中考英语知识点归纳.doc
如有侵权,请联系网站删除,仅供学习与交流中考英语知识点归纳【精品文档】第 23 页新课标中考英语知识点归类短语、词组归纳 由动词开头构成的短语、词组很多。复习时应分类处理: 一、动词+介词 1look at看,look like 看上去像, look after 照料 2listen to听 3welcome to欢迎到 4say hello to 向问好 5speak to对说话 此类短语相当于及物动词,其后必须带宾语,但宾语无论是名词还是代词,都要放在介词之后。如:This is my new bike. Please look it after.(×)This is my new bike. Please look after it.() 二、动词+副词 “动词+副词”所构成的短语义分为两类: A动词(vt.)+副词 1put on 穿上 2take off脱下 3write down记下 此类短语可以带宾语,宾语若是名词,放在副词前后皆可;宾语若是人称代词,只能放在副词的前面。试比较:First listen to the tape, then write down the answer/write the answer down. ()First listen to the answer, then write down it.(×)First listen to the answer, then write it down.() B动词(vi)+副词。 1come on赶快 2get up起床 3go home回家 4come in进来 5sit down坐下 6stand up起立 此类短语属于不及物动词,不可以带宾语。 三、其它类动词词组1.close the door 2.1ook the same 3.go to work/class 4.be ill 5.have a look/seat 6.have supper 7.1ook young 8.go shopping 9.watch TV/games 10. play games介词短语聚焦 “介词+名词/代词”所构成的短语称为介词短语。现将Unitsl-16常用的介词短语按用法进行归类。 1in+语言/颜色/衣帽等,表示使用某种语言或穿着。如:in English,in the hat 2in + Row/ Team/ Class/ Grade等,表示“在排/队/班级/年级”等。 3in the morning/ afternoon/ evening/ 表示“在上午/下午/傍晚”等一段时间。 4in the desk/ pencil-box/bedroom 等表示“在书桌/铅笔盒/卧室里”。5in the tree表示“在树上 (非树本身所有)”;on the tree表示“在树上(为树本身所有)”。如:There are some in the tree. There are many apples on the trees. 6in the wall表示“在墙上(凹陷进去)”;on the wall表示“在墙上(指墙的表面)”。如:Therere four windows in the wall, and there is a map on the back wall. 7at work(在工作)/at school(上学)/at home(在家)应注意此类短语中无the。8at + 时刻表示钟点。如:at six, at half , past ten. 9like this/that表示方式,意为“像这/那样”。10of短语表示所属关系。如:a picture of a classroom, a map of China. 11behind/ beside/ near/ under+ 名词等,表示方位、处所。如:beside/ near the door, under/ behind the tree. 12from与to多表示方向,前者意为“从”,后者意为“到”。如:from one to ten, (go) to school/ bed/ work. 另外,以下这些短语也必须掌握。如:on duty, after breakfast, at night, at the door, in the middle, in the sky, on ones bike等。重点句型大回放1I think意为“我认为”,是对某人或某事的看法或态度的一种句型。其否定式常用I dont think,如:I think hes Mr Zhinag. (L17)I dont think you are right. 2give sth. to sb./ give sb. sth. 意为“把给”,动词give之后可接双宾语,可用这两种句型;若指物的宾语是人称代词时,则只能用give it/ them to sb. 如:His parents give him a nice purse./His parents give a nice purse to him. Give it to Mr Hu.(L57)3take sb./ sth. to意为“把(送)带到”,后常接地点,也可接人。如:Please take the new books to the classroom.4One, the other/One isand one is意为“一个是;另一个是”,必须是两者中。如:One is red and one is grey.(L50)或 One is red, the other is grey.5Let sb. do sth. 意为“让某人做某事”,人后应用不带to的动词不定式,其否定式为Dont let sb,do sth.,或Let sb. not do sth. 另外,Lets 与Let us的含义不完全相同,前者包括听者在内,后者不包括听者在内,如:Lets go for a walk./Let us try once more, please.6help sb. (to) do sth./help sb. with sth.意为“帮助某人做某事”,前者用不定式作宾补,后者用介词短语作宾补,二者可以互换。如:Let me help you find it.(L42)/Let me help you with it.7What about?/How about?意为“怎么样?”是用来询问或征求对方的观点、意见、看法等。about为介词,其后须接名词、代词或V-ing等形式。如:What/How playing chess? 8Its time to do/ Its time for sth. 意为“该做的时间了”,其中to后须接原形动词,for后可接名词或V-ing形式。如:Its time to have supper. =Its time for supper.9like to do sth./like doing sth.意为“喜欢做某事”,如:Li Lei and his friends like to play in the tree house. (L 43)前一种句型侧重具体的一次性的动作;后一种句型侧重习惯性的动作,试比较:Tom likes swimming, but doesnt like to swim this afternoon. 10ask sb.(not) to do sth. 意为“让某人(不要)做某事”,其中ask sb.后应接动词不定式,如:Ask your friends to guess what is in it. (L44)11show sb. sth. / show sth. to do. 意为“把某物给某人看”,该句型的用法同前面第2点。如:Show your friend your family photo.(L36)/Show your family photo to your friend. 12introduce sb. to sb. 意为“把某人介绍给另一人”;introduce to sb.则是“向某人作介绍”。如:Introduce your family to her. 重点短语快速复习 1.kinds of 各种各样的 2. eitheror或者或者,不是就是 3. neithernor既不也不4. Chinese tea without, anything in it 中国清茶5. take a seat 就坐6. home cooking 家常做法7. be famous for 因而著名8. on ones way to在途中9. be sick/ill in hospital生病住院10. at the end of在的尽头,在的末尾11. wait for 等待12. in time 及时13. make ones way to往(艰难地)走去14. just then 正在那时15. first of all 首先,第一16. go wrong 走错路17. be/get lost 迷路18. make a noise 吵闹,喧哗19. get on 上车20. get off 下车21. stand in line 站队22. waiting room 候诊室,候车室23. at the head of在的前头24. laugh at 嘲笑25. throw about 乱丢,抛散26. in fact 实际上27. at midnight 在半夜28. have a good time=enjoy oneself玩得愉快29. quarrel with sb. 和某人吵架30. take ones temperature 给某人体温31. have/get a pain in某处疼痛32. have a headache 头痛33. as soon as 一就34. feel like doing sth. 想要干某事35. stopfrom doing sth. 阻止干某事36. fall asleep 入睡37. again and again再三地,反复地38. wake up 醒来,叫醒39. instead of 代替40. look over 检查41. take exercise运动42. had better(not) do sth. 最好(不要)干某事43. at the weekend 在周末44. on time 按时45. out of从向外46. all by oneself 独立,单独47. lots of=a lot of 许多48. no longer/more=notany longer/more 不再49. get back 回来,取回50. sooner or later迟早51. run away 逃跑52. eat up 吃光,吃完53. run after 追赶54. take sth. with sb. 某人随身带着某物55. take(good) care of=look after(well)(好好)照顾,照料56. think of 考虑到,想起57. keep a diary 坚持写日记58. leave one by oneself 把某人单独留下59. harder and harder 越来越厉害60. turn on打开(电灯、收音机、煤气等)61. turn off 关重温重点句型1So + be助动词情牵动词主语前面陈述的肯定情况也适于另一人(物)时,常用到这种倒装结构,表示“另一人(物)也如此。”前面陈述的否定情况也适于另一人(物)时,常用“Neither/ Nor + be助动词情态动词+主语”这种倒装结构。例如:He likes playing basketball, and so do I. 他喜欢打篮球,我也喜欢。Kate cant speak Chinese, and I neither/ nor can Jim凯特不会说汉语。吉姆也不会。注意:“So+主语+be助动词情态动词”这一句型常用于表示赞同,进一步肯定对方的看法,表示“的确如此。”“是呀。”例如:一Basketball is very popular game in America篮球在美国是一项很受欢迎的运动。一So it is的确如此。2Turn rightleft at the firstsecondcrossing.这一指路的句型意为“在第一二个十字路口向右左拐。”相当于Take the first secondturning on therightleft. 例如:一Can you tell me the way to the nearest post office?你能告诉我去最近的邮局的路吗?一Walk along this road,and turn left at the third crossing. 沿着这条路走,在第三个路口向左拐。3It takes sbsome time to do sth此句型表示“干某事花了某人一段时间。”其中的it是形式主语,后面的动词不定式(短语)才是真正的主语。例如:It took me half an hour to finish the hard work完成这项艰巨的工作花了我半个小时。4thinkfind + it + adj. + to do sth.此句型中的it是形式宾语,不可用其它代词替代,形容词作宾语的补足语,后面的动词不定式(短语)才是真正的宾语。例如:I found it important to learn English well. 我发现学好英语很重要。5Whats wrong with?此句型相当于Whats the matter/ trouble with?后跟某物作宾语时,意为“某物出什么毛病了?”后跟某人作宾语时,意为“某人怎么了?”例如:Whats wrong with your bike?你的自行车出什么毛病了?一Its broken它坏了。Whats wrong with you?你怎么了?一I have a pain in my head我头痛。6tooto在sothat复合句中,that后的句子是否定句时,常与简单句tooto(太而不能)进行句型转换。例如:He is so young to go to school(改为简单句)He is too young to go to school在sothat复合句中,that后的句子是肯定句时,常与简单句enough to进行句型转换。例如:This maths problem was so easy that we could work it out. (改为简单句)This maths problem was easy enough for us to work out. 7Sorry to hear that.全句应为Im sorry to hear that. 意为“听到此事我很难过(遗憾)。”常用于对别人的不幸表示同情、遗憾之意。例如:My mother is ill, so I have to look after her at home. 我母亲病了,因此我必须在家照看她。Sorry to hear that.听到此事我很难过。 重点句型、词组大盘点1. She used to be a Chinese teacher. 她过去是一位汉语老师。用法 used to + 动词原形,表示过去经常性的动作或存在的状态,含有现在不再如此之意。搭配 used to do的否定式可以是usednt to do或didnt use to do. 比较 used to do sth. 过去常做某事;be/ get used to doing sth. 习惯于做某事;be used to do sth. 被用来做某事。举例 1) I used to read in bed.我过去总是躺在床上看书。2)Did he use to work into the night? 或 Used he to work into the night?他以前总是工作到深夜吗?3)I am used to getting up early.我习惯早起。4)Knives are used to cut things.刀是用来削东西的。2.return it sooner or later.迟早要将它归还。用法l)sooner or later意为“迟早”、“早晚”。 2)return此处用作及物动词,意为“归还”,相当于give back.拓展return还可用作不及物动词,意为“返回”,相当于go back或come back。举例l)He will find his shortcoming sooner or later.他迟早会发现他的缺点的。2)When will you return to your hometown? 什么时候回老家?nbsp;3)I have returned the book to the library. 我已经把书还给图书馆了。3.No matter what the weather is like无论天气用法no matter what 相当于whatever,其意为“无论什么”,引导状语从句。拓展类似no matter what的表达方式还有:no matter when无论什么时候nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;no matter where无论什么地方no matter who无论谁no matter how 无论怎么样举例l)No matter what he does,nbsp; he always tries to do it well.无论做什么事,他总是力求做好。2)No matter what happens, I will take your side.无论发生什么事,我都将支持你。3)No matter who gives a talk, we shall listen carefully.无论谁做报告,我们都应当认真听。4)No matter how he goes to work, he is never late.无论怎么样去上班,他从不迟到。4. A young man practised speaking English with Mr. Green. 一位年经人与格林先生练习讲英语。用法practise doing sth. 表示“实践、练习(做)某事”。拓展practice名词,“实践”、“实施”、“练习”;put a plan into practice实行某计划。举例l)The boy practised making a new sound. 那男孩练习发出新的声音。2)She practised the piano two hours every day.她每天练习两个小时的钢琴。3)We have laid the plan and now we must put it into practice. 我们已经制订出计划,现在必须实施。5. He encouraged everyone to take part in protecting our lakes, rivers, seas and oceans. 他鼓励大家参加保护我们的湖泊、河流和海洋的活动。用法1)encourage用作动词,意思是“鼓励”、“支持”。2)take part in“参加”,常表示参加活动。3)protect 是动词,表示“防御”、“保护”。搭配1)encourage sb. in sth.在某事上鼓励或支持某人nbsp;encourage sb. to do sth.鼓励某人干某事2)protect sh. from sth.使某人不受某事侵袭或伤害比较1)My parents encourage me in my studies. 我父母亲经常鼓励我学习。2)The school encouraged the students to practise using the computers.校方鼓励学生练习使用计算机。3)Will you take part in the English contest?你准备参加英语竞赛活动吗?4)The vegetables were well protected from the cold.这些蔬莱被保护得好而没受冻。6. to warn people about sharks in the water. 警告人们当心水里的鲨鱼。用法 warn用作动词,意思是“警告”、“警戒”。搭配1)warn sb.+ that从句nbsp;nbsp;2)warn sb. of sth. 警告某人某事3)warn sb. to do sth.告诫某人做某事4)warn sb. against(doing) sth.告诫某人当心某事/不要做某事举例1)I warned him that snakes were dangerous. 我警告他,蛇很危险。 2)We are trying to warn children the dangers of smoking.我们正试图警告孩子们吸烟的危害。3)Dr Synes warned me to give up my drinking.Synes 大夫劝我戒酒。4)The notice warned people against swimming in the pool.公告告诫人们不要在池塘里游泳新目标初中英语十大词类复习全功略I词法 英语中的词可以根据词义、语法功能和形式特征分为十大类,即名词(noun)、代词(pronoun)、形容词(adjective)、副词(adverb)、动词(verb)、数词(numeral)、冠词(article)、介词(preposition)、连词(conjunctions)和感叹词(interjection)。 一、名词(n) 表示人、事物或抽象概念的名称的词 (一)名词的分类 名词分为普通名词和专有名词,其中普通名词包括可数名词和不可数名词,可数名词可用作单数,也可用作复数。 可数名词包括个体名词(表示一类人或物的个体。如:boy,desk,cat,window)和集体名词(由若干个体组成的集合体。如:family,class,police)。 不可数名词包括物质名词(表示无法分为个体的实物。如:water,paper,silk,money)和抽象名词(表示性质、行为、状态、感情或其它抽象概念。如:work,happiness,music,difficulty,housework) 专有名词表示个人、地方、机构、组织等。如:Tom,the Great Wall,the Spring Festival,France,the United States) (二)名词的数 1可数名词有单数和复数两种形式,其复数形式的构成主要有以下几种: (1)一般情况下,在词尾加s。 egbookbooks,dogdogs,penpens,boyboys 以轻辅音结尾的名词后的s的读音为s),以浊辅音和元音结尾名词后的s读音为。 (2)以s,x,ch,sh结尾的词名词变复数时,要在词尾加es。 egbeachbeaches,brushbrushes,busbuses,boxboxes(es读音为 (3)以“辅音字母y”结尾的名词,先变y为i,再加es。egcitycities,familyfamilies,documentarydocumentaries,countrycountries,strawberrystrawberries(ies读音为iz) (注:以“元音字母+y”结尾的词,直接在词尾加-s。egboys,holidays,days) (4)以元音字母。结尾的名词,变复数时情况如下: 加egtomatotomatoes,potatopotatoes 结尾是两个元音字母的加s,egZoozoos,radioradios 某些外来词变复数时词尾加s,eg. pianopianos 一些名词的缩写形式变复数时,词尾加s,egphoto(photograph)photos,kilo(kilogram)kilos zero变复数时,既可加s,也可加 egzeroszeroes (5)以f或fe结尾的名词变复数时,先把f或fe变为v,再加es。 egwifewives,leaf leaves,halfhalves,knifeknives,thief-thieves(res读音为vz (注意:roof的复数为roofs; scarf的复数为scarfsscarves) (6)有些名词由单数变复数时,不是在词尾加s或es,而是变换其中的字母, egmanmen,womanwomen,policemanpolicemen,EnglishmanEnglishmen,FrenchmanFrenchmen, footfeet, toothteeth, childchildren,mousemice,oxoxen(公牛) (7)还有一些名词的单数和复数形式相同。 egChinese,Japanese,sheep,deer,fish (8)另一些名词本身即是复数形式,不可用作单数。 eg,people,police,trousers,pants,clothes,scissors 另外,当一个名词作定语说明另一个名词时,这个名词一般用单数。 egan apple tree,five apple trees,a girl friend,two girl friends,a twin sister 但是,当man和woman作定语修饰复数名词时,就要用其复数形式。 egtwo men teachers,three women doctors 可用“量词+of+名词复数”这一结构表示可数名词的数量。 eg.a room Of students,two boxes Of pencils 2不可数名词一般没有复数形式,它的“量”的表示方式如下。 (1)表不定数量时,一般用much,(a)little,a lot oflots of,some,any等词修饰。 eg,much money,a little bread (2)表确定数量时,一般用“数词+量词+of+不可数名词。如:twothree+量词复数十of+不可数名词。 ega bag Of rice,two glasses Of milk,four bottles Of water 3有些名词既可作可数名词也可作不可数名词,但词义有所不同。 eg: fruit水果fruits表示不同种类的水果;food食物foods各种食品;fish鱼fishes鱼的种类;drink饮料、酒a drink一杯一份饮料、一杯酒; cloth布,a cloth桌布、抹布; sand沙sands沙滩; tea茶a tea一杯茶;chicken鸡肉a chicken小鸡;orange橘汁an orange橘子; glass玻璃a glass玻璃杯,glasses眼镜; paper纸a paper试卷、论文;wood木头a wood小森林;room空间、余地a room房间 (三)名词的所有格(表示人或物的所属关系) (1)有生命的名词所有格以及表示时间、距离、城镇、国家等的名词所有格。 不是以s结尾的名词变成所有格时,在词尾加s。 egMikes watch;Womens Day 以s结尾的名词变成所有格时,只加。 egteachers office,students rooms 两个或两个以上名词并列,表示共同所有,只需在最后一个名词后加s。 egTom and Mikes room汤姆和迈克的房间(表示汤姆和迈克共有一间房) 两个或两个以上名词并列,表示分别所有,需在几个名词后都加s。 eg. Marys and Jennys bikes玛丽和詹妮的自行车(表示玛丽和詹妮各自的自行车) (2)无生命的事物的名词所有格常用of结构 ega map Of China,the beginning Of this game,the door Of the room (3)特殊形式 可用s和of短语表示的名词所有格 egthe boys name=the name Of the boy(男孩的名字) the dogs legs=the legs of the dog(狗的腿) Chinas population=the population Of China(中国的人口) Chinas capital=the capital of China(中国的首都) 双重所有格 ega fiend of my mothers我妈妈的一个朋友 a picture of Toms汤姆的一张图片 二、代词(pron)代替名词,兼有名词和形容词的作用 相互代词 each other,one another 指示代词 this,that,these,those 不定代词(不指明特定的人或事物的代词)each,every,both,all,either,neither,none,no,one,(a)few,(a)little,some,any,many,much,other,another 复合不定代词everybody,somebody,anybody,nobody,everyone,someone,anyone,no one,every-thing,something,anything, nothing 疑问代词 what,who,whom,which,whose 直接代词 疑问代词都可作连接代词,引导宾语从句表语从句等。 关系代词 who,whom,whose,that,which用引导定语从句。 (二)代词的用法 1.人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、相互代词和指示代词的用法 (1)人称代词有主格和宾格之分,主格用来作主语,宾格用来作动词或介词的宾语等。 eg. She gavea red apple她给了我一个红苹果: (She作主语,me作动词宾语) Kathyis near him凯西靠近他。(介词near的宾语) 2,物主代词有形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词之分。 形容词性物主代词位于名词前:theirschool,his backpack 名词性物主代词相当干一个名词,在句中可作主语、宾语等,后面不能再接名词。 eIt isntmypenMine(=my pen) is missing(作主语) IleftmypenathomeYoucanusehers(=herpen),(作宾语) "of+名词性物主代词”属双重所有格的一种形式。 eg.a cat of hers她的一条狗,a friend of yours你的一个朋友 (3)反身代词 反身代词在句中可作同位语,起强调作用,也可作动词或介词的宾语。 egA few days later,I myself had to go to Paris(作同位语) She bought herself a new bag(作动词宾语) He's not worried about himself(作介词宾语) 带有反身代词的常用短语。 teach oneself自学 help oneself to随便吃些吧 say to oneself自言自语 learnby oneself自学 enjoy oneself过得愉快 leave one by oneself把某人单独留下 hurt oneself伤了自己 dress oneself自己穿衣服 come to oneself苏醒过来 (4)相互代词 表示