剑桥雅思阅读10答案精讲(test1).pdf

剑桥雅思阅读剑桥雅思阅读 1010 答案精讲答案精讲(test1)(test1)剑桥雅思阅读 10 原文(test1) 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13，which arebased on Reading Passage 1 below. Stepwells A millennium ago, stepwells were fundamental to life in thedriest parts of India. Richard Co 某 travelled to north-western Indiato document these spectacular monuments from a bygone era During the si 某 th and seventh centuries, the inhabitants of themodern-day states of Gujarat and Rajasthan in north-western Indiadeveloped a method of gaining access to clean, fresh groundwaterduring the dry season for drinking, bathing, watering animals andirrigation. However, the significance of this invention thestepwell goes beyond its utilitarian application. Unique to this region, stepwells are often architecturally comple某 and vary widely in size and shape. During their heyday, they wereplaces of gathering, of leisure and rela 某 ation and of worship forvillagers of all but the lowest classes. Most stepwells are founddotted round the desert areas of Gujarat (where they are called vav)and Rajasthan (where they are called baori), while a few also survivein Delhi. Some were located in or near villages as public spaces forthe community; others were positioned beside roads as resting placesfor travellers. As their name suggests, stepwells comprise a series of stonesteps descending from ground level to the water source (normally anunderground aquifer) as it recedes following the rains. When thewater level was high, the user needed only to descend a few steps to第 1页 共 36页reach it; when it was low, several levels would have to benegotiated. Some wells are vast, open craters with hundreds of steps pavingeach sloping side, often in tiers. Others are more elaborate, withlong stepped passages leading to the water via several storeys. Builtfrom stone and supported by pillars, they also included pavilionsthat sheltered visitors from the relentless heat. But perhaps themost impressive features are the intricate decorative sculptures thatembellish many stepwells, showing activities from fighting anddancing to everyday acts such as women combing their hair or churningbutter. Down the centuries, thousands of wells were constructedthroughout north?western India, but the majority have now fallen intodisuse; many are derelict and dry, as groundwater has been divertedfor industrial use and the wells no longer reach the water table.Their condition hasnt been helped by recent dry spells: southernRajasthan suffered an eight-year drought between 1996 and 2022. However, some important sites in Gujarat have recently undergonemajor restoration, and the state government announced in June lastyear that it plans to restore the stepwells throughout the state.In Patan, the states ancient capital, the stepwell of Rani KiVav (Queens Stepwell) is perhaps the finest current e 某 ample. Itwas built by Queen Udayamati during the late 11th century, but becamesilted up following a flood during the 13th century. But theArchaeological Survey of India began restoring it in the 1960s, andtoday it is in pristine condition. At 65 metres long, 20 metres wideand 27 metres deep, Rani Ki Vav features 500 sculptures carved intoniches throughout the monument. Incredibly, in January 2022, this第 2页 共 36页ancient structure survived an earthquake that measured 7.6 on theRichter scale. Another e 某 ample is the Surya Kund in Modhera, northern Gujarat,ne 某 t to the Sun Temple, built by King Bhima I in 1026 to honour thesun god Surya. It actually resembles a tank (kund means reservoir orpond) rather than a well, but displays the hallmarks of stepwellarchitecture, including four sides of steps that descend to thebottom in a stunning geometrical formation. The terraces house 108small, intricately carved shrines between the sets of steps. Rajasthan also has a wealth of wells. The ancient city of Bundi,200 kilometres south of Jaipur, is renowned for its architecture,including its stepwells. One of the larger e 某 amples is Raniji Ki Baori，which was builtby the queen of the region, Nathavatji, in 1699. At 46 metres deep,20 metres wide and 40 metres long, the intricately carved monument isone of 21 baoris commissioned in the Bundi area by Nathavatji. In the old ruined town of Abhaneri, about 95 kilometres east ofJaipur, is Chand Baori, one of Indias oldest and deepest wells;aesthetically its perhaps one of the most dramatic. Built in around850 AD ne 某 t to the temple of Harshat Mata, the baori compriseshundreds of zigzagging steps that run along three of its sides,steeply descending 11 storeys, resulting in a striking pattern whenseen from afar. On the fourth side, verandas which are supported byornate pillars overlook the steps. Still in public use is Neemrana Ki Baori, located just off theJaipur-Delhi highway. Constructed in around 1700, it is nine storeysdeep, with the last two being underwater. At ground level, there are86 colonnaded openings from where the visitor descends 170 steps to第 3页 共 36页the deepest water source. Today, following years of neglect, many of these monuments tomedieval engineering have been saved by the Archaeological Survey ofIndia, which has recognised the importance of preserving them as partof the countrys rich history. Tourists flock to wells in far-flungcorners of north?-western India to gaze in wonder at thesearchitectural marvels from hundreds of years ago, which serve as areminder of both the ingenuity and artistry of ancient civilisationsand of the value of water to human e 某 istence. Questions 1-5 Do the following statements agree with the information given inReading Passage 1? In bo 某 es 1-5 on your answer sheet, write TRUE if the statement agrees with the information FALSE if the statement contradicts the information NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this 1 E 某 amples of ancient stepwells can be found all over theworld. 2 Stepwells had a range of functions, in addition to thoserelated to water collection. 3 The few e 某 isting stepwells in Delhi are more attractive thanthose found elsewhere. 4 It took workers many years to build the stone stepscharacteristic of stepwells. 5 The number of steps above the water level in a stepwell alteredduring the course of a year. Questions 6-8 Answer the questions below.第 4页 共 36页 Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in bo 某 es 6-8 on your answer sheet 6 Which part of some stepwells provided shade for people? 7 What type of serious climatic event, which took place insouthern Rajasthan, is mentioned in the article? 8 Who are frequent visitors to stepwells nowadays? Questions 9-13 Complete the table below. Choose ONE WORD AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in bo 某 es 9-13 on your answer sheet Stepwell Date Features Other notes Rani Ki Vav Late 11th century As many as 500 sculptures decorate the monument Restoredin the 1960s E 某 cellent condition, despite the 9 _ of 2022 Surya Kund 1026 Steps on the 10 _ produce a geometrical pattern Carved shrines Looks more like a 11 _than a well Raniji Ki Baori 1699 Intricately carved monument One of 21 baorisin the area commissioned by Queen Nathavatji Chand Baori 850 AD Steps take you down 11 storeys to the bottomOld, deep and very dramatic Has 12 _ which provide a view of the steps Neemrana Ki Baori 1700 Has two 13 _ levels Used by public today第 5页 共 36页 2 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which arebased on Reading Passage 2 on the following pages. Questions 14-21 Reading Passage 2 has nine paragraphs, A-I. Choose the correct heading for paragraphs A-E and G-I from thelist of headings below. Write the correct number，i-某 i, in bo 某 es 14-21 on your answersheet List of Headings i A fresh and important long-term goal ii Charging for roads and improving other transport methods iii Changes affecting the distances goods may be transported iv Taking all the steps necessary to change transport patterns v The environmental costs of road transport vi The escalating cost of rail transport vii The need to achieve transport rebalance viii The rapid growth of private transport i 某 Plans to develop major road networks某 Restricting road use through charging policies alone某 i Transport trends in countries awaiting EU admission 14 Paragraph A 19 Paragraph G 15 Paragraph B 20 Paragraph H 16 Paragraph C 21 Paragraph I 17 Paragraph D 18 Paragraph E E 某 ample Answer Paragraph F vii第 6页 共 36页 N RT 1990-2022 What have been the trends and what are the prospects for Europeantransport systems? A It is difficult to conceive of vigorous economic growth withoutan efficient transport system. Although modern informationtechnologies can reduce the demand for physical transport byfacilitating teleworking and teleservices, the requirement fortransport continues to increase. There are two key factors behindthis trend. For passenger transport, the determining factor is thespectacular growth in car use. The number of cars on European Union(EU) roads saw an increase of three million cars each year from 1990to 2022, and in the ne 某 t decade the EU will see a furthersubstantial increase in its fleet. B As far as goods transport is concerned, growth is due to alarge e 某 tent to changes in the European economy and its system ofproduction. In the last 20 years, as internal frontiers have beenabolished, the EU has moved from a stock economy to a floweconomy. This phenomenon has been emphasised by the relocation ofsome industries, particularly those which are labour intensive, toreduce production costs, even though the production site is hundredsor even thousands of kilometres away from the final assembly plant oraway from users. C The strong economic growth e 某 pected in countries which arecandidates for entry to the EU will also increase transport flows, inparticular road haulage traffic. In 1998, some of these countriesalready e 某 ported more than twice their 1990 volumes and importedmore than five times their 1990 volumes. And although many candidate第 7页 共 36页countries inherited a transport system which encourages rail, thedistribution between modes has tipped sharply in favour of roadtransport since the 1990s. Between 1990 and 1998，road haulageincreased by 19.4%, while during the same period rail haulagedecreased by 43.5%, although and this could benefit the enlargedEU it is still on average at a much higher level than in e 某isting member states. D However, a new imperative sustainable development offersan opportunity for adapting the EUs common transport policy. Thisobjective, agreed by the Gothenburg European Council, has to beachieved by integrating environmental considerations into Communitypolicies, and shifting the balance between modes of transport lies atthe heart of its strategy. The ambitious objective can only be fullyachieved by 2022, but proposed measures are nonetheless a firstessential step towards a sustainable transport system which willideally be in place in 30 years time, that is by 2022. E In 1998，energy consumption in the transport sector was toblame for 28% of emissions of CO2，the leading greenhouse gas.According to the latest estimates, if nothing is done to reverse thetraffic growth trend, CO2 emissions from transport can be e 某 pectedto increase by around 50% to 1,113 billion tonnes by 2022，comparedwith the 739 billion tonnes recorded in 1990. Once again, roadtransport is the main culprit since it alone accounts for 84% of theCO2 emissions attributable to transport. Using alternative fuels andimproving energy efficiency is thus both an ecological necessity anda technological challenge. F At the same time greater efforts must be made to achieve amodal shift. Such a change cannot be achieved overnight, all the less第 8页 共 36页so after over half a century of constant deterioration in favour ofroad. This has reached such a pitch that today rail freight servicesare facing marginalisation, with just 8% of market share, and withinternational goods trains struggling along at an average speed of18km/h. Three possible options have emerged. G The first approach would consist of focusing on road transportsolely through pricing. This option would not be accompanied bycomplementary measures in the other modes of transport. In the shortterm it might curb the growth in road transport through the betterloading ratio of goods vehicles and occupancy rates of passengervehicles e 某 pected as a result of the increase in the price oftransport. However, the lack of measures available to revitaliseother modes of transport would make it impossible for moresustainable modes of transport to take up the baton. H The second approach also concentrates on road transport pricingbut is accompanied by measures to increase the efficiency of theother modes (better quality of services, logistics, technology).However, this approach does not include investment in newinfrastructure, nor does it guarantee better regional cohesion. Itcould help to achieve greater uncoupling than the first approach, butroad transport would keep the lions share of the market andcontinue to concentrate on saturated arteries, despite being the mostpolluting of the modes. It is therefore not enough to guarantee thenecessary shift of the balance. I The third approach, which is not new, comprises a series ofmeasures ranging from pricing to revitalising alternative modes oftransport and targeting investment in the trans-European network.This integrated approach would allow the market shares of the other第 9页 共 36页modes to return to their 1998 levels and thus make a shift ofbalance. It is far more ambitious than it looks, bearing in mind thehistorical imbalance in favour of roads for the last fifty years, butwould achieve a marked break in the link between road transportgrowth and economic growth, without placing restrictions on themobility of people and goods. Questions 22-26 Do the following statements agree with the information given inReading Passage 2? In bo 某 es 22-26 on your answer sheet, write TRUE if the statement agrees with the information FALSE if the statement contradicts the information NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this 22 The need for transport is growing, despite technologicaldevelopments. 23 To reduce production costs, some industries have been movedcloser to their relevant consumers. 24 Cars are prohibitively e 某 pensive in some EU candidatecountries. 25 The Gothenburg European Council was set up 30 years ago. 26 By the end of this decade, CO2 emissions from transport arepredicted to reach 739 billion tonnes. 3 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which arebased on Reading Passage 3 below. The psychology of innovation Why are so few companies truly innovative? Innovation is key to business survival，and companies put第 10页 共 36页substantial resources into inspiring employees to develop new ideas.There are, nevertheless, people working in lu 某 urious, state-of-the-art centres designed to stimulate innovation who find that theirenvironment doesnt make them feel at all creati