2021-2022学年高中英语外研版选修8学案：Module 2 Section Ⅳ Grammar & Writing.pdf

- 1 - Section Grammar & Writing 非谓语动词 阅读下列句子并体会黑体部分的用法 1The teacher told us to do morning exercises. 2Its necessary for you to study hard. 3I have got used to living in the country. 4The building being built on the river is the Science Museum. 5The secretary worked late into the night，preparing a long speech for the president. 6Given more time，I can do my work better. 非谓语动词：是指在句中不能充当谓语，而是起其他语法功能的动词。非谓语动词有三种：动词不定式，动名词和分词(包括现在分词和过去分词)。非谓语动词没有人称和数的变化，但是有语态和时态的变化。 一、非谓语动词和基本形式 时态形式 主动式 被动式 一般式 to do to be done 完成式 to have done to have been done 不定式 进行式 to be doing 一般式 doing being done 动词ing 形式 完成式 having done having been done 动词ed 形式 一般式 done - 2 - 二、非谓语动语的用法 (一)作主语、宾语 1动词不定式或动词ing 形式作主语或宾语时，可用 it 作形式主语或形式宾语。 Eugenes never willing to alter any of his opinions.Its no use arguing with him. Nobody thinks it an easy job to have done so much in only one day. 2动词不定式和动词ing 形式作宾语比较： 有些动词(短语)后只能接 doing，如：admit，appreciate，avoid，consider，delay，enjoy，escape，finish，imagine，keep，miss，mention，practice，risk，suggest，feel like 等。 Lydia doesnt feel like studying abroad.Her parents are old. Bill suggested holding a meeting on what to do for the Shanghai Expo during the vacation. 有些动词后只能接 to do，如：agree，decide，expect，hope，manage，plan，pretend，refuse，threaten，wish 等。 David threatened to report his neighbour to the police if the damages were not paid. I cant stand working with Jane in the same office.She just refuses to stop talking while she works. 有些动词后接 doing 和 to do 都可以，且意思差别细微或没差别，如：begin，start，hate，like，love，continue 等；但另一些词差别很大，如：forget，try，remember，mean，stop，regret 等。 I still remember being taken to the Famen Temple and what I saw there. His father didnt remember to lock the door before he left home，so a thief broke in and stole many things. 动词 need，require，want 作“需要”解时，其后须用动词ing 形式的主动形式或不定式的被动形式作宾语。 As you know，the young tree needs watering/to be watered once in a while；otherwise，it would die soon. (二)作表语 动词ing 形式作表语表示一般或抽象的习惯性动作， 也可以说明主语的特征和- 3 - 性质，相当于形容词。不定式作表语表示具体的或一次性的动作，特别是将来的动作。过去分词作表语表示主语的状态：及物动词的过去分词作表语，有被动和完成的意味；不及物动词的过去分词作表语，只表完成。 Up to now，he has really realized that helping others is helping himself. The news that he has got the first prize in the English contest is inspiring. His wish is to be a teacher in a small village， though many people dont want to be. (三)作宾补、主补 1作宾补的过去分词，大都来自及物动词，与宾语是被动关系。动词ing 形式作宾补，与宾语是主动关系。 Even the best writers sometimes find themselves lost for words. Alexander tried to get this work recognized in the medical circles. Listen！Do you hear someone calling for help? 2在感官动词和某些使役动词后作宾补的不定式不带 to，但转换为被动结构时，其后作主补的不定式一般需带 to。 My parents have always made me feel good about myself，even when I was twelve. The boy was made to go to bed early. 3with 复合结构 with宾语宾语补足语，构成 with 复合结构，宾语可以是名词或代词，宾语补足语可以是动词不定式、过去分词、动词ing 形式等。不定式与前面的名词或代词是主动关系，表示动作还没发生；过去分词与前面的名词或代词是被动关系，表示动作已经发生 ； 动词ing 形式与前面的名词或代词是主动关系，表示动作正在进行。 With no one to turn to in such a frightening situation，she felt very helpless. The living room is clean and tidy，with a dining table already laid for a meal to be cooked. Come on，please give me some ideas about the project. Sorry.With so much work filling my mind，I almost break down. (四)作定语 1不定式作定语有三种情况： 与所修饰的词是逻辑上的动宾关系。 - 4 - I have a lot of readings to complete before the end of this term. His first book to be published next month is based on a true story. 与所修饰的词是逻辑上的主谓关系。 The last one to arrive pays the meal. Agreed! 与所修饰的词是同位关系。 The ability to express an idea is as important as the idea itself. That is the only way we can imagine to reduce the overuse of water in students bathrooms. 2过去分词作定语，与所修饰的词是逻辑上的动宾关系。 The players selected from the whole country are expected to bring us honor in this summer game. 3动词ing 形式作定语，被修饰词表示用途的是动名词，说明被修饰词的性质的是现在分词。动名词一般置于被修饰词前，而单个的现在分词一般前置，分词短语要后置。 When he came home，he found his old friend Tom waiting for him in the living room. China is a fast developing country. On receiving a phone call from his wife saying she had a fall ， Mr.Gordon immediately rushed home from his office. (五)作状语 1不定式作状语，常表示原因、结果、条件、目的等。不定式作结果状语时，往往表示未曾预料到的或令人不快的结果，不定式前常加 only。 Simon made a big bamboo box to keep the little sick bird till it could fly. He hurried to the booking office only to be told that all the tickets had been sold out. 2过去分词作状语，表示主语是过去分词动作的承受者。 Seen from the top of the tower，the south foot of the mountain is a sea of trees. 3动词ing 形式作状语，表示主语是动词ing 形式动作的发出者，常表示时间、伴随、原因、结果、方式、条件等。当表示动作发生在谓语动词动作之前时，要用完成式 having done。 - 5 - Approaching the city centre，we saw a stone statue of about 10 metres in height. The retired man donated most of his savings to the school damaged by the earthquake in Yushu，enabling the students to return to their classrooms. Lots of rescue workers were working around the clock， sending supplies to Yushu，Qinghai Province after the earthquake. Dina，having struggled for months to find a job as a waitress，finally took a position at a local advertising agency. 4独立主格结构作状语 独立主格的构成：名词或代词(主格)不定式/动词ing 形式/过去分词等，在句中多作状语，表示时间、原因、结果等。 The country has already sent up three unmanned spacecraft， the most recent having been launched at the end of last March. The children went home from the grammar school，their lessons finished for the day. 名师点津动词ing 形式一般表示句子主语的动作，但作句子状语、说明说话人的看法时，则情况不是这样。 Judging by the direction of the wind，it wont rain today. Generally speaking，the more expensive the camera，the better its quality. .单句语法填空 1 (2016浙江高考)I had as much fun sailing the seas as I now do _(work) with students. 2(2016天津高考)The cooling wind swept through our bedroom windows，_(make) air conditioning unnecessary. 3I find some students in this school often _(punish) by the teachers. 4_(live) in London for years, I almost know every place quite well. 5They havent agreed on whether _(build) a factory here or not. 【答案】1.working2.making3.punished 4Having lived5.to build .单句改错 1Im looking forward to see her again in the near future. 【导学号：72880007】 - 6 - _ 2The man made all the workers to work fifteen hours a day. _ 3You had better not to miss the chance to enjoy it. _ 4She tried to make herself understand in English. _ 5When I entered the room，I saw him seating at the back of the room. _ 【答案】1.seeseeing2.去掉 to3.去掉第一个 to4.understand understood5.seatingseated 如何写日记 日记是用来记述自己一天生活中所发生的有意义的事情或用来抒发自己当天对某些事情的感受以及自己将来的打算。其素材应是最有趣或最有感受的一些事情，体裁可以是记叙文、应用文、说明文、议论文等各种形式，也可以把以上文体结合起来使用。一般篇幅不宜过长。 写日记的过程中要注意以下几点： 英语日记一般记录某一天发生的事情，或者是自己感受最深的一件事，如一节课、一次郊游活动、一场晚会、一场体育比赛等。也可是观看某场电影、某部电视剧或阅读某一篇文章后的体会等。写英语日记要注意下面几点： 1日记写作格式 英语日记的格式与中文日记大体一样。英语日记通常由两部分组成，即书端和正文。书端指写日记的日期、星期和天气。英语日记的书端顶格写在正文上方的左边。先写星期，再写日期。日期的写法与书信的相同。天气可写在正文的右上方或写在日期之后，通常用形容词，如：Fine，Cloudy，Rainy，Windy，Foggy等。 2时态 - 7 - 写日记的时间一般是在下午或晚上，有时也会在第二天补记。所记叙的事情通常发生在过去，所以常用一般过去时。但如果要记叙天气、描写景色、展望未来、议论某事或对话引语等，可以使用一般现在时或一般将来时，以生动再现当时的情景。 3写作文体 英语日记正文可以是叙事、描述、说明、议论等各种形式，但主题要突出。整篇日记要围绕一个主题来展开。切忌面面俱到，记流水账。因此，要精心选择内容，记下最有意义的、感受最深的内容。英语日记的语言表达要贴切，遣词造句要符合语法和英语习惯表达。切忌用汉语句式表达。如果我们不能用已学的语言知识来表达某种意思，最好换一种同义的表达法。 4英语日记中的缩写与省略 英语写作中经常会有缩略语，比如：Nov.(November)，Apr.(April)，e.g.(for example)等各种形式的缩略语。 亮点句式 1 The time passed quickly.Before we knew it， we had to say goodbye and get back home. 2A good idea struck me. 3A new thought occurred to me. 4I had a pleasant time today. 5Such was my first experience of life that I will keep in mind forever. 6From the experience，we learned that. 7We had such a good time that we didnt realize it was very late. 8As soon as we got there，we were divided into several groups. 9I had an unforgetable trip to Cambridge today. 10Although I was tired，I spent the most exciting day in my life. 写作任务 根据下列内容，以第一人称形式用英语写一篇日记。 星期一，10 月 6 日下午，风和日丽，我与李红一起走在回家的路上，突然听到呼救声，我们发现一个小女孩在河水中挣扎。李红连衣服都没来得及脱就跳入- 8 - 水中，她艰难地把落水的女孩拖上河岸。平时，李红学习努力，尊敬老师，与同学们相处得不错，总是乐于助人。她为我们树立了好榜样，我们应该向她学习。 审题谋篇 体裁 日记 话题 叙述好人好事 时态 一般过去时 人称 第一人称和第三人称 遣词造句 .词汇 1_在某人回家的路上 2_ 呼救声 3_ 乐于助人 4_ 奋力做某事 【答案】1.on ones way home2.a cry for help3.be ready/willing to help others4.take great trouble to do sth. .句式 1 This afternoon， after school we were on our way home， we suddenly heard a cry for help.(用 when 合并成一个句子) _ 【答案】This afternoon，after school we were on our way home when we suddenly heard a cry for help. 2We found a little girl. She was struggling in the river.(用分词作宾补合并成一个句子) _ 【答案】We found a little girl struggling in the river. 3 My classmate Li Hong jumped into the water， She didnt take off her clothes.(用without 合并成一个句子) _ 【答案】My classmate Li Hong jumped into the river without taking off her clothes. - 9 - 妙笔成篇 _ _ _ _ 【参考范文】 October 6th，MondaySunny and warm This afternoon，after school we were on our way home when we suddenly heard a cry for help.We found a little girl struggling in the river.My classmate Li Hong jumped into the water without taking off her clothes.She took great trouble to pull the girl to the bank.With her help，the girl was saved. Li Hong is a good student at school.She studies hard， respects the teachers and gets on well with us.She is always ready to help others.She is loved by us.She has set a good example to us.We should learn from her. 学业分层测评学业分层测评(六六) .完成句子 1站在门口的那个人是我们的英语老师。 The man_is our English teacher. 2车辆噪音很大，我无法让人听到我的声音。 I couldnt _above the noise of the traffic. 3有人看到了我妹妹过了桥。 My sister_ the bridge. 4我认为学好英语很有必要。 I think it necessary _English well. 5完成了所有的任务后，我们去看了电影。 _all the tasks，we went to the cinema. 【答案】1.standing at the gate2.make myself heard3.was seen to cross4.to learn 5Having finished .阅读理解 - 10 - A Michelangelo Buonarroti was born in Caprese，Italy on March 6,1475.He was still young when his family moved to Florence where Michelangelo grew up.His mother died when he was only six years old.Growing up in Florence during the Italian Renaissance was the perfect stage of young Michelangelos life.Even as a child all he wanted to do was painting and to be an artist. At the age of thirteen, he went to learn from Domenico Ghirlandaio，who was not only a painter but also an artist.Michelangelos talents became apparent as he worked for Domenico.Within a year or so Domenico sent him to the powerful Medici family to continue his training under the sculptor (雕刻家) Bertoldo di Geovanni.Michelangelo was able to work with some of the finest artists and philosophers of the time.During the next few years，Michelangelo produced many famous sculptures including Madonna of the Steps，Battle of the Centaurs and Bacchus. In 1496 Michelangelo moved to Rome.A year later he was asked to make a sculpture called The Pieta.It would become one of the masterpieces of Renaissance art.Today this sculpture sits in St.Peters Basilica in the Vatican.It is the only piece of art that Michelangelo signed. Michelangelos fame (名声) as a great artist began to grow.He returned to Florence and was asked to create a large statue of David.It took him a couple of years to finish the giant statue.The piece of marble ( 大 理 石 ) he began with was very tall and thin.Many people didnt think he could do much with it.He worked without letting anyone see it until it was finished.David became Michelangelos most famous work of art.It is thirteen feet tall and is the largest statue made since Ancient Rome.It is considered by many experts in art to be a nearly perfect sculpture.Today the statue sits at the Academy of Fine Arts in Florence，Italy. 【语篇解读】米开朗基罗是意大利文艺复兴时期著名的艺术家，本文向我们介绍了一些他的生平事迹。 1. What can we learn about Michelangelo as a young child? A. He lived a very hard life. BHe showed great interest in art. CHe wanted to go to Florence very much. DHe didnt have much time to learn painting. - 11 - 【解析】推理判断题。根据第一段的“Even as a child all he wanted to do was painting and to be an artist”可推断，米开朗基罗小时候就对艺术很感兴趣。 【答案】B 2. Michelangelo was sent to work under the sculptor Bertoldo di Geovanni most probably because _. A. Michelangelo had lost his interest in painting BDomenico didnt think Michelangelo had a gift for painting C. Bertoldo di Geovanni offered to show Michelangelo sculptures DDomenico wanted Michelangelo to make better use of his gift there 【解析】推理判断题。 根据第二段的 “Michelangelos talents became apparent as he worked for Domenico.Within a year or so Domenico sent him to the powerful Medici family to continue his training under the sculptor( 雕 刻 家 )Bertoldo di Geovanni.”可推断，Domenico 是为了米开朗基罗能更好地利用自己的天赋才把他送到 Bertoldo di Geovanni 那里去工作的。 【答案】D 3. What sculpture by Michelangelo will you see in St.Peters Basilica? ABacchus. BThe Pieta. CMadonna of the Steps. DBattle of the Centaurs. 【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段的“A year later he was asked to make a sculpture called The Pieta. It would become one of the masterpieces of Renaissance art.Today this sculpture sits in St.Peters Basilica in the Vatican.”可知，应选 B。 【答案】B 4. When Michelangelo began his work on creating a large statue of David，many people _. A. couldnt wait to make fun of his work Bthought he would finish it within months Cknew it would be his most famous work of art Ddidnt think he would make good use of it 【解析】细节理解题。根据第四段的“Many people didnt think he could do - 12 - much with it.”可知，一开始很多人认为那块大理石不适合雕刻那个作品。 【答案】D B (2016四川高考)In the depths of the French Guianese rainforest，there still remain unusual groups of indigenous (土著的) people.Surprisingly， these people live largely by their own laws and their own social customs.And yet，people in this area are in fact French citizens because it has been a colony (殖民地) of the French Republic since 1946.In theory，they should live by the French law.However，their remote locations mean that the French law is often ignored or unknown，thus making them into an interesting area of “lawlessness” in the world. The lives of these people have finally been recorded thanks to the efforts of a Frenchman from Paris called Gin.Gin spent five months in early 2015 exploring the most remote corners of this area， which sits on the edge of the Amazonrainforest， with half its population of only 250,000 living in its capital，Cayenne. “I have a special love for the French Guianese people.I have worked there on and off for almost ten years，”says Gin.“Ive been able to keep firm friendships with them.Thus I have been allowed to gain access to their living environment.I dont see it as a lawless land.But rather I see it as an area of freedom.” “I wanted to show the audience a photographic record touching upon the uncivilized life，”continues Gin.“I prefer to work in black and white，which allows me to show different specific worlds more clearly.” His blackandwhite pictures present a world almost lost in time.These pictures show people seemingly pushed into a world that they were unprepared for.These local citizens now have to balance their traditional selfsupporting hunting lifestyle with the lifestyle offered by the modern French Republic ， which brings with it not only necessary state welfare，but also alcoholism，betrayal and even suicide. 【语篇解读】本文是一篇记叙文。在法国圭亚那地区的热带雨林深处居住着一群土著居民。他们虽然是法国公民，却按照自己的方式生活。一位摄影家的照片使这群土著居民进入公众视野，也使他们逐渐受到现代的法国生活方式的影响。 5Why does the author feel surprised about the indigenous people in French - 13 - Guiana? AThey seldom follow the French law. BThey often ignore the Guianese law. CThey are separated from the modern world. DThey are both Guianese and French citiz