初中定语从句详细讲解.doc

如有侵权，请联系网站删除，仅供学习与交流初中定语从句详细讲解【精品文档】第 9 页 定语从句【中考命题预测】 中考常考考点：1.考查以that与which引导的定语从句 ； 2. 考查以who，whom与whose引导的定语从句； 3. 当先行词表示时间、地点或原因在从句中作状语时，用when,where或why,相当于“介词+which"【常考题型】 单选、完形、书面表达 一、定语 1)什么是定语： An interesting story A beautiful girl The tall boy is my brother. The boy in black coat is my brother.定语用来限定、修饰名词或代词的，是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语（动词不定式短语、动名词短语和分词短语）或句子，汉语中常用的表示。主要由形容词担任，此外，名词、代词、数词、分词、副词，不定式以及介词短语也可以来担任，也可以由一个句子来担任。单词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的词之前，作前置定语。短语和从句作定语时则放在所修饰的词之后，作后置定语。 二、 定语从句的定义 试着翻译一下：正在看书的男孩是我哥哥因为这个句子已经不能用单纯的一个单词或者短语来形容限定那个男孩，所以就要用更加高级的 句子来修饰，这就是定语从句。 The boy is my brother.（主句） The boy is reading a book.（从句）将这两个句子连接到一块，就是我们今天要学的定语从句在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，定语从句一般放在先行 词的后面。 (1) 定语从句：在主从复合句中用作定语的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧接在先行词后面。 (2) 先行词：被定语从句修饰的成份。先行词可以为一个名词,短语,或整个主句。 (3) 关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词,分为关系代词和关系副词。 The man who / that I saw at the school gate yesterday is my English teacher. 先行词        定     语      从     句 昨天我在校门口看见的那个人是我的英语老师。 The boy is my brother.（主句） The boy is reading a book.（从句） 解析 先行词是the boy, 而且在从句中是做主语，所以可以用who 来代替从句中的the boy。因此 可以变为：who is reading a book. 带入后，得到 The boy who is reading a book is my brother.三、定语从句的关系词 引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词， 常见的关系代词包括that, which, who(宾格whom，所有格whose)等， 关系副词where, when, why等。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用，同时又作定语从句的重要成分。  I am waiting for the boy who /that is wearing a red coat. （关系代词作主语）            先行词  关系代词 我正在等穿着红色外套的那个男孩。  The dictionary that / which my sister gave me last Sunday is very expensive.   先行词       关系代词                 （关系代词作宾语） 我姐姐上周星期天给我的那本字典很贵。  The woman whose name is Linda Brown is his mother. （关系代词作定语）   先行词   关系代词 那个是他的母亲，名叫琳达布朗。  That is the house where my father used to live. （关系代词作状语）    先行词  关系副词 那是我父亲曾经居住过的房子。三、关系代词引导定语从句1. that 既可以用于指人，也可以用于指物。在从句中作主语或宾语，作主语时不可省略，作宾语时可省略。例如：    Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle. 玛丽喜欢轻柔的音乐。(that作主语)   The coat (that) I put on the desk is blue. 我放在桌子上的那件外套是蓝色的。(that作宾语)2. which用于指物，在句中作主语或宾语，作主语不可省略，作宾语可省略。例如： The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket. 位于火车站附近的那座大楼是一家超市。(作主语) The film (which) we saw last night was wonderful. 我们昨天晚上看的那部电影很好看。(作宾语)3. who, whom都用于指人，who用作主语，whom用作宾语。在口语中，有时可用who代替whom，也可省略。例如： The girl who often helps me with my English is from England. 经常在英语方面帮助我的那个女孩是英国人。(作主语)   Who is the teacher (whom) Li Ming is talking to? 正在与李明谈话的老师是谁?(作宾语) 小结： that既可指人，也可指物，作主语，不能省略；作宾语，可以省略。 which指物，作主语，不能省略；作宾语，可以省略。 who指人，作主语，不能省略；作宾语（常用whom），可以省略。 注：当关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，定语从句的谓语动词形式由先行词定。注意:1,关系词只能用that而不用which的情况：a. 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰，或本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级时，只能用that，而不用which。 例如：       He was the first person that passed the exam. 他是第一个通过考试的人。b. 被修饰的先行词为all, any, much, many, everything, anything, none, the one等不定代词时，只能用that，而不用 which。例如：       Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop? 你在商店里有什么东西要买吗?    c. 先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last, little, few 等词修饰时，只能用that，而不用which。例如：       This is the same bike that I lost. 这就是我丢的那辆自行车。    d. 先行词里同时含有人或物时，只能用that，而不用which。例如： I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room. 我能清楚记得我在那个房间所见到的人和一些照片。    e. 以who或which引导的特殊疑问句，为避免重复，只能用that。例如：       Who is the girl that is crying? 正在哭泣的那个女孩是谁?2.关系词只能用which，而不用that 的情况：    a. 先行词为that, those时，用which, 而不用that。例如：     Whats that which is under the desk? 在桌子底下的那些东西是什么?    b. 关系代词前有介词时,一般用which,而不用that.例如:     This is the room in which he lives. 这是他居住的房间。    c. 引导非限制性定语从句，用which, 而不用that。例如：     Tom came back, which made us happy. 汤姆回来了，这使我们很高兴。四、关系副词引导定语从句 关系副词 关系副词：在句中作状语 关系副词=介词+关系代词 why=for which where=in/ at/ on/ . which (介词同先行词搭配) when=during/ on/ in/ . which (介词同先行词搭配) 1. where指地点，在定语从句中做地点状语用来表示地点的定语从句。 (1) Shanghai is the city where I was born. (2) The house where I lived ten y ears ago has been pulled down. 2. when引导定语从句表示时间。在定语从句中做时间状语也可做连接词用 (1) I still remember the day when I first came to the school. (2) The time when we got together finally came. 3. why指原因 在定语从句中做原因状语 (1) Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane. (2) I dont know the reason why he looks unhappy today. 五、介词加关系代词引导定语从句关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词+关系代词”引导的从句替换 The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear, From the year when/in which he was going to school he began to know what he wanted when he grew up. 注意：(1) 当定语从句中含有介词，介词放在句末时，who, that, which可省略，但介词在关系代词前时，只能用“介词+ which/whom”结构。例如： This is the house in which we lived last year. 这是我们去年居住的房子。 (2) 含有介词的固定动词词组中，介词不可前置，只能放在原来的位置上。例如： This is the person whom you are looking for. 这就是你要找的那个人。(3) that 作介词的宾语时，介词不能放它的前面，只能放在从句中动词的后面。例如： The city that she lives in is very far away. 她居住的城市非常远。 某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的"介词+关系词"结构可以同关系副词when ,where和why 互换。 This is the house in which I lived two years ago. This is the house where I lived two years ago. Do you remember the day on which you joined our club? Do you remember the day when you joined our club? This is the reason why he came late. This is the reason for which he came late.关系词先行词从句成分例句备注关系代词who人主语Do you know the man who is talking with your mother?whom, which和that在从句中做宾语时，常可以省略，但介词提前时后面关系代词不能省略，也不可以用thatwhom人宾语Mr. Smith is the person with whom I am workingThe boy (whom) she loved died in the war.whose人，物定语I like those books whose topics are about history.The boy whose father works abroad is my classmate. that人，物主语，宾语A plane is a machine that can fly.She is the pop star (that) I want to see very much.which物主语，宾语The book (which) I gave you was worth $10.The picture which was about the accident was terrible.关系副词when时间时间状语I will never forget the day when we met there.可用on whichwhere地点地点状语This is the house where I was born.可用in whichwhy原因原因状语I cant imagine the reason why he turned down my offer.可用for which定语从句关系词总结：1. -Does the teacher know everybody _ planted the trees?-Yes, he does. A. which B. whose C. where D. who【答案】D 【解析】该题考查的是引导定语从句的关系代词的选择。因为先行词是人，而关系代词又在定语从句中作主语，所以只有who合适。2. The letter _ I received from him yesterday is very important.A. who B. where C. what D. that 【答案】D 【解析】该题考查的是定语从句的关系代词的选择。因为先行词是物，而关系代词在定语从句中作宾语，所以只有that合适。3. He talked about the classmates and the school _ he had visited. A. who B. that C. which D. about which 【答案】B 【解析】考查先行词即指人又指物的定语从句关系代词，先行词在限定性定语从句中作visited的宾语使用，先行词既指人又指物。 因此，答案为B4. You have seen the girl _ sister is a Chinese teacher. A. whom B. of whom C. whose D. of which 【答案】C 【解析】考查定语从句关系代词。此句先行词为the girl，定语从句为sister is a Chinese teacher，二者构成的完整句为The girl's sister is a Chinese teacher. 先行词的's所有格构成的所属关系结构在从句中作定语。因此答案为C.5. We should do all _ is useful to people. A. / B. that C. it D. which 【答案】B 【解析】先行词被any, few, little, no, all, much, some等词修饰时. 因此，答案为B6. We came to a place _ they had never paid a visit before. A. which B. in which C. on which D. to which 【答案】D 【解析】考查定语从句中关系副词作引导词。此句先行词为a place, 从句为they had never paid a visit before, 二者构成的完整句为They had never paid a visit to the place before. 因此，答案为D。如果题干为We came to a place _ they had never visited before. 其答案可以为which/that/省略引导词。7. -Where is the scientist _ gave us the talk yesterday?-He has gone back to Qinghua University.A. whom B. who C. whose D. which 【答案】B 【解析】该题考查的是引导定语从句的关系代词的选择。因为先行词是人，而关系代词又在定语从句中作主语，所以只有who合适。8. I went to the school _ my father once worked. A. that B. which C. where D. on which 【答案】C 【解析】考查定语从句关系副词。此句先行词the school, 定语从句my father once worked,二者构成的完整句为My father once worked in the school. in the school可以用固定关系引导词中的地点关系引导词where表示, 也可以用随意性关系引导词 in which表示。 因此，答案为C9. The scientist and his achievements_you told me about are admired by us all.A.that B.which C.who D.whose 【答案】A 【解析】先行词是“the scientist and his achievements”，表示人和物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语只用that.故选择A.10. The reason _ he was late yesterday is surprising. A. That B which C/ D why 【答案】D 【解析】首先，该句子的先行词是the reason.而且，从句不缺成分，就要考虑用关系副词。而能跟reason连用的关系副词只有why,如果B选项是for which的话，也可以。