Cultural-Comparison-and-Translation-Between-Engli.ppt

Chapter 2: Section 3: Cultural Comparison and Translation between English and ChinesevI. Cultural Differences between China and Western CountriesvII. Translation of Color Terms vIII. Cultural Comparison and Translation between English and ChineseIII. Cultural Comparison and Translation between English and Chinese 3-1v3.1 表示西方社会生活中特有的事物和现象的语言及其翻译（Translation of unique things or phenomena in western societies） vExercisesv3.2 翻译时应注意动植物在中西方文化中的不同内涵和联想意义（different connotation and associative meanings of animals or plants in Chinese and western cultures） vExercisesIII. Cultural Comparison and Translation between English and Chinese 3-2v3.3 宗教意味浓厚的词语及其翻译（translation of words with religious color）vExercisesv3.4 地理环境和气候的差异导致的词语内涵差异及其翻译（translation of those words with different connotations because of different geographical environments or climates） III. Cultural Comparison and Translation between English and Chinese 3-3v3.5 典故的文化内涵和翻译（translation of allusions with cultural connotations） vExercisesv3.6 富含社会习俗内涵的词语及其翻译（translation of words with connotations of social customs）vExercises 3.1 表示西方社会生活中特有的事物和现象的语言及其翻译（Translation of unique things or phenomena in western societies） 6-1v英汉两国人民有着不同的社会生活方式，在日常生活中，所接触到的事物和现象不同，而且有时这些特有的事物又被赋予了文化内涵。译者在翻译时经常需要加注说明，或者直接译出其文化内涵。例如： 2.1 表示西方社会生活中特有的事物和现象的语言及其翻译 6-2v例1：Bright red costumes, with hats, shoes and stockings to match, are to be all the craze in the Spring. Smart women will have to be careful not to yawn in the streets in case some short-sighted person is on his way to post a letter.v译文1：鲜红的服装，配上帽子，鞋子和袜子，在春天是一时流行的时尚，聪明的女士们得要小心，不要在街上打哈欠，以免碰上要去寄信的近视眼们。v译文2：时尚，精明的女士们得要小心，别在街上驻足打哈欠，以免碰上要去寄信的近视眼们。（注：英国的邮筒是漆成红色的）3.1 表示西方社会生活中特有的事物和现象的语言及其翻译 6-3v辨析：原文作者巧妙地利用文化背景幽了一默。要理解该语篇的幽默之处需用到的言外的文化背景知识（即“英国的邮筒是漆成红色的”）。这一点对英国读者来说不言自明，而对于不了解该背景知识的译文读者可能会构成文化缺省（Cultural default）。v因此，这段让英国读者看了捧腹大笑的语篇如果按译文1那样不加任何处理地译出，很可能使某些不谙英国文化的读者感到莫明其妙。而译文2采用直译加注的方法进行，说明了原文中所利用的文化背景知识，有助于读者理解原文的幽默之处。3.1 Translation of unique things or phenomena in western societies 6-4v例2 Were it left to me decide whether we should have a government without newspapers or newspapers without a government, I should not hesitate a moment to prefer the latter.v译文1：如果让我来决定，我们是要一个政府而不要报纸呢还是应该有报纸而不要政府，我会毫不犹豫地选择后者。v译文2：如果让我来选择，我们是要一个没有言论自由的政府，还是要一个只有自由而无政府的国家，我会毫不犹豫地选择后者。3.1 Translation of unique things or phenomena in western societies 6-5v例2 Were it left to me decide whether we should have a government without newspapers or newspapers without a government, I should not hesitate a moment to prefer the latter.v辨析：西方国家一贯标榜新闻言论自由。报纸、广播、电台这三大传媒，有时已成为“言论自由的代名词”。Thomas Jefferson在原文里把“政府”和“新闻报纸”相提并论，西方人一看便知是指“统治”与“自由”的人权问题。按照译文1，太多数中文读者会有些摸不着头脑，所以应该按照译文2，突出其文化内涵意义。 3.1 Translation of unique things or phenomena in western societies 6-6v例3 They are willing to talk turkey and end the war.v译文1：他们愿意谈论火鸡，结束战争。v译文2：他们愿意坦率的谈判以结束这场战争。v辨析：如果把短语talk turkey像译文1那样译为“谈论火鸡”，中国读者很难体会个中意味，“谈论火鸡”与结束战争有何关系，这就需要表达出这一词语的文化内涵。某个民间典故使得这个短语带上了“直截了当”、“做事说话坦率”和“开诚布公”之类的含义了。对于这类词语我们一般采取意译法，做到准确传达内涵意义。因此，译文2更准确，且易于理解。Exercisesv1 The United States has now set up a loneliness industry.v2 It is a matter as significant to me as a game of cricket.v3 The firm only accepts experienced people but not every Tom, Dick, and Jacky.v4 The Maxim was that when a married couple saw red, lawyer saw greenExercisesv1 The United States has now set up a loneliness industry.v美国政府建立了一种为孤寡老人服务的社会服务项目。v2 It is a matter as significant to me as a game of cricket.v这件事对我来说如同吃饭一样重要这件事对我至关重要。v3 The firm only accepts experienced people but not every Tom, Dick, and Jacky.v这家公司只接纳有经验的人，而不是张三李四、阿狗阿猫都可进。v4 The Maxim was that when a married couple saw red, lawyer saw green.v俗话说，夫妇吵得脸红红耳赤赤之时，便是律师期望得到绿色美元之日。3.2 翻译时应注意动植物在中西方文化中的不同内涵和联想意义（different connotation and associative meanings of animals or plants in Chinese and western cultures） 4-1v动植物是人类生存和发展的物质基础，与人类的生活密切相关。英汉两国人民由于文化的不同对同一种动植物赋予了不同的情感和喻意，产生不同的联想意义；而表达同一种情感和喻意时又用不同的动植物来做喻体。翻译时需要注意它们在两种语言中不同的内涵和联想意义，以便于读者正确理解原文。 3.2 翻译时应注意动植物在中西方文化中的不同内涵和联想意义 4-2v例1 An old dog like him never barks in vain. Whenever he barks, he always has some wise counsel worth listening to.v译文1：像他这样的老狗是从来不会乱叫的，一叫总有高见值得一听。v译文2：像他这样的行家里手，从来不随便发表意见，一旦发表，总有高见值得一听。v辨析：译文1把 “the old dog”翻译成“老狗”，完全忽视了该词在汉语中很强的贬义色彩。 “the old dog”其实是“老手”的意义。译文2就注意到了译入语的文化内涵，较正确地再现了原文的意思。3.2 翻译时应注意动植物在中西方文化中的不同内涵和联想意义 4-3v例2 Mary is an apple-polisher, she will do anything for the boss.v译文1：玛丽是擦苹果的，她将给老板做任何事。v译文2：玛丽是个马屁精，她会给老板做任何事。v辨析：据说在美国乡村有一种风俗，小学生上学时常给老师带一个擦亮的红苹果，以表示对老师的尊敬。由此，to polish the apple就带有“送礼，讨好，拍马”的含义。译文1直译了其字面意义，但让读者很难理解。译文2则译出了其文化内涵。3.2 翻译时应注意动植物在中西方文化中的不同内涵和联想意义 4-4v例3 There was plenty of pepper left in the old manv译文1：那位老人脾气依然火爆。v译文2：那位老人依旧精力充沛。v辨析：pepper是英汉两同都常见的调味品，但却在不同的文化中被赋予了不同的内涵。在英国，因其强烈的刺激味道，又能增强食欲，所以有“精力，活力”的喻义。而在汉语中则有“泼辣，火爆”的喻意，如红楼梦中贾母喊王熙凤为“风辣子”。在这里翻译上文时，不能想当然地像译文1那样，而是要搞清这些词语在本国文化中特有的内涵，从而翻译出准确的意义。 Exercises 2-1v1. You chicken! he cried, looking at Tom with contempt.v2. I think he was married and had a lioness at home.Exercises 2-1v1. You chicken! he cried, looking at Tom with contempt.v“瞧你这鼠胆儿！”他冲着汤姆蔑视地喊道。v2. I think he was married and had a lioness at home.v我想他已婚，而且妻子是个母老虎。Exercises 2-2v3. Take no notice of her crocodile tears. Shes not in the concerned about your injury.v4. The girls I met in Australia and America seemed very small potatoes to me in comparison with her.Exercises 2-2v3. Take no notice of her crocodile tears. Shes not in the least concerned about your injury.v不要理会她的假仁假义，她对你的伤势一点也不关心。v4. The girls I met in Australia and America seemed very small potatoes to me in comparison with her.v在我看来，我在澳大利亚和美国碰到的所有女孩子，和她比起来，都是些微不足道的小人物。3.3 宗教意味浓厚的词语及其翻译（translation of words with religious color） 4-1v在西方社会，宗教的影响力几乎无处不在，特别是基督教。圣经是基督教的经典，对整个西方文化的影响特别巨大。圣经中的故事和教义家喻户晓，妇孺皆知，在文学作品、政论、新闻等文章中也俯拾皆是。作为译者一定要明了其出处和寓意。3.3 宗教意味浓厚的词语及其翻译 4-2v例1 I learned a great many words that day I do not remember what they all were; but l do know that mother, father, sister, teacher were among them words that were to make the world blossom for me “Like Aarons rod, with flowers” (Helen Keller, The Story of My Life)v译文1：那一天，我学了很多新词，也记不清都有哪些词了。但是肯定有“母亲，父亲，姐姐，老师”。这些词后来把一个美好的世界展现在我面前，“亚伦的杖开了花”。3.3 宗教意味浓厚的词语及其翻译 4-3v译文2：那一天，我学了很多新词，现在记不清都有哪些词了。但是肯定有“母亲，父亲，姐姐，老师”等词汇。后来，这些词把一个美好的世界展现在我面前，就像圣经上说的“亚伦的杖开了花”一样。v辨析：这个典故“like Aarons rod，with flowers”出自旧约民数纪。西方人对此都非常熟悉。所以原文不需要注明出处。但如果像译文1那样不注明出处，对圣经不熟悉的中国人看到译文时会不知所云。译文2加了“就像圣经上说的”几个字，清楚地表达了原语的文化背景，使译文更清晰易懂。3.3 宗教意味浓厚的词语及其翻译 4-4v例2 Hey, there, Jess. What are you doing out there, For Petes sake?v译文1：嗨，杰茜，你在那干什么？看在老天的份上!v译文2：嗨，杰茜，看在圣徒彼得的份上，你在那干什么？v辨析：Pete也是来源于圣经的人物，for Petes sake相当于汉语的诅咒语：“看在老天的份上”，但这种翻译法太过于中国化了，“老天”是中国佛教的产物，而“彼得”则来源于基督教，为了尽量保持异域文化特色，译义2可以算是较好的翻译。Exercises 2-1v1“There is a bit of the old Adam in us all,” said Smith.v2 Every one must carry his own cross.Exercises 2-1v1 “There is a bit of the old Adam in us all,” said Smith.v史密斯说：“我们大家都有一点干坏事的本性。”v2 Every one must carry his own cross.v人人都需忍受其生活的苦难。Exercises 2-2v3 Forbidden fruit is sweet.v4 Fallen asleep, not dead but sleeping, asleep in Jesus.Exercises 2-2v3 Forbidden fruit is sweet.v禁果总是甜的（That means some people get pleasure from doing something that they are not supposed to do. VOA）。v4 Fallen asleep, not dead but sleeping, asleep in Jesus.v已经睡了，不是死去，只是安睡在耶稣的怀里。