最新-常见化学官能团【典藏版】.pdf
1含氧官能团含氧官能团不同的碳氧键会因其中原子杂化程度的不同而有性质上的差异。sp2杂化的氧原子有吸电子效应,而 sp3则有给电子效应。分类分类官能团名称官能团名称化学式化学式结构式结构式英文前缀英文前缀英文后缀英文后缀例子例子酰卤卤代甲酰基RCOXhaloformyl-oyl halide乙酰氯醇羟基ROHhydroxy-ol甲醇酮羰基RCORketo-, oxo-one丁酮醛醛基RCHOaldo-al乙醛碳酸酯碳酸酯ROCOORalkyl carbonatecarbonate2羧酸盐羧酸根RCOOcarboxy-oate乙酸钠羧酸羧基RCOOHcarboxy-oic acid乙酸醚醚RORalkoxy-alkyl alkyl etherether乙醚酯酯RCOORalkyl alkanoateoate丁酸乙酯氢过氧化物氢过氧基ROOHhydroperoxy-alkyl hydroperoxidehydroperoxide过氧化甲乙酮过氧化物过氧基ROORperoxy-alkyl peroxideperoxide二叔丁基过氧化物3编辑 含氮官能团含氮官能团分类分类官能团名官能团名称称化学式化学式结构式结构式英文前缀英文前缀英文后缀英文后缀例子例子酰胺酰胺RCONR2carboxamido-amide乙酰胺伯胺RNH2amino-amine甲胺仲胺R2NHamino-amine二甲胺叔胺R3Namino-amine三甲胺胺季铵盐季铵阳离子R4N+ammonio-ammonium胆碱4一级酮亚胺RC(=NH)Rimino-imine二级酮亚胺RC(=NR)Rimino-imine一级醛亚胺RC(=NH)Himino-imine亚胺二级醛亚胺RC(=NR)Himino-imine酰亚胺酰亚胺RC(=O)NC(=O)Rimido-imide叠氮化物叠氮根RN3azido-alkyl azideazide叠氮苯5偶氮化合物偶氮基RN2Razo-diazene甲基黄氰酸酯ROCNcyanato-alkyl cyanatecyanate氰酸酯异腈RNCisocyano-alkyl isocyanideisocyanide异氰酸酯RNCOisocyanato-alkyl isocyanateisocyanate异氰酸甲酯异氰酸酯异硫氰酸酯RNCSisothiocyanato-alkyl isothiocyanateisothiocyanate异硫氰酸烯丙酯硝酸酯硝酸酯RONO2nitrooxy-, nitroxy-alkyl nitratenitrate硝酸正戊酯腈氰基RCNcyano-alkanenitrilenitrilealkyl cyanidecyanide苯甲腈亚硝酸酯 亚硝酸酯RONOnitrosooxy-alkyl nitritenitrite亚硝酸异戊酯6硝基化合物硝基RNO2nitro-硝基甲烷亚硝基化合物亚硝基RNOnitroso-亚硝基苯吡啶及衍生物吡啶基RC5H4N4-pyridyl(pyridin-4-yl)3-pyridyl(pyridin-3-yl)2-pyridyl(pyridin-2-yl)-pyridine尼古丁编辑 含磷、硫官能团含磷、硫官能团与同族的氮和氧相比,有机磷化合物和有机硫化合物中的杂原子倾向于成更多的键。分类分类官能官能团名团名称称化学式化学式结构式结构式英文前缀英文前缀英文后缀英文后缀例子例子7膦膦R3Pphosphino-phosphane甲基丙基膦磷酸二酯磷酸酯HOPO(OR)2phosphoric acid di(substituent) esterdi(substituent) hydrogenphosphateDNA亚磷酸酯亚磷酸酯RP(=O)(OH)2phosphono-substituent phosphonic acid亚磷酸苄酯磷酸酯磷酸酯ROP(=O)(OH)2phospho-3-磷酸甘油醛硫醚硫醚RSRdi(substituent) sulfide二甲基硫醚砜磺酰基RSO2Rsulfonyl-di(substituent) sulfone二甲基砜磺酸磺酸基RSO3Hsulfo-substituent sulfonicsulfonic acidacid苯磺酸8亚砜亚磺酰基RSORsulfinyl-di(substituent) sulfoxidesulfoxide二苯基亚砜硫醇巯基RSHmercapto-, sulfanyl-thiol乙硫醇硫氰酸酯硫氰酸酯RSCNthiocyanato-alkyl thiocyanatethiocyanate二硫化物二硫键RSSRalkyl alkyl disulfide二苯基二硫化物烃基烃基根据所含 键的不同,不同的烃基官能团具有不同的性质。注意:烷烃基(如甲基、亚甲基)不算官能团,而苯基是官能团。分类分类官能团名称官能团名称化学式化学式结构式结构式英文前缀英文前缀英文后缀英文后缀例子例子9烷烃烷基RHalkyl-ane甲烷烯烃烯基R2C=CR2alkenyl-ene乙烯炔烃炔基RCCRalkynyl-yne乙炔苯及衍生物苯基RC6H5RPhphenyl-benzene异丙苯甲苯及衍生物苄基RCH2C6H5RBnbenzyl-1-(substituent)toluene溴甲苯编辑 含卤素取代基含卤素取代基卤代烃中含有碳-卤素键,键能随卤素不同而有变化。一般除氟代烃外,卤代烃都可发生亲核取代反应和消去反应。10分类分类取代基名称取代基名称化学式化学式结构式结构式英文前缀英文前缀英文后缀英文后缀例子例子卤代烷卤代RXhalo-alkyl halidehalide氯乙烷氟代烷氟代RFfluoro-alkyl fluoridefluoride一氟甲烷氯代烷氯代RClchloro-alkyl chloridechloride一氯甲烷溴代烷溴代RBrbromo-alkyl bromidebromide一溴甲烷碘代烷碘代RIiodo-alkyl iodideiodide一碘甲烷