use of English is clear, simple and direct, with no formality of embellishment(润色). (addition/decoration) He said his ideal was to write prose like a window pane-as clear as glassHe is mush praised in the west partly because of his anti-communist point of view.He was born in India, father, a so called empire-builder -serving the British government abroad.He received good education in Britain and studied in the most famous school “Eden”.Marrakech is one of the places he travelled to. His travel made him take a hostile attitude toward imperialism. He showed deep sympathy for the poor and became a firm supporter of socialism.Imperialism lThe policy of extending a countrys influence over less powerful states (Oxford World Encyclopedia (1998). lColonialism: a situation in which one country rules another (麦克米兰英语词典 ). He joined Spanish War. He was seriously wounded. The Spanish socialist forces divided into faction. The faction he belonged to was persecuted. So he became so pessimistic and depressed, which led him toward anti-communist attitude.a. Located in North Africa, on the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Oceanb. About 2000 B.C. settled by Berber tribes, then invaded by Arabs in the 7th century, bringing with them Islam. c. In 1912, a Franco-Spanish agreement divided Morocco into 4 administrative zones-French Morocco, Spanish protectorate (保护国) , a southern protectorate and an international zone . ld. Gained independence in 1956 and became a constitutional monarchy (君主国) in 1957. Morocco is a member of the United Nations, the League of Arab States, and the Organization of African Unity.l e. People: most Muslims; Most (70%) Moroccans are farmers, using camels, donkeys and mules to pull plows, trying to try to grow their own food. In the South a few tribesmen still wander from place to place in the desert.lf. Islam: the state religionlg. Arabic- the official language, French and Spanish also spoken. l Marrakech/Marrakesh (马拉喀什 )lLocation: At the center of west Morocco, at the Northern foot of the high Atlas. 130 miles south of Casablanca, the chief seaport.l-It is the principal commercial center of Morocco.l-It has extremely hot summers but mild winters.l-Renowned for leather goodsl- the old city is like a labyrinth (迷宫 ) full of crooked, deadened streets. lMarrakech is not only a fantastic city, it is also a symbol of the Morocco that once was, and which still survives here. The streets of the old and pink city have been too narrow to allow the introduction of cars, and tourists searching for the real Morocco have turned the medieval structures of Marrakech into good business.lExposition is perhaps the type of writing that is most frequently used by a student, a scientist, or a professional.Exposition - expounding (详述) explaininglAn expository paper explains or explores something, such as the process of making a machine, the causes of a natural or social phenomenon, the planning of a project, or the solution of a problem.l The purpose or intention of the writer of exposition (informative writing) is to inform or explain.l - deals with appearances and feelings- deals with events and experience- deals with processes and relationshipslThings can be explained byl-Definitionl- Listingl- Examplesl- Classificationl- Comparison and contrastl- Analysisl(- analogy; - identification) The key to a definition is concreteness. One has to give concrete facts to make a definition effective. We must have enough number of items to be listed. Then, if possible, arrange the items in the graded order of increasing importance. Its the simplest, the most common, best method. We have to follow a system consistently. The categories of division should be mutually exclusive. There should be no overlapping (相互重叠的 ). One item can belong to one category and only one. We like one thing to another by pointing out their similarities (comparison). We emphasize the difference between the two (contrast). We may discuss the cause and effect of a historical event, its nature and its significance in history. The writer appeals to a readers understanding with verifiable facts and valid information, explaining and interpreting that materials so that the reader will accept his point of view or explanation. Thus he must organize and develop his thought objectively and present it with honesty and completeness so that the reader will have confidence in what he is saying. a. Generally, the writer makes a statement of the central thought or of his purpose quite early. This statement is sometimes called the thesis, and may even be the title of the piece. b. Sometimes the writer may first present and develop his facts and make his general statement as a conclusion at the end.Discussionl1. Orwell used to say that the things of value are always political. Is this essay political? Why?l2. What and where is the central thought or thesis expressed?l3. l4. How does the author develop his essay? l5. How does Orwell show his outrage at the misery of the native people successfully?l6. How is the text to be divided? l1. Orwell used to say that the things of value are always political. Is this essay political? Why?l lAll of Orwells works are concerned with the sociopolitical conditions of his time, and Marrakech is no exception.l In this essay Orwell denounces (谴责 ) the evils of colonialism or imperialism. He mercilessly exposes the poverty, misery and degradation (退化, 堕落) of the native people in the colonies. These people are not considered nor are they treated as human beings. The cruel treatment the donkey receives evokes a greater feeling of sympathy in the breasts of the white masters than the miserable fate of the brown human beings.l Orwell denounces (谴责)the evils of colonialism or imperialism by mercilessly exposing the poverty, misery and degradation of the native people in the colonies. l This central thought or thesis is stated by Orwell in the middle of paragraph 3-all colonial empires are in reality founded upon this fact.l Orwell shows poverty, misery and degradation ( 退化, 堕落) of the native people in the colonies by describing: la. the burial of the poor inhabitants lb. An Arab Navvy begging for bread lc. The miserable lives of the Jews ld. Cultivation of the poor soil le. The old women carrying firewoodlf. native peoples respect for the colonizers)- humbleness and degradationl This thesis is supported by various independent examples or illustrations of the peoples poverty and suffering. l Specific-general-specific-commentsl Orwell describes objectively the suffering and misery of the colonial people in Marrakech, yet he manages to show that he is outraged at the spectacle of misery. la. through the clever choice of the scenes he describes;lb. through the tone in which he describes these scenes;lc. through the appropriate use of words;ld. by contrasting the indignation at the cruel handling of the donkey with the unconcern towards the fate of the human beingsl1) Para.1-3: the burial of the poor inhabitantsl2) Para. 4-7: an Arab Navvy begging for breadl3) Para. 8-15: the miserable lives of the Jewsl4) Para. 16-18: cultivation of the poor soill5) Para 19-21: the old women carrying firewoodl6) Para 22-26: degradation/humbleness of the native peoplelDeatialed study of the textWhat do you think of the authors choice of the scene and the words in Para. 1? What can we learn? The authors choice of a dramatic scene and the simple words implies much more than what appears on the surface. We can see poverty of the place and unsanitary condition of the city 1) dirty 2) poor in a cloud: a large number of small things moving through the air as a mass. 一团 e.g. a cloud of locusts/ insects l 那些汽车在滚滚尘埃中启动了。l The cars set off in a cloud of dust. What can we learn by reading Para. 2? How dead people are buried in Marrakech.- A vivid picture of the poverty of the place.How does the author present the picture? Through a few strokes of his master-pen-mourners wailing a chant, corpses wrapped in a piece of rag, carried on a rough wooden bier, friends hacking a shallow hole, dumping the body in it, flinging some dried-up earth over it, no grave stone The fact shows the human life has no value at all.How do you think of the use of some words in Para. 2? The use of words like “the flies”, “a piece of rag”, “ rough wooden bier”, repeats forcefully the theme of Para. 1. The use of words like “hack, dump, fling, no gravestone, no name, no identifying mark, ” indicates the unceremonious way in which a funeral is carried out. In a poor country like Morocco, life is cheap.The burying-ground is merely a huge waste of hummocky earth, like a derelict building-lot.The burying-ground is nothing more than a huge piece of wasteland full of mounds of earth looking like a deserted and abandoned piece of land on which a building was going to be put up. lIt suggests l1) the lack of orderl2) people are not terribly concerned about the funeral.l lAccording to Muslim law, Muslims must respect women, and for this reason girls and women used to be kept in the house, where they could be safe. When they went out, they wore the veils to cover their faces. But this law has become a kind of excuse to discriminate against women. What is the theme of Para. 3? He exposes the evils of imperialism. All colonial empires are in reality founded upon this fact. All the imperialists build up their empires by treating the people in the colonies like animals (by not treating the people in the colonies as human beings). It is the colonial empires that make the people so poor. Empires are built up by treating the people in the colonies like animals. This thesis is going to be supported by more illustrations and examples. In a cool objective manner in stead of a preachy (说教的) and propagandistic style. Nevertheless the reader can see his outrage at the misery and suffering. How can you see his cool manner and uncontrollable outrage? We can see the former from the statements he makes and the latter from a string of rhetorical questions and both from his use of words.lthe rags they stand up in: the rags which they are wearing as they stand therelUndifferentiated: You cant differentiate one brown stuff from another, because they look just the same. If they do have individuality, it is irrecognizable, just like insects, like bees. They rise out of the graveyard They are born. Then for a few years they work, toil and starve. Finally they die and are buried in graves without a name. break your way: force your way or pick your way (because of the dense growth of the prickly pear)lprickly pear: a kind of cactus covered with prickles having a pear-shaped fruit (仙人掌果)l When out for a walk picking your way through the prickly pear, you might find that the ground is bumpy. You realize that you are walking over skeletons. You know they are graves only because the bumps appear in an even pattern.What is the tense used in this Para.? What does it mean? The situation described still exists.lmint sauce: an English speciality made of a combination of chopped mint leaves, vinegar, and water. Its traditionally served with roast lamb.lAs soon as you look at the hind legs of the gazelles, you will think of the delicious mint sauce that you would want to dip it in when eating it. What can you learn from the employees situation? Or what is the authors intention behind the sentence “This man is an employee of the municipality”? The poverty of the people. Even an employed laborer goes starving, so you can imagine for yourself the plight of the poorer people.lto put, hide away in safe place If you stow sth. somewhere, you put it neatly away in a place where it can be kept until it is needed.= storestow away = hidel We stowed all the boxes in the attic.l Potatoes must be stowed in a cool dark place.l My jewellery is safely stowed away in the bank. l His baggage was safely stowed away in the plane.What is the main idea of Para. 8-15?The plight of the Jews, an oppressed minority in a colonial country. Their fate could be worse than that of the natives.How does the author realize his idea?By describing Jews crowded and unsanitary living circumstances, bad working conditions, frenzied rush and clamor for a cigarette, and the natives hostile attitude to the Jews. lQuarterslapartment (room/house) residential area for particular kind of peoplelthe doctors quarterslservants quarterslofficers quarterslsleeping quarterslconfined to quarterslghettoes or ghettos: l A ghetto is a part of a town or city in which many poor people or many people of a particular race, religion, or nationality live in isolation from the majority group in the town or city.lOrwell uses ghettos here in the traditional sense of a portion of a city populated almost exclusively by Jews.lA ghetto also implies that the people in it are restricted only to that area and are not permitted to live elsewhere. lEyes are infected from 1. malnutrition 2. lack of medical care 3. unhygienic conditionlInfest (often followed by with or used in combination) lWhen insects, rats or
