2022年高中英语模块一UnitSchoollife基础语法精讲牛津译林版 .pdf

- 1 - Unit 1 School life 关系代词引导的定语从句一、预备知识高中阶段，同学们将会学习三大从句：定语从句、名词从句和状语从句。要学好这三大从句，首先就要熟悉句子的种类。句子的种类按用途分有以下四种: 陈述句肯定句 We love our motherland. 否 定 句They dont go to work on Sundays.疑问句一般疑问句 Are you a worker?Haven t you seen the film?特殊疑问句 Who is the man? When do you watch TV?选择疑问句Do you want tea or coffee? 反意疑问句 They are going to the airport,arent they?You havent finished your homework, have you? 祈使句肯定句 Make sure to get there at eight. 否定句 Don t worry.I ll help you out.感叹句what+名词 What great changes we have had these years! how+形容词或副词How hard they are working! how+句子 How time flies! 时间过得真快! How + adj. +a(an)+n.=What a(an)+ adj. +n How nice a boy (he is)!=What a nice boy (he is)! 按结构分有以下三种: 简单句主+谓 They disappeared. 主+谓 +宾 He likes swimming. 主+谓 +间宾 +直接宾语They sent us a telegram. 主+谓 +宾+宾补 They named the boy Jack. 主+系 +表She is a university student.He has become a pilot.并列句表并列关系and, not only but also, neither nor , bothand, not but表转折关系but, while(而，尽管 )nevertheless(然而，不过 ) 等表选择关系or, otherwise, or else, either or 等表因果关系for, so, thus, therefore等注意：并列连词与从属连词的区别( 从属连词引导的是状语从句) He was very tired, but he still worked on(并列句 ) =Although he was very tired, he still worked on.(复合句 ) 复合句含有定语从句、名词从句或状语从句的句子二、基本概念1. 定语从句的要素先行词： 被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词，亦或是一个句子；关系代词或副词：引导定语从句的词；关系代词在从句中充当：主语、宾语、表语或定语等成分，而关系副词 只可以充当状语。2. 定语从句的分类限制性定语从句：从句对其所修饰的先行词起限制作用，若没有了这个从句从句，句子意思要么不完整要么就改变意思，故主从句之间不用逗号隔开；名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 1 页，共 5 页 - - - - - - - - - - 2 - 非限制性定语从句：从句对其所修饰的先行词补充说明，若没有这个从句，句意相对完整，故主从句之间往往用逗号隔开。比较： He has two sons who work in Shanghai.他有两个在上海工作的儿子。( 言下之意：不止俩儿子 ) He has two sons, who work in Shanghai.他有两个儿子，他们都在上海工作。( 言下之意：就俩儿子)三、基础用法( 关系代词的用法) 关系代词先行词在从句中所做成分who 指人主语、表语或宾语whom 指人宾语，特别注意作介词的宾语whose 指人或指物定语that 指人、指物或事情主语、表语或宾语as 指人或指主句内容主语、表语或宾语which 指物或事情、指主句内容主语、表语或宾语The man who helped you just now is called White.刚才帮助你的那个人叫怀特。That is the person( whom/who/that ) you want to see.那就是你想见的人。This is just the boss in whose company I used to work.他就是我过去工作过的公司的老板。I m not the foolthat you thought me to be.我不是你认为的那个傻子。The only thingthat we can do is to give you some advice.我们能够做的唯一的事情是给你提一些建议。He is such a lazy man as nobody wants to work with.他是那么懒惰的一个人，没有人愿意和他一起工作。It is such a big stone as nobody can lift.如此大的一块石头，没人能够举起来。As is known to all, he is the best student. 正如大家所知道的那样，他是最优秀的学生。A dictionary is a useful bookwhich tells us the meaning of words.字典是一本告诉我们词义的很有用的书。Ted came for the weekend wearing only some shorts and a T-shirt, which is a stupid thing to do in such weather. 泰德穿着短裤和T 恤衫来度周末，在这样的天气里这真是一件愚蠢的事情。四、重点突破1. 只能用关系代词that的情况先行词为all, everything, anything, nothing, little, much等不定代词时Now all _ is urgently needed is money and hands. 【答案与解析】填all that。先行词为all 。句意：目前急需要的是钱和人手。先行词被all, any, every, each, much, little, no, some, few等修饰时；We heard clearly every word _ he said. 【答案与解析】填that或省略 that不填。先行词被every 修饰。句意：他说的每句话我们都听得都很清楚。先行词有形容词最高级和序数词修饰时The third place _ we are going to visit is Hangzhou. 【答案与解析】填that 。先行词被序数词修饰。我们要去拜访的第三个地方是杭州。先行词既指人又指物时She described in her compositions the people and places _ impressed her most. 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 2 页，共 5 页 - - - - - - - - - - 3 - 【答案与解析】填that 。先行词 the people and places中既有人又有地方，故用that 。句意：她在作文里描写了令她印象深刻的人和地方。先行词被the only, the very修饰时He s the only boy in our city _ enters the Beijing University. 【答案与解析】填that 。先行词被the only 修饰。句意：他是我市唯一考取北京大学的男孩子。句中已经有who或 which 时，为了避免重复时Who is the girl _ drove the car? 【答案与解析】填that 。句中已经有了who。句意：刚才开车的那个女孩是谁？2. 只能用 which, who, whom的情况在非限制性定语从句中，只能用which 指代物，用who/whom指人After graduating from college, I took some time off to go travelling, which turned out to be a wise decision. 大学毕业后，我们休假一段时间去旅游，结果证明这是一个明智的决定。Ellen was a painter of birds and nature, who, for some reason, had withdrawn from all human society. 艾伦是一个鸟类和自然画家，由于某种原因，从人类社会隐身而退。在由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中，只能用which 指物， whom 指人。Gun control is a subject about which Americans have argued for a long time. 枪支管理是美国人长期争论的一个话题。Have you sent thank-you notes to the relatives from whom you received gifts? 你从亲戚那儿收到了礼物后，有没有给他们发感谢信？先行词本身是that时，关系词用which, 先行词为 those, one, he时常常用who。Happiness and success often come to those who are good at recognizing their own strengths. 幸福和成功常常会光顾那些善于认识到自身力量的人( 即自信的人 )。3.the way做先行词时，定语从句可以用that和 in which引导或是省略的What surprised me was not what he said but the way(that/in which) he said it. 使我吃惊的不是他说的什么而是他说话的方式。4.as 与 which, that的用法区别suchas( 引导定语从句) ，suchthat( 引导结果状语从句) “so/ suchthat . ”引导的是结果状语从句，从句的成分是完整的，也就是说that只起连接作用。“such as ”引导的是定语从句，从句的成分是不完整的，也就是说as 代替先行词在从句中充当成分。比如下列三句表达的是一个意思：This is such a heavy stone as no one can lift. ( 定语从句 )This is so heavy a stone that no one can lift it. (结果状语从句 )This is such a heavy stone that no one can lift it. ( 结果状语从句)the same as 和 the same .that 的区别the same as 表示“与一样( 但不是同一个 ) ”，而 the same that表示“同一个，就是那一个”的意思。The coat you wear now is the same as I bought yesterday.你现在穿的外套跟我昨天买名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 3 页，共 5 页 - - - - - - - - - - 4 - 的一个样。as 和 which 指代主句的内容时所引导的定语从句的区别如果有“正如，象”的含义，并可以放在主句前，也可以放在后面，甚至可以插在主句中间，那么用 as；而 which 引导的从句要放在主句后，并无“正如”的意思。They won the game, which we hadnt expected.他们赢得了比赛，这是我们没有料到的。As is well known, he is a famous film star. 正如大家知道的那样，他是一位电影明星。A lot of language learning, as has been discovered, is happening in the first year of life, so parents should talk much to their children during that period. 正如已经发现的那样，大量的语言学习是在人的生命开始的第一年进行的。所以这段时期父母亲应该多和他们的孩子说说话。随堂练习1.I ve become good friends with several of the students in my school _ I met in the English speech contest last year. A. who B. where C. when D. which 【答案】 A 【解析】句意：我已经和去年在英语演讲比赛中遇到的我校几个学生成为了好朋友。先行词是 several of the students (指人 ) ，且定语从句中缺少的是宾语，故选A。2.John is the boy _ legs were badly hurt in the accident. A. that B. who C. which D. whose 【答案】 D 【解析】句意：约翰就是那个在事故中腿受重伤的男孩。先行词为the boy在定语从句中作定语，故选whose。3.The girl handed everything _ she had picked up in the street to the police. A. which B. whose C. that D. what 【答案】 C 【解析】句意：这个女孩把她在街上捡到的一切都交给了警察。先行词为everything，在定语从句中作宾语。当先行词是everything, nothing, anything, something, much, little, none 等不定代词时，引导定语从句只能用that 。4.In the end, she decided to sell the house _ windows were almost all broken. A. which B. of whom C. that D. whose 【答案】 D 【解析】句意：最终她决定卖掉那所窗子几乎都破掉的房子。先行词为the house在定语从句中充当定语，故用whose。 whose 在定语从句中既可指人也可指物。5.This is the best book _ I have found all this year. A. who B. whom C. which D. that 【答案】 D 【解析】句意：这是这一年来我找到的最好的一本书。先行词book 被形容词的最高级修饰，且在定语从句中充当宾语，故用关系代词that 。6.Do you still remember the chicken farm _ we visited three months ago? A. when B. where C. what D. that 【答案】 D 【解析】句意：你还记得我们三个月前参观的那个养鸡场吗？先行词farm 在定语从句中作名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 4 页，共 5 页 - - - - - - - - - - 5 - visited的宾语，可排除A、B两项， what 不能作关系代词，故选D。7.She is pleased with what you have given him and _ you have told him. A. that B. which C. all what D. all that 【答案】 D 【解析】 and 连接两个宾语，本空中all为先行词，定语从句的关系代词只能用that 。 all that相当于 what。8.When people talk about the cities of China, the first _ comes into their mind is Beijing. A. which B. one C. that D. of them 【答案】 C 【解析】句意：当人们谈论中国的城市时，脑子里想到的第一个城市就是北京。当先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰时，定语从句用关系代词that而不用 which 引导。9.A housing bubble is an economic situation _ occurs when house prices rise much too fast. A. which B. where C. what D. why 【答案】 A 【解析】先行词situation在从句中作谓语动词occur 的主语，座椅用关系代词which 。句意为：房地产泡沫是房屋价格增长过快的 时候出现 的一种经济形势。不注意分析从句的结构，就会受定式思维的干扰而误选B。对比： He has got himeself into dangerous situation where he is likely to lose control over the plane。他使自己陷入了一种危险的情形，在这种情形下，他可能失去对飞机的控制。10. Such experience _ I have is useless in this situation. A. that B. which C. as D. what 【答案】 C 【解析】 句意：我的这些经验在这种情况下派不上用场。such 后接 as 引导的定语从句。 that引导结果状语从句。名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 5 页，共 5 页 - - - - - - - - -