剑桥雅思阅读翻译及答案解析11(test4).pdf
剑桥雅思阅读翻译及答案解析剑桥雅思阅读翻译及答案解析 11(test4)11(test4)剑桥雅思阅读 11 原文(test4) 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which arebased on Reading Passage 1 below. Research using twins To biomedical researchers all over the world, twins offer aprecious opportunity to untangle the influence of genes and theenvironment of nature and nurture. Because identical twins comefrom a single fertilized egg that splits into two, they sharevirtually the same genetic code. Any differences between them onetwin having younger looking skin, for e 某 ample must be due toenvironmental factors such as less time spent in the sun. Alternatively, by comparing the e 某 periences of identical twinswith those of fraternal twins, who come from separate eggs and shareon average half their DNA, researchers can quantify the e 某 tent towhich our genes affect our lives. If identical twins are more similarto each other with respect to an ailment than fraternal twins are,then vulnerability to the disease must be rooted at least in part inheredity. These two lines of research studying the differences betweenidentical twins to pinpoint the influence of environment, andcomparing identical twins with fraternal ones to measure the role ofinheritance have been crucial to understanding the interplay ofnature and nurture in determining our personalities, behavior, andvulnerability to disease. The idea of using twins to measure the influence of hereditydates back to 1875, when the English scientist Francis Galton first第 1页 共 36页suggested the approach (and coined the phrase nature andnurture). But twin studies took a surprising twist in the 1980s,with the arrival of studies into identical twins who had beenseparated at birth and reunited as adults. Over two decades 137 setsof twins eventually visited Thomas Bouchards lab in what becameknown as the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart. Numerous testswere carried out on the twins, and they were each asked more than15,000 questions. Bouchard and his colleagues used this mountain of data toidentify how far twins were affected by their genetic makeup. The keyto their approach was a statistical concept called heritability. Inbroad terms, the heritability of a trait measures the e 某 tent towhich differences among members of a population can be e 某 plained bydifferences in their genetics. And wherever Bouchard and otherscientists looked, it seemed, they found the invisible hand ofgenetic influence helping to shape our lives. Lately, however, twin studies have helped lead scientists to aradical new conclusion: that nature and nurture are not the onlyelemental forces at work. According to a recent field calledepigenetics, there is a third factor also in play, one that in somecases serves as a bridge between the environment and our genes, andin others operates on its own to shape who we are. Epigenetic processes are chemical reactions tied to neithernature nor nurture but representing what researchers have called athird component. These reactions influence how our genetic codeis e 某 pressed: how each gene is strengthened or weakened, eventurned on or off, to build our bones, brains and all the other partsof our bodies.第 2页 共 36页 If you think of our DNA as an immense piano keyboard and ourgenes as the keys each key symbolizing a segment of DNAresponsible for a particular note, or trait, and all the keyscombining to make us who we are then epigenetic processesdetermine when and how each key can be struck, changing the tunebeing played. One way the study of epigenetics is revolutionizing ourunderstanding of biology is by revealing a mechanism by which theenvironment directly impacts on genes. Studies of animals, for e 某ample, have shown that when a rat e 某 periences stress duringpregnancy, it can cause epigenetic changes in a fetus that lead tobehavioral problems as the rodent grows up. Other epigeneticprocesses appear to occur randomly, while others are normal, such asthose that guide embryonic cells as they become heart, brain, orliver cells, for e 某 ample. Geneticist Danielle Reed has worked with many twins over theyears and thought deeply about what twin studies have taught us.Its very clear when you look at twins that much of what theyshare is hardwired, she says. Many things about them areabsolutely the same and unalterable. But its also clear, when youget to know them, that other things about them are different.Epigenetics is the origin of a lot of those differences, in myview.Reed credits Thomas Bouchards work for todays surge in twinstudies. He was the trailblazer, she says. We forget that 50years ago things like heart disease were thought to be causedentirely by lifestyle. Schizophrenia was thought to be due to poormothering. Twin studies have allowed us to be more reflective about第 3页 共 36页what people are actually born with and whats caused by e 某perience. Having said that, Reed adds, the latest work in epigeneticspromises to take our understanding even further. What I like to sayis that nature writes some things in pencil and some things in pen,she says. Things written in pen you cant change. Thats DNA. Butthings written in pencil you can. Thats epigenetics. Now thatwere actually able to look at the DNA and see where the pencilwritings are, its sort of a whole new world. Questions 1-4 Do the following statements agree with the information given inReading Passage 1? In bo 某 es 1-4 on your answer sheet, write TRUE if the statement agrees with the information FALSE if the statement contradicts the information NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this 1 There may be genetic causes for the differences in how youngthe skin of identical twins looks. 2 Twins are at greater risk of developing certain illnesses thannon-twins. 3 Bouchard advertised in newspapers for twins who had beenseparated at birth. 4 Epigenetic processes are different from both genetic andenvironmental processes. Questions 5-9 Look at the following statements (Questions 5-9) and the list ofresearchers below. Match each statement with the correct researcher, A, B or C.第 4页 共 36页 Write the correct letter, A, B or C, in bo 某 es 5-9 on youranswer sheet. NB You may use any letter more than once. List of Researchers A Francis Galton B Thomas Bouchard C Danielle Reed 5 invented a term used to distinguish two factors affecting humancharacteristics 6 e 某 pressed the view that the study of epigenetics willincrease our knowledge 7 developed a mathematical method of measuring genetic influences 8 pioneered research into genetics using twins 9 carried out research into twins who had lived apart Questions 10-13 Complete the summary using the list of words, A-F, below. Write the correct letter, A-F, in bo 某 es 10-13 on your answersheet. Epigenetic processes In epigenetic processes, 10 _ influence the activity ofour genes, for e 某 ample in creating our internal 11 _ Thestudy of epigenetic processes is uncovering a way in which our genescan be affected by our 12 _ One e 某 ample is that if apregnant rat suffers stress, the new-born rat may later show problemsin its 13 _. A nurture B organs C code D chemicals E environment F behaviour/behavior 2第 5页 共 36页 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which arebased on Reading Passage 2 below. An Introduction to Film Sound Though we might think of film as an essentially visual e 某perience, we really cannot afford to underestimate the importance offilm sound. A meaningful sound track is often as complicated as theimage on the screen, and is ultimately just as much theresponsibility of the director. The entire sound track consists ofthree essential ingredients: the human voice, sound effects andmusic. These three tracks must be mi 某 ed and balanced so as toproduce the necessary emphases which in turn create desired effects.Topics which essentially refer to the three previously mentionedtracks are discussed below. They include dialogue, synchronous andasynchronous sound effects, and music. Let us start with dialogue. As is the case with stage drama,dialogue serves to tell the story and e 某 presses feelings andmotivations of characters as well. Often with film characterizationthe audience perceives little or no difference between the characterand the actor. Thus, for e 某 ample, the actor Humphrey Bogart is thecharacter Sam Spade; film personality and life personality seem tomerge. Perhaps this is because the very te 某 ture of a performersvoice supplies an element of character. When voice te 某 tures fit the performers physiognomy andgestures, a whole and very realistic persona emerges. The viewer seesnot an actor working at his craft, but another human being strugglingwith life. It is interesting to note that how dialogue is used andthe very amount of dialogue used varies widely among films. For e 某ample, in the highly successful science-fiction film 2022, little第 6页 共 36页dialogue was evident, and most of it was banal and of littleintrinsic interest. In this way the film-maker was able to portraywhat Thomas Sobochack and Vivian Sobochack call, in An Introductionto Film, the inadequacy of human responses when compared with themagnificent technology created by man and the visual beauties of theuniverse. The comedy Bringing Up Baby, on the other hand, presentspractically non-stop dialogue delivered at breakneck speed. This useof dialogue underscores not only the dizzy quality of the characterplayed by Katherine Hepburn, but also the absurdity of the filmitself and thus its humor. The audience is bounced from gag to gagand conversation to conversation; there is no time for audiencereflection. The audience is caught up in a whirlwind of activity insimply managing to follow the plot. This film presents pure escapism largely due to its frenetic dialogue. Synchronous sound effects are those sounds which are synchronizedor matched with what is viewed. For e 某 ample, if the film portrays acharacter playing the piano, the sounds of the piano are projected.Synchronous sounds contribute to the realism of film and also help tocreate a particular atmosphere. For e 某 ample, the click of adoor being opened may simply serve to convince the audience that theimage portrayed is real, and the audience may only subconsciouslynote the e 某 pected sound. However, if the click of an openingdoor is part of an ominous action such as a burglary, the sound mi 某er may call attention to the click with an increase in volume;this helps to engage the audience in a moment of suspense. Asynchronous sound effects, on the other hand, are not matchedwith a visible source of the sound on screen. Such sounds are第 7页 共 36页included so as to provide an appropriate emotional nuance, and theymay also add to the realism of the film. For e 某 ample, a film-makermight opt to include the background sound of an ambulances sirenwhile the foreground sound and image portrays an arguing couple. Theasynchronous ambulance siren underscores the psychic injury incurredin the argument; at the same time the noise of the siren adds to therealism of the film by acknowledging the films city setting. We are probably all familiar with background music in films,which has become so ubiquitous as to be noticeable in its absence. Weare aware that it is used to add emotion and rhythm. Usually notmeant to be noticeable, it often provides a tone or an emotionalattitude toward the story and/or the characters depicted. Inaddition, background music often foreshadows a change in mood. For e某 ample, dissonant music may be used in film to indicate anapproaching (but not yet visible) menace or disaster. Background music may aid viewer understanding by linking scenes.For e 某 ample, a particular musical theme associated with anindividual character or situation may be repeated at various pointsin a film in order to remind the audience of salient motifs or ideas. Film sound comprises conventions and innovations. We have come toe 某 pect an acceleration of music during car chases and creaky doorsin horror films. Yet, it is important to note as well that sound isoften brilliantly conceived. The effects of sound are often largelysubtle and often are noted by only our subconscious minds. We need tofoster an awareness of film sound as well as film space so as totruly appreciate an art form that sprang to life during the twentiethcentury the modern film. Questions 14-18第 8页 共 36页 Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D. Write the correct letter in bo 某 es 14-18 on your answer sheet. 14 In the first paragraph, the writer makes a point that A the director should plan the sound track at an early stage infilming. B it would be wrong to overlook the contribution of sound to theartistry of films. C the music industry can have a beneficial influence on sound infilm. D it is important for those working on the sound in a film tohave sole responsibility for it. 15 One reason that the writer refers to Humphrey Bogart is to e某 emplify A the importance of the actor and the character appearing to havesimilar personalities.B the audiences wish that actors are visually appropriate fortheir roles. C the value of the actor having had similar feelings to thecharacter.D the audiences preference for dialogue to be as authentic aspossible. 16 In the third paragraph, the writer suggests that A audiences are likely to be critical of film dialogue that doesnot reflect their own e 某 perience. B film dialogue that appears to be dull may have a specificpurpose. C filmmakers vary considerably in the skill with which theyhandle dialogue.第 9页 共 36页 D the most successful films are those with dialogue of a highquality. 17 What does the writer suggest about Bringing Up Baby?A The plot suffers from the filmmakers wish to focus onhumorous dialogue. B The dialogue helps to make it one of the best comedy films everproduced. C There is a mismatch between the speed of the dialogue and thespeed of actions. D The nature of the dialogue emphasises key elements of the film.18 The writer refers to the click of a door to make the pointthat realistic sounds A are often used to give the audience a false impression ofevents in the film. B may be interpreted in different ways by different members ofthe audience.C may be modified in order to manipulate the audiences responseto the film. D tend to be more significant in films presenting realisticsituations. Questions 19-23 Do the following statements agree with the information given inReading Passage 2? In bo 某 es 19-23 on your answer sheet, write TRUE if the statement agrees with the information FALSE if the statement contradicts the information NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this 19 Audiences are likely to be surprised if a film lacks第 10页 共 36页background music. 20 Background music may anticipate a development in a film. 21 Background music has more effect on some people than onothers. 22 Background music may help the audience to make certainconnections within the film. 23 Audiences tend to be aware of how the background music isaffecting them. Questions 24-26 Complete each sentence with the c
