2021-2022学年高中英语外研版选修8学案：Module 1 Section Ⅳ Grammar & Writing.pdf

- 1 - Section Grammar & Writing 主语和动词 阅读下列句子并体会黑体部分的用法 1Pride goes before a fall. 2Who is speaking, please? 3Twothirds of the workers are women. 4Looking up all the new words in the dictionary took him a lot of time. 5To translate this ideal into reality needs hard work. 6It is still a question whether she will come or not. 7She wants to learn English well. 8He lives in Beijing. 9She can sing many English songs. 10He has gone to New York. 11Cotton feels soft. 12The building has been built in 2000. - 2 - 一、主语 主语是一句话的中心。主语通常是由一个起名词作用的成分担任的。主语由名词、the形容词、代词、数词或者相当于名词的不定式、动名词或从句充当。 词类 例句 名词 The news is exciting. the形容词 The disabled are well cared for in our country. 词类 例句 代词 None of us believed what he said. 数词 Onethird of the work has been finished. 不定式 To decide is to act.(决定即行动。) 动名词 Watching a film is a pleasure；making one is hard work. 从句 Whether he will come is unknown. 名师点津不定式、 动名词和主语从句作主语时， 习惯上用 it 充当形式主语，把真正的主语置于句末。 Its a pity that you should have to leave. 你非走不可真是一件遗憾的事。 It is an honour to be here with you. 能与你一起在这儿很荣幸。 二、动词 动词按照在句中的功能可分为谓语动词和非谓语动词。实义动词、系动词等都可在句中作谓语。谓语动词除了在人称和数上与主语保持一致外，还有各种时态和语态的变化。 1动词的分类 动词的分类 用法 及物 动词 一般情况下， 其后要跟宾语， 意思才完整， 如 teach， do， expect，hear，learn 等；pass，buy，offer，hand 等跟双宾语；make，find，think，consider 等跟复合宾语 实义动词 不及物动词 动词之后不能跟宾语，如 arrive，come，die，rise，get，happen，exist，talk，work，swim 等 - 3 - 系动词 通常要加上表语，否则意义不完整，如 be，become，keep，remain，stay，lie，stand，seem，appear，look，feel，smell，taste，sound，grow，turn，get，go 等 情态动词 后接动词原形，与其一起构成谓语，本身具有词义，如can/could，will/would，shall/should，may/might，need，dare，must 等 助动词 用来构成各种时态和语态，本身无具体词义，如 do，have，be，shall，will，would 等 2.动词的时态 构成 时态 种类 现在 过去 将来 过去将来 一般 时态 除第三人称单数一般在动词后加s/es外， 其他用动词原形 动词的过去式 shall/will动词原形 should/would动词原形 进行 时态 am/is/are现在分词 was/were现在分词 shall/willbe现在分词 should/wouldbe现在分词 完成 时态 have/has过去分词 had过去分 词 shall/willhave过去分词 should/wouldhave过去分词 完成 进行 时态 have/hasbeen现在分词 hadbeen现在分词 3.动词的语态 (1)被动语态的构成 主动语态 主语(动作执行者) 谓语(及物动词) 宾语(动作的承受者) 被动语态 主语(动作的承受者) 谓语(be过去分词) by宾语(动作执行者) - 4 - (2)被动语态的结构 时态 被动语态 一般现在时 am/is/are过去分词 一般过去时 was/were过去分词 一般将来时 will/shallbe过去分词 过去将来时 would/shouldbe过去分词或 was/were going to be过去分词 现在进行时 am/is/are being过去分词 过去进行时 was/were being过去分词 现在完成时 has/have been过去分词 过去完成时 had been过去分词 .单句语法填空 1His family _(watch) TV now. 2I _(meet) Lucy on the street the other day. 3Great changes _(take) place in our school in the past five years. 【导学号：72880003】 4A position _(offer) to him then. 5Five cars _(repair) so far. 【答案】1.are watching2.met3.have taken 4was offered5.have been repaired .单句改错 1He said he has finished his homework. _ 2I know the girl who invited to the party by the boy last night. _ 3At that time，we often spend time together. _ 4He said that it was the best gift he has ever had. _ - 5 - 5He ordered that everything must put in order. _ 【 答 案 】 1.hashad 2.who 后 加 was 3.spendspent 4.hashad5.must 后加 be 如何介绍旅游景点 介绍一个旅游景点，就是对其大致状况进行描述，向人们展示该地方的地貌特征、风土人情、历史文化等。写此类文章应注意以下几点： 1内容一般包括该地方的位置、面积、人口、历史、气候、特产等。也可以适当地融入人文风貌，简单介绍当地的文化遗址、民间风俗及有趣的生活方式等。但是一定要抓住该地方的主要特色，这样才能给读者留下深刻的印象。 2要遵循一定的写作顺序。描述该地方的位置时，首先要找好中心点，再由近及远，也可以先整体后局部，或按照一定时间层次或空间层次。描述时可以适当使用过渡性连接词。 3可以适当运用比喻句式。形象的比喻可以给读者展示一幅生动的画面。 亮点句式 1 be located/situated in； lie in.； be surrounded by.； be bordered on the north by；to the east of 2 It covers an area of about/over.square kilometres； Its area is.square kilometres. 3It has a population of about/over.；Its population is. 4It has a history of about.years. 5The climate is pleasant.The average temperature is.；The coldest months are. 6be famous/wellknown as/for.；be rich in(mineral resources including.) 写作任务 假设你是李华，你的新西兰笔友 Nick 将于八月来四川旅游，特来信询问有关旅游景点的情况。请根据下表所提供的要点，写一封回信，并表示盼望他的到来。 - 6 - 旅游资源 许多著名的世界风景名胜，如九寨沟(海水清澈见底，色彩斑斓)都江堰水利工程(2 000 多年历史；仍在发挥作用)，以及震后重建的汶川地震博物馆等。 相关信息 气候适宜；交通方便 注意：1.词数 100 左右； 2可根据内容要点适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。 参考词汇：省份 province；海水 lake；都江堰水利工程 Du Jiangyan Irrigation Project 审题谋篇 体裁 书信 话题 介绍旅游景点 时态 一般现在时为主 人称 第三人称为主 遣词造句 .词汇 1_名胜古迹 2_ 在某方面起到重要作用 3_ 旅游景点 4_ 便利的交通 5_ 富含 6_ 渴望 【答案】1.a place of interest2.play an important part in3.tourist attractions4.convenient transportations5.be rich in6.look forward to .句式 1Jiuzhaigou is wellknown for its beautiful lakes. Its water is clear and looks colourful.(用定语从句合并成一个句子) _ 【答案】Jiuzhaigou is wellknown for its beautiful lakes，of which the water is clear and looks colorful. 2Another attraction is Dujianyan Irrigation Project. - 7 - It was built over 2,000 years ago and is still playing an important part in irrigation today.(用定语从句合并成一个句子) _ 【答案】Another attraction is Dujiangyan Irrigation Project，which was built over 2,000 years ago and is still playing an important part in irrigation today. 妙笔成篇 _ _ _ _ _ 【参考范文】 Dear Nick， Im glad to hear that youre coming to Sichuan in August.Youve made the wise choice to travel here. Sichuan Province is rich in tourist attractions and enjoys many worldfamous places of interest，such as Jiuzhaigou and Du Jiangyan Irrigation Project. Jiuzhaigou is wellknown for its beautiful lakes，of which the water is clear and looks colorful.It can excite visitors imagination.Another attraction is Du Jiangyan Irrigation Project， which was built over 2,000 years ago and is still playing an important part in irrigation today.And the newlybuilt Wenchuan Earthquake Museum can make all the people present call for that breathtaking moment.Besides, the nice weather and convenient transportation here can make your trip more enjoyable. Im sure youll have a good time. Im looking forward to your coming. Yours sincerely， Li Hua 学业分层测评学业分层测评(三三) .完成句子 1最使我感到惊讶的是这个小女孩的小提琴拉得如此好。 _ was that the little girl could play the violin so well. 2劝说这样的人加入我们真是浪费时间。 - 8 - It is a waste of time _ us. 3乘宇宙飞船飞往月球一定很有趣。 It must be great fun _ in spacecraft. 4我父母一直认为我接受良好的教育非常重要。 My parents always _ my getting a good education. 5我们没走多远就迷路了。 We _ when we lost our way. 【答案】1.What surprised me most2.persuading such a person to join3.to fly to the moon4.attach great importance to5.hadnt walked far .阅读理解 A On the edge of the South Pole the land is still sleeping after a harsh and endless winter.The coming Antarctic summer will last for only four months, like a resemblance(有点像) of spring before the temperatures dive back down to the standard minus 40.This warmer climate，then，is eagerly awaited by millions of creatures that come here every year to summer on the polar beaches. This_plodding_(脚步沉重缓慢的)_little_fellow decided one fine day that he would get here before all the others.And，once again this year, hes the first.He has just spent eight months at sea，and needs to stretch its legs.It hasnt come here by chance； it travels here, like on a pilgrimage (朝圣者的施途)，every year.It was born on these rocks；it first mated here；it knows this island by heart.In short, its home. Most of the Adlie penguins arrive at the same time.They come from the sea.In two weeks, theyre all here，packed together on all the reasonably flat ground.They have but one obsession time.Summer is a race against the clock for them, but places are rare and bitterly fought over. The Adlie penguins are a little obsessive.They spend their time gathering stones.This is the first thing that the male does when they reach the colony，always shortly ahead of his mate.This mania (狂热) continues throughout the season.When the female joins him at the colony，she will be pleased to find her mate sitting on a sizeable mineral fortune.According to popular belief，the best males have the biggest nests. Once the mating ritual has been carried out, the couple devotes itself to its favorite - 9 - sport, stone hunting.And， as a sideline (副业)， stone stealing.This is an endless game.As soon as a penguin has its back turned, one of its neighbors is ready to relieve it of a few stones.In this manner, the stones are moved around the island from beak (鸟喙) to beak, from (the) victims nest, to the thiefs nest，and back again. 1What does “rush hours” refer to in the text? ATime for hurrying to journey. BWonderful time for stone hunting. CThe short and wonderful spring in Antarctic. DThe short and wonderful summer in Antarctic. 【解析】从第一段第一句得到信息：即将到来的南极的夏天只会停留四个月，和春天一样。之后气温又急剧下降至南极的常规气温零下四十摄氏度。因此，每年来南极沙滩度夏日的数百万动物都热切期待着暖和天气。 【答案】D 2“This plodding little fellow” in Paragraph 2 refers to _. Athe penguin Bthe Adlie penguin Cone of the Adlie penguin Dmale penguin 【解析】这里特指一只捷足先登的阿德利企鹅，从下文的今年它又一次捷足先登(And，once again this year，hes the first.)和下段开头“大部分阿德利企鹅都同时到达” (Most of the Adlie penguins arrive at the same time.)的对比可以得出答案。 【答案】C 3According to popular belief，the best male penguins have _. Athe biggest nests Bperfect figures (完美的身材) Cthe most beautiful nests Denough food 【解析】第四段最后一句 “According to popular belief， the best males have the biggest nests.”可知：企鹅普遍相信，只有最佳的雄性企鹅才会有最大的巢穴。 【答案】A - 10 - 4The stone hunting and stone stealing is not a game _. Athat has no end Bin which the stones are moved around the island from beak to beak，from(the) victims nest, to the thiefs nest, and back again Cwhich is penguins Dstarted after dinner 【解析】D 选项文章没有提到，其他选项在最后一段都能找到依据。 【答案】D B After moving to the United States，immigrant groups trying to fit in tend to choose high calorie fatty foods in an attempt to appear more American， a new study finds.Thats one reason why immigrants approach US levels of obesity within 15 years of moving to America. The researchers also did an experiment that measured whether or not the threat of appearing unAmerican influenced respondents food choices.After being questioned about their ability to speak English,75 percent of AsianAmericans identified a typical American food as their favorite.Only 25 percent of AsianAmericans who had not been asked if they spoke English did the same. When their American identity was called into question during a followup study，AsianAmerican participants also tended to choose typical American dishes，such as hamburgers and cheese sandwiches.In that experiment,55 AsianAmericans were asked to choose a meal from a local Asian or American restaurant.Some participants were told that only Americans could participate in the study.Those who chose the more typical American fare ended up consuming an extra 182 calories，including 12 grams of fat and 7 grams of saturated fat (饱和脂肪) “People who feel like they need to prove they belong to a culture will change their habits in an attempt to fit in，”said Sauna Cheryan，an author of the study and assistant professor of psychology at the University of Washington.“If immigrants and their children choose unhealthy American foods over healthier traditional foods across their lives，this process of fitting in could lead to poorer health，” Cheryan added. Social pressures ， the study concluded ， are at the heart of the problem.“In - 11 - American society today，being American is associated with being white.Americans，who dont fit this image even if they were born here and speak English ，feel that pressure to prove that theyre American，”said Cheryan. 5The author wants to show that_. Amore and more Asians enjoy highcalorie snacks Bimmigrants tend to eat American junk food to fit in Cmost Americans are at the risk of heart disease Dall the American people have a bad eating habit 【解析】写作意图题。本文是一篇研究报道，第一段是文章的中心段，根据本段第一句中的内容可知作者意在表明移民倾向于食用高能量食物以便融入美国社会。 【答案】B 6According to the survey，_. AAsianAmericans care less about their health B25 percent of Americans like junk food Cchoosing food is related to AsianAmericans situation Dimmigrants are forced to eat junk food 【解析】推理判断题。从第二段的研究可知，75%的被询问过英语能力的亚裔美国人将一种典型的美国食物看作他们的最爱，而只有 25%的没有被询问是否说英语的亚裔美国人这样做，由此可推断选择食物与亚裔美国人的处境有关。 【答案】C 7 The underlined word “fare” in Paragraph 3 most probably means “_” Afood offered as a meal Ba person taking a taxi Cmoney spent on food Dan arranged thing to do 【解析】词义猜测题。结合上文中的“In that experiment,55 AsianAmericans were asked to choose a meal from a local Asian or American restaurant.”以及画线词后面的内容可推知画线词表示的是“提供的食物” 。 - 12 - 【答案】A 8According to Sauna Cheryan，_. Awhat immigrants have done is ridiculous BAmerican traditional foods are healthier Cimmigrants risk their health in order to fit in United States DAmerican culture affects immigrants deeply 【解析】推理判断题。根据倒数第二段后半部分内容可推断此人认为移民不惜以健康为代价去融入美国社会。 【答案】C .语法填空 【导学号：72880031】 I still remember the happiest moment of my life.I decided to hold a party for my Italian friends while living in Florence， Italy.My friends didnt speak any English， and I vividly remember 1._(try) to only speak Italian in 2._ party.And then，someone asked me to tell a joke. I dont know if you know this，but 3._ (tell) jokes in another language is one of the 4._ (painful) experiences you can imagine. I began the joke.“Cera una volta (Once upon a time).” Halfway through the joke，I began to get nervous，so I suddenly forgot the Italian word.And 30 Italians were staring at me，5._ (wait) for the joke to end. At the last minute，I remembered and completed the joke.I waited for the sound of crickets.But instead I experienced a thunderous laugh and a round of applause.I had made 6._(dozen) of Italians laugh，in their country，in their language. 7_ today，that memory continues to be one of the 8._ (happy) moments Ive ever experienced.And its the reason 9._， over the last four years，I 10._ (study) languages and now speak five: English，Italian，Spanish，Portuguese，and German. 1trying考查非谓语动词。remember doing sth.“记得做过某事” 。此处表示作者回忆自己的往事。 2the考查定冠词。此处的 party 特指作者为意大利朋友举办的聚会，故用定冠词 the。 - 13 - 3telling考查非谓语动词。分析句子可知，此处需填动名词形式作主语。 4most painful考查形容词最高级。由空前的 one of the 可以判断，本题需填 painful 的最高级形式。 5waiting考查非谓语动词。wait for 意为“等待” ，Italians 与该动作之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系，所以用现在分词，表伴随。 6dozens考查名词的复数，dozens of 是固定表达，表示“许多” 。 7Until考查介词。由后面的 continues 可知，这个经历对于作者的影响持续到今天。until today“直到今天” 。 8happiest考查形容词最高级。由后面表示范围的定语从句 Ive ever experienced 可知，空格处应填 happy 的最高级。另外，空格前的 the 也暗示此处应填形容词最高级。 9 why考查关系副词。 先行词是 the reason， 关系词在从句中充当原因状语，故用 why。 10have studied考查时态。由时间状语 over the last four years 可知这里应用现在完成时。 .短文改错 One day I told Mr.Wang，our maths teacher，was ill.I was sorry for him and went to see him after the school.When I enter his room he struggled up to welcome me.I let him lay down again.Mr.Wang looked pale.I ask about his trouble.He said he was having a bad cold.Then he had a bad cough.After take some medicine he was getting better.He asked me that we liked the teacher who took place.When he heard everything was all right，I could see he was pleasant.Finally I asked him dont to worry about the work and have a good rest. 【答案】 One day I was told Mr.Wang，our maths teacher，was ill.I was sorry for him and went to see him after the school.When I enter entered his room he struggled up to welcome me.I let him lay lie down again.Mr.Wang looked pale.I ask asked about his trouble.He said - 14 - he was having a bad cold.Then he had a bad cough.After take taking some medicine he was getting better.He asked me that if/whether we liked the teacher who took his place.When he heard everything was all right， I could see he was pleasant pleased.Finally I asked him dont not to worry about the work and have a good rest.