阅读完形专练.doc

如有侵权，请联系网站删除，仅供学习与交流阅读完形专练【精品文档】第 15 页阅读完形专练一、 阅读理解AHow does your skin smell? Pretty well, as it turns out, thanks to receptors that can be found all over you. Whats more, they could help you heal.There are more than 350 types of olfactory(嗅觉) receptors in the nose, noticing different scents. About 150 are also found in body issues such as those of the heart, liver and gut(胃)， but they are hard to study.Hanns Hatts lab at Ruhr University Bochum in Germany focused on skin, which is easier to study, and tasted the response to scents(pleasant smells) of receptors in keratinocytes(角质化细胞)， the main skin cell type.They found that an olfactory receptor in skin called OR2AT4 respond to man-made sandalwood(檀香) perfumes and skin care products. Rather than sending a message to the brain, as nose receptors do, the receptor caused cells to divide and migrate, important processes in repairing damaged skin.Cell growth increased by 32 percent and cell migration by nearly half when keratinocytes in a test tube were mixed for five days with man-made sandalwood.“There is a big trend towards olfactory receptors being found elsewhere in the body doing other jobs.” Says Joel Mainland o the Monell Chemical Senses Center in Philadelphia. So it is not unexpected to find receptors in skin, but it is a surprise to learn that they are involved in wound healing.Hatt and Mainland both caution that these olfactory receptors are very finely adjusted, as is shown by their distinguishing between various man-made kinds of sandalwood. And there is genetic variability in human receptors, so your receptor might be a bit different from your neighbors.It leaves open the question of whether receptors might differ so much between individuals that the man-made sandalwood that benefits one person might be useless or even poisonous to another Hatt says the 150-200 olfactory receptors identified in tissue outside the nose represent a new family of targets for experiments and new opportunities to treat disease.Treatments that heal wounds and repair the effects of ageing in the skin are likely to be the easiest to develop, he says. Understanding receptors on internal (inside your body) organs and creating beneficial drugs is likely to take longer.( )1.What can we learn about OR2AT4?A. It is a kind of nose keratinocyte.B. It works like a nose receptor.C. It can help damaged skin recover.D. It can be found in man-made sandalwood.( )2.How did the scientists observe olfactory receptors reactions to scents?A. By studying receptors in body tissuesB. By comparing OR2AT4 and nose receptors.C. By using man-made sandalwood in hospitals.D. By mixing keratinocytes with man-mad3 sandalwood.( )3. Which of the following about olfactory receptors is amazing?A. They are found in skin. B. They can do other jobs.C. They may help heal wounds. D. They exists all over the body.( )4.Man-made sandalwood may be harmful to someone because_.A. sandalwood scents are sometimes unsafe.B. receptors may be different among people.C. some individuals skin is unable to smell.D. man-made products have some side effects.B What inspires people to act selflessly, help others, and make personal sacrifices? Each quarter, this column features one piece of scholarly research that provides insight on what motivates people to engage in what psychologists call "prosocial behavior" things like making charitable contributions, buying gifts, volunteering one's time, and so forth. In short, it looks at the work of some of our finest researchers on what spurs people to do something on behalf of someone else. This quarter we focus on how perceptions of "group membership" can influence whether others decide to help us in emergency situations. A 2005 British study reported in Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin shows that bystanders are more likely to help strangers in distress when they recognize such strangers as belonging to a common group. However, what counts as group membership is not fixed. When people are encouraged to see greater commonalities with strangers, they will extend help to those whom they may have otherwise considered part of the "out group." Two studies conducted at Lancaster University in the UK played on the intense rivalry between fans of two English football teams, Manchester United and Liverpool. In the first study, Manchester United fans were recruited to fill out questionnaires about their interest in the team and the degree to which they identified as fans. They were then invited to walk across campus to see a video about football teams. Along the way, an accident was staged in which a runner slipped and fell, groaning in pain. Hidden observers watched the incident, and those taking part in the study were asked about it when they reached the projection room. Participants, all of whom had a strong identification as Manchester fans, were more likely to ask the runner if he needed help when he was wearing a Manchester United shirt than when he was wearing a Liverpool shirt or an ordinary unbranded shirt. In the second study, Manchester United fans were again recruited, but when they arrived they were told that they were participating in a study about football fans in general (not Manchester United fans, specifically). They were also told that the study aimed to focus on the positive aspects of fan hood as opposed to the negative incidents and stories that usually get attention. The study questionnaires asked them about their broader interest in the game and what they shared with other fans. They then were instructed to cross campus to head to the projection room, and along the way witnessed the same staged incident and conditions described in the first study.In this case, participants were as likely to help a victim in a Manchester United shirt as they were to help someone in a Liverpool shirt. And they were more likely to help those wearing team shirts than those who were not.when people expand their notion of the "in-group" they are more likely to reach out to those in the "other camp."One noteworthy strength of this research is that it offers an analysis of actual helping behavior rather than "beliefs about" or "intentions" to act. Evidence of dramatic shifts in such behavior across deeply entrenched antagonisms（根深蒂固的敌对情绪） in response to simple changes in levels of categorization is striking.( )5.According to the 2005 British study, people tend to help strangers if _ A .the later are in great pain and suffering B. they two share something in common C. they themselves can get something in return D. the latter belong to a different group( )6.What contributes to different results of two studies? A. That each group witnessed a different accident B. That only one group was told the purpose of the study C .That the two group were fans of different football teams. D. That participants of the two group were form different cities.( )7.The research is worth noting in that _ A. it is based on behavioral experiments B. it deals with problems all circumstances C. it involves participants of different identities D. it creates new approaches to friendship-buildingC Books, Films and Plays The novelists medium is the written word, one might almost say the printed word. Typically the novel is consumed by a silent, individual reader, who may be anywhere at the time. The paperback novel is still the cheapest, most portable and adaptable form of narrative entertainment. It is limited to a single channel of information-writing. The narrative can go, effortlessly, anywhere: into space, peoples head, palaces, prisons and pyramids, without any consideration of cost or practical possibility. In determining the shape and content of his narrative, the writer is restricted by nothing except purely artistic criteria. The novelist keeps absolute control over his text until it is published and received by the audience. He may be advised by his editor to revise his text, but if the writer refused to meet this condition no one would be surprised. It is not unknown for a well-established novelist to deliver his or her manuscript(手稿) and expect the publisher to print it exactly as written.However, not even the most well-established playwright or screenplay writer would submit a script and expect it to be performed without any rewriting. This is because plays and motion pictures are cooperative forms of narrative, using more than one channel of communication.The production of a stage play involves, as well as the words of the author, the physical presence of the actors, their voices and gestures, the “set” and possibly music. Although the script is the essential basis of both stage play and film, it is a basis for subsequent revision negotiated between the writer and the other creative people involved. They are given “approval” of the choice of director and actors and have the right to attend rehearsals(排演), during which period they may undertake more rewriting work. In the case of the screenplay, the writer may have little or no control over the final form of his work. Contracts for the production of plays protect the rights of authors in this respect.In film or television work, on the other hand, the screenplay writer has no contractual right to this degree of consultation. While the script is going through its various drafts, the writer is in the drivers seat, although sometimes receiving criticism from the producer and the director. But once the production is under way, artistic control over the project tends to pass to the director. This is a fact overlooked by most journalistic critics of television drama, who tend(unlike film critics) to give all the credit or blame for success or failure of a production to the writer and actors, ignoring the contribution, for good or ill, of the director.( )8. Where might you find the passage?A. In a textbook.  B. In a movie magazine.?C. In a travelling brochure. D. In a shopping guide.( )9. Which of these subtitles would be most appropriate?A. Why does the future look good for writers of books, plays and films?B. What do audiences want from these three forms of entertainment?C. How do these forms of media compare for their producers?D. What benefit can we get from these forms of media?( )10. Why can the novelist expect the publisher to print the manuscript exactly as written?A. Because the novelist keeps absolute control over his text.B. Because the paperback novel is most portable and adaptable.C. Because the novel is limited to a single channel of information-writing.D. Because the novelist is seldom advised by editors to revise the text.( )11. Which of the following statements is True according to the passage?A. Playwrights envy the simplicity of the novelists work.B. Experience in the theatre improves the work of screenplay writers.C. Screenplay writers usually have the final say in how a TV drama will turn out.D. Playwrights are frequently involved in revising their work.( )12. What can be implied from the last sentence of the passage?A. TV critics often blame the wrong people for the failure of a programme.B. The director is a determining factor in the future of a television drama.C. Few people know that the screenplay writer is often criticized by the director.D. It is urgent for the film critics to realize their mistakes.DWe all fail, all the time. We might miss a call with a client because of an emergency work meeting ，or miss that meeting because another project has suddenly become urgent. And then we(or our families) get sick. and we have to shift priorities around again.These unsystematic failures are benign, though. They reflect that all of us have limited resources. There simply is not enough time, energy, or money to do everything you want to do all the time. Part of being a responsible adult is learning to make tradeoffs, balancing your conflicting goals and trying to get as much done as you have.The thing your really need to watch out for is the systematic failure .The systematic failure happens when theres a particular goal you want to achieve, but never get to. The causes of systematic failures usually boil down to some combination of these three factors.1.Short-term pressures versus long-term goals. Most of us prefer to achieve pressing short-term goals rather than put time into long-term projects .Lots of research suggests that our brains are wired to prefer tasks that pay off in the short term rather than those whose benefit is long-term. The people who do manage to accomplish their long-term goals create regular space to make progress on them. 2._ Without even realizing it. We often do what is easiest to accomplish rather than what we say is most important. Email is a great example. If you are like most people, you keep your email program open at work all day. Consequently, each new message is an invitation to drop what you are working on to check it. It feels like work and its much easier than finishing that 100-slide presentation. Simply shutting off email for a few hours a day can remove this source of distraction(分心的事物)form the environment.3. Working for too long. Many workplaces create to stay at the office for more and more hours, which(paradoxically) creates opportunities for systematic failures. Work is not an iron man competition where the wins. Most people have an optimal（最佳的）number of hours they can work each day. If I spend any more time at work than that, then at some point. I start doing “fake work”.The next time you run into trouble, assess whether its an unsystematic failure or a systematic one. When you notice a systematic failures in your life, you need to make a change in your behavior. If you dont make a change, you will continue to fail.Finally, if you experience a lot of unsystematic failures ,it might be worth rethinking the number of tasks you are taking on. Perhaps you need to offload some responsibilities onto someone else ,before you start experiencing more systematic failures.( )13.The underlined word “benign” in Paragraph 2 means “ _ ”. A. not dangerous B. not useful C. relevant D. troublesome( )14.who was most probably affected by the first factor? A. Andy who put his keep-fit plan aside due to a lack free time B. Sarah who worked overtime till the next morning to finish her work ahead of time. C. Philip who missed an important appointment because he has been under the weather lately. D. Emily who kept her social networking platform on all day to receive updates about friends.( )15.Which of the