高中英语动词的时态和语态讲解.doc

如有侵权，请联系网站删除，仅供学习与交流高中英语动词的时态和语态讲解【精品文档】第 9 页动词的时态和语态用法详解 在英语中，不同时间里发生的动作或存在的状态需要用动词的不同形式表示出来，动词的这种不同形式就构成了动词的时态。英语中的时态按动作发生时间分为现在时态、过去时态、将来时态一、时态的分类和基本构成形式现在时一般现在时do/ does现在完成时have/has done现在进行时am/ is/ are doing现在完成进行时have/has been doing过去时一般过去时did过去完成时had done过去进行时was/were doing过去完成进行时had been doing将来时一般将来时will/ shall do将来完成时will/shall have done将来进行时shall/ will be doing将来完成进行时shall/ will have been doing过去将来一般过去将来时should/ would do二、常见时态的基本用法1. 一般现在时：一般现在时是描述现在或经常性的动作性质或状态的时态。常和表示频率、时间的副词（短语）always, every time, now and then, occasionally, often, seldom, sometimes, usually等连用。1）表示经常性或习惯性的动作。We have three meals a day.2）表示客观事实、真理和自然现象。Knowledge is power.3）表示现在的情况或状态。I live in Beijing.4）表示已经“列入日程”的将来的事件，尤其指计划中的和安排好的将来的动作，这些动词往往表示“出发，到达”等含义的词，如，arrive, begin, go, leave, start, stay等。The train arrives at 10:30. There's plenty of time. 。考点一：表示永恒的真理，即使出现在过去的语境中，仍用一般现在时。如：I learned that the earth goes around the sun when I was in primary school.考点二：在时间和条件状语从句中，代替一般将来时；常用的引导词有：时间：when, until, after, before, as soon as, once, the moment/the minute, the day; 条件：if, unless, provided.If he accepts the job, he will get more money soon.考点三：在make sure (certain), see to it, mind, care, matter 宾语从句， 从句用一般现在时代替一般将来时。So long as he works hard, I dont mind when he finishes the experiment.考点四：在the more the more (越越) 句型中, 若主句是一般将来时, 从句通常用一般现在时。The harder you study, the better results you will get.2. 一般过去时：一般过去时表示过去发生的动作、存在的状态，或反复发生的动作，句中一般都有表示过去具体时间的时间状语。1）在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或状态。此时与表示过去的时间状语连用，如yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in1998等。Where did you go yesterday?？2）表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。When I was a child, I often played football in the street.3）用在条件句中表示与现在或将来事实不符的虚拟语气。If he were here now, we could turn to him for help.4）句中有延续性时间状语，但表示与现在没有关联的过去某段时间做了某事，此时用一般过去时。This is the primary school where our manager Mr. Smith studied for six years.3. 一般将来时：一般将来时用来表示将要发生的事。1）shall用于第一人称，常被will代替。will在陈述句中用于各人称，在征求意见时常用于第二人称。 will (shall) + 动词原形There is still much to discuss. We shall return to this item at our next meeting.2）be going to + 动词原形，表示将来。（1）主语的意图，即将做某事或打算做某事。What are you going to do this Sunday morning?（2）计划、安排要发生的事。I'm going to the airport to pick up my aunt from America this afternoon.（3）有迹象要发生的事。Look at the dark clouds; there is going to be a storm.注意：be going to与will的区别be going to既可指主观打算做某事，也可指客观迹象表明将要发生某事；will往往指没有经过计划而临时出现的意图，常伴有说话者的主观意识或表示将来必然发生的事。I'm going to quit my present job. （现在的打算，事先经过思考，指向将来）I'll answer the door. （未经事先考虑的意图）The little boy is going to fall over. （根据客观迹象判断）I hope it will be fine tomorrow. （主观意愿）3）“be + 不定式”表将来，表示按计划安排的事或按职责、义务或要求必须去做的事等。We are to discuss the report next Saturday.The meeting is to take place at 8:00 tomorrow morning.注意：be to 和be going to的用法比较be to表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事。I am to play football tomorrow afternoon. （客观安排）be going to则表示主观的打算或计划。I am going to play football tomorrow afternoon. (主观安排）4）“be about to do”意为“马上做某事”，表示即将发生某事，该事将发生在很近的将来，不能与tomorrow, next week等表示明确将来的时间状语连用。He is about to leave for Beijing.考点一：一般将来时总是用在一些时间状语从句或条件状语从句的主句中：We will begin our class as soon as the teacher comes.（主句用一般将来时，从句中一定要用一般现在时替代一般将来时。）考点二：某些表示短暂性动作的动词如arrive, come, go, leave, start等，用现在进行时形式表示将来。I am leaving for Beijing tomorrow.考点三：“祈使句 + and/or + 句子”，这种结构中and后面的句子谓语用一般将来时。Use your head and you will find a way.4. 过去将来时：过去将来时表示从过去某一时间看将要发生的动作或存在的状态。注意：这种时态常用于主句是一般过去时的宾语从句中，表示从句的动作发生在主句之后。过去将来时同一般将来时类似，除了用would do 表示外，也可以用be going to do, be to do, be about to do及过去进行时等方式表示。He was sixty-eight and in two years, he would be seventy.You were going to give me your address but you didn't.I was about to turn on the power of the computer when the electricity was cut off.完成体：现在完成时、过去完成时、将来完成时和过去将来完成时1. 现在完成时：常用的时间状语有：so far, recently, lately, before, ever, by now, in thelast/ past few years, over a long time, up to now,yet, already, just, since, for+ 一段时间等。1）表示说话之前已经完成的动作，常与already, yet, just, by this time,so far, by now等时间状语连用。此时句子中的谓语动词一般为非延续性动词且句子一般不与表示“一段时间”的时间状语连用。Have you finished your task yet?注意：have gone to与have been to的区别have gone to 表示“到某地去了”，人可能还在路上，也可能已经到达，但一定不在说话者这里。have been to 表示“去过某地”，是回来之后再谈论去过某地的情况。2）表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。He has lost his wallet and can't find it.3）表示从过去某一时间开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态。They have been good friends since they met at a meeting.4）表示动作反复发生，句中常用once/ twice/ three. times 等。You needn't describe her. I have met her many times.5）在时间或条件状语从句中表示在将来某个时间之前要完成某个动作。Don't get off until the bus has stopped.注意：常用现在完成时的句型有：1）It is/has been + 一段时间 + since 从句；2）This/ That/ It is the first/ second. Time + that从句（从句用现在完成时）；3）It/ This is the best/ worst/ most interesting + 名词 + that从句（从句用现在完成时）关于现在完成时的时间状语问题:A.现在完成时的句子里，不可以带有表示具体过去时间的状语，比较： We have bought a new typewriter .We bought a new typewriter yesterday.B. 在以when提问的特殊疑问中不能用现在完成时。另外，ago不能用于现在完成时的句子，但是可以用before来表示"以前"的意义。C.非延续性动词用于现在完成时态的时候，通常不与表示时间段的时间状语连用,在这种情况下，应该用"It has been since"的句式来表达。如： He has been in the army for three years.= He has been a soldier for three years.= It's three years since he joined the army. He has joined the army for three years. ×.D非延续性动词的否定式可以和表示一段时间的状语连用，表示这种动作的否定状态的延续。I haven't heard from you for a month.2. 过去完成时：由“had + 过去分词”构成，表示在过去某一时间或动作以前已经完成的动作，即“过去的过去”。在使用过去完成时时，一定要有过去的时间或动作作为参照。By nine o'clock last night, we had got 200 pictures from the spaceship.考点一：用于hardly/scarcely.when; no sooner .than 句型中，主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。，并且no sooner 与hardly等位于句首时，此部分须用部分倒装。I had no sooner got into the room than it began to snow.No sooner had I arrived home than the telephone rang. （注意主谓倒装）考点二：表示“第几次做某事”，主句用过去时，从句用过去完成时。That was the second time that she had seen her grandfather.考点三：动词hope, expect, think, intend, mean, want, suppose, plan 表示主观想法的动词，可用于过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的想法、希望、打算或意图，意为“本来想.”They had wanted to help, but they could not get there in time.3. 将来完成时：主要用于表示在将来某一时间点上会完成的动作，并对将来某一时间产生影响。常与将来时间状语连用。We shall have fulfilled the work by the end of next week.考点一：常用的时间状语一般用by+将来的时间。如：by the end of this year, by 8 oclock this evening, by March next year以及由by the time, before或when等引导的副词从句。By the end of next month, he will have traveled 1000 miles on foot.By the time you reach the station, the train will have left.By next Tuesday, I will have got ready for the exams.考点二：在时间和条件状语从句中，将来完成时则由现在完成时表示。The children will do their homework the moment they have arrived back from school.进行体：现在进行时、过去进行时、将来进行时和过去将来进行时。1. 现在进行时：1）表示说话时正在进行的动作或存在的状态。这种用法往往表示发生在过去，说话时没完成，仍在继续进行的动作或存在的状态。常与now, right now, at this moment, atpresent等时间状语连用。What are they quarreling about?2）表示现阶段某动作正在进行，但说话时未必正在进行。I'm teaching part-time in a middle school.3）表示马上就要发生。非延续性动词用于进行时态，往往表示“马上就，即将，逐渐地，反复地”等意思，这类动词主要有come, go, leave, start,begin, stop, arrive, return等。Are you staying here for a long time?（即将）Someone is knocking at the door. （反复地）4）表示某种感情色彩或对某一心理的生动描述。现在进行时与always, constantly, continually, forever (for ever),usually等副词连用时，往往表示生气、不满、同情、赞美、好奇等情感或对某一心理的生动描述。The children are constantly disturbing us. （讨厌、不满）注意：下列动词一般不能用于进行时态。1）表示心理活动的动词一般不用于进行时态。常见的此类动词有love, like, hate, know, understand,realize, remember, believe, want, hope, wish, need,agree等。She understands you better now.2）表示属性或拥有的动词不能用于进行时态。常见的此类动词有have（有），own, possess, belong to,have on, consist of 等。This dictionary belongs to Peter.3）表示感官的连系动词不能用于进行时态。常见的此类动词有seen, appear, look, sound, taste等。feel用于进行时态表示一时的感觉。The music sounds beautiful.I'm not feeling well today.4）表示行为结果的动词一般不用于进行时态。常见的此类动词有accept, admit, receive, allow,decide, promise等。I accept your advice.考点一：在时间状语或条件状语从句中表示将来正在进行的动作。Look out when you are crossing the street. 考点二： 表示在最近按计划或安排要进行的动作（这时多有表示将来的时间状语）。Marry is leaving on Friday2. 过去进行时：1）表示过去某一时间正在进行的动作。此时句中往往有表示过去的时间状语then, at thatmoment, at that time, at the time, this time yesterday等。没有时间状语时，需要根据上下文的语境体会。I was writing a letter when you phoned.2）表示从过去某一时间看将要发生的动作，常表示“渐渐”“快要”“越来越”“马上”。常见的此列动词有come, go, start, begin, leave, arrive,get, become, turn等非持续性动词，偶尔有些持续性动词如do, stay, take等也常表示过去“将要”。We were running out of the gas.She told me that she was leaving for Italy the next day.3）表示特定的情感。与现在进行时相似，过去进行时也可与always,forever, constantly等时间状语连用，表示厌烦、惊讶、褒扬等特殊情感。She was always ringing me up when I was in London. （表示厌烦）3. 将来进行时：指从现在算起的将来某时间点正在进行的动作或将要进行的动作。常与表示将来时间的短语this time ，tomorrow, at 10 o'clock next Monday等连用。This time tomorrow we'll be flying to Pairs.完成进行体1. 现在完成进行时：表示动作从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在或离现在不远的时间。其动作是否继续下去，由上下文语意决定。1）表示动作从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在或离现在不远的时间。多用延续性动词。Have you been waiting long for me? 2）表示“刚才，近来”发生的动作，一般不再继续。My hands are dirty. I've been cleaning the room.3）表示动作的重复性。You have been asking the same question these days.注意：现在完成进行时态多用持续性动词，如live, learn,lie, stay, sit, wait, stand, rest, study等，并常和allthe time, this week, this month, all night, all themorning, recently等状态以及since（自从）和for（历经）所引导的状语从句或短语连用（与since和for连用时，动作常会继续下去）。III 几个易混时态的用法区别1. 一般过去时和过去完成时的区别一般过去时是相对现在说话时刻而言的，过去完成时则是相对过去某一时刻而言，强调“过去的过去”发生的动作对过去某一时间的影响或持续到过去某一时间为止。两种时态建立的时间参照点不同，对过去完成时来说，这个时间参照点十分重要，它是过去完成时概念赖以建立的基础，也是和一般过去时进行区别的重要标准。She looked well when I last saw her. （过去动作或状态）When I got there, the football match had already started. （对过去的影响或产生的结果）The train had waited there for half an hour by the time we arrived. （“过去的过去”动作持续到过去某一时刻为止）2. 一般过去时和现在完成时的区别这两个时态都是谈论已经发生的事情，但是二者的差别是，一般过去时只是单独谈论过去的事情，与现在没有联系，因此只要有过去时间状语的句子只能用过去时来表达；而现在完成时所表示的动作对现在有影响，或是与现在有关，或是谈论现在以前这一段时间里发生的事情。We bought the fruit and flowers in the supermarket just now.They haven't seen the teacher today.IV 时态的一致问题在英语的复合句（尤其是宾语从句）中，从句谓语动词的时态往往受主句谓语动词时态的限制或影响，即主句与从句时态基本一致。1. 名词性从句与主句时态在一些名词性从句中，如果主句谓语是现在时或将来时，则从句的谓语可根据所要表达的内容要求运用各种时态；若主句谓语用过去的某种时态，则从句的谓语时态要作相应的调整。1）主句是现在的某种时态或将来的某种时态时，宾语从句里的动词可按其所涉及的时间运用任何适当的时态。I think Molly went to the doctor's yesterday.。2) 主句中的动词是过去时，宾语从句中的动词一般用过去的某种时态，但如果从句叙述的是某种真理、不变的事实或对现在或将来仍然有效的事情，则从句用现在的某种时态。Alva told me that he had known the news already.。in his country children under 18 cannot buy alcohol.2. 状语从句与主句时态表示时间、原因、目的、条件、结果、让步等的状语从句一般要和主句的时态一致，即主句为现在（过去、将来）的某种时态，从句一般也为现在（过去、将来）的某种时态。You'll make progress if you keep working hard. 。3. 定语从句定语从句中的动词应依照动词本身所涉及的时间选用适当的时态，不受主句的约束和限制。This is the man I saw yesterday. 。动词的语态语态是动词的一种形式，表示主语和谓语动词之间的具体关系。语态分为主动语态和被动语态：主动语态表示主语是谓语动词所表示的动作的发出者和执行者；被动语态表示主语是谓语动词所表示的动作的承受者。注意：英语中的及物动词一般都有主动语态和被动语态两种形式。主动语态是无标记的，而被动语态则是有标记的。被动语态由助动词be加及物动词的过去分词构成。助动词be随着主语的人称、数、时态和语气的不同而变化。一、被动语态的各种形式 be+done被动语态的时态、人称和数的变化主要体现在be的变化上，其变化形式与系动词be的完全一样。1. 一般现在时："am/ is/ are + 过去分词"Mary is loved by all her family.2. 一般过去时："was/ were + 过去分词"The letter was written in Spanish. 。3. 一般将来时："will/ shall/ be going to/ be to be + 过去分词"（shall主要用于第一人称；will可用于各人称）When will the work be finished?4. 现在进行时："am/ is/ are being + 过去分词"The car accident is being looken into.5. 过去进行时："was/ were being + 过去分词"The library was being built last year. I'm not sure if it is completed.6. 现在完成时："have/ has been + 过去分词"All the work has been finished by now.。7. 过去完成时："had been + 过去分词"The fire had been put out when the firefighters arrived.8. 将来完成时："will/ shall have been + 过去分词"Will all the photos have been developed by tomorrow?9. 过去将来时："would/ should be + 过去分词"The headmaster said he would be met by the mayor.二、含情态动词的常用被动句式主语+ 情态动词+ be + 过去分词 +.The computer might be repaired by tomorrow.三、常用的被动语态句式结构1. "get + 过去分词"结构英语中"get + 过去分词"也构成被动语态。其中get 与"be + 过去分词"结构中的be一样，都起助动词的作用。但get多用于口语，并且其后不能跟"by + 执行者"，这种结构常用于谈论突然发生的、出乎意料的事件，如get dressed, get killed等。He got/ was drunk for the first time in his life that night.2. 非谓语动词的被动形式高考重点考察动名词和不定式的被动形式。找准非谓语动词的逻辑主语是做题的关健。The girl is afraid of being scolded by her mother.（scold和它的逻辑主语the girl之间存在着被动关系）The book seems to have been published last year.（publish和它的逻辑主语the book 之间存在被动关系）四、被动语态的用法1. 强调动作的承受者：当强调动作的承受者，将承受者作为谈话的中心时用被动语态。这类句子常有一个by引导的短语说明动作的执行者，有时也可没有。This poem was written by Whitman.2. 淡化动作的执行者：当动作的执行者是泛指时（如people, one等），常用被动语态。He is suspected robbing the bank.3. 动作的执行者是无生命的事物： He was seriously wounded by a rolling stone.4. 某些习惯用法：有些习惯用法常以被动语态的形式出现。I am determined to do better than Mike.五 使用被动语态的注意事项主动形式表示被动意义1. 某些连系动词，如look, feel, sound, taste, smell, appear, seem, prove等，可用主动形式表示被动意义。The trip to the beautiful island this summer sounds really exciting. 。His plan proved (to be) practical.2. 有一类经常用作及物动词的词，如burn, wash, wear, close, read, write, sell, open, lock, shut,clean, draw, cut, translate等, 用于强调事物本身的特点、特征、性能等，常用主动形式表被动含义。（to blame, to let等也用主动形式表被动含义）The pen writes smoothly.Officials believe that more than one person may be to blame for the fire.3. be worth后常接动名词的主动形式表被动意义。A lot of small towns in the area are definitely worth visiting.4. need, want, require, deserve等动词后用动名词的主动形式表被动意义。（句中主语是动名词意义上的宾语。若动名词是不及物的，其后应加相应的介词。Most house plants require regular watering.The boy is always ready to help others and deserves making friends with.5. 有些形容词后接不定式作状语时，常用主动形式表被动意义。此类形容词有easy, hard,difficult, cheap, expensive, fit, nice, good, funny, exciting, light, heavy, dangerous, comfortable,delicious等.若不定式动词是不及物的，其后要加相应多的介词。The man is difficult to deal with.6. 有些介词短语作表语，其主动形式含有被动意义。under construction 在施工中 beyond belief 令人难以置信beyond one's reach 鞭长莫及 beyond one's control 失控beyond our hope 我们始料不及 for sale 出售for rent 出租 in print 在印刷中The question is now under discussion.The rumor is beyond belief. ( can't be believed).注意：不用于被动语态的情形系动词、不及物动词（短语）无被动语态，常见的有appear, disappear, die, end (vi. 结束）,fail, happen, take place, break out, occur, last, lie, remain, sit, spread, come true, fall asleep,keep silence, lose heart等。The meeting lasted five hours before it ended.被动形式表示主动意义，这些 done的形态的动词形容词性化。be seated, be lost, be drunk, be dressed, be devoted，be determined, be worried, be located, be exposed , be involved等表示状态