托福写作同义词替换词(全).pdf
同义词替换词国内考生常用的表达12345things that one tries hardto doThe fact is thatjoysadnessdanger更得分的表达方式名词名词ones undertakings/ ones commitmentsThe reality is thathappiness/ delight/ enjoymentsorrow/ griefhazard/ peril (后面这个词语气很强， 危险程度非同一般) 派生 dangerous；hazardousschooling 指学校教育，家庭教育则用upbringing/ parenting区分家庭教育的两个词 upbringing 是从孩子的角度说的，比方childrens upbringing；而 parenting 是从家长的角度来说，比方 sensible parenting.6education789如果你写过关于广告的题目，就一定体会过不停轮换使用 advertisement/ advertising 有多郁闷。其实主体段论证中完全可以把广告类细化，比方commercials电视或者互联网上advertisement/ advertising的广告，flyers传单广告，北京最常见的形式就是“135*，办证”，billboards大幅的广告牌或者 non-profitadvertisements=public-interest advertisements公益广告carAutomobileeconomic crisiseconomic meltdown很接近/recession这个一般仅仅还是衰退/the Great Depression这个则是特指 1929 年开始的那次了celebrities 单数为 celebrityhumanity注意这个词的单数指人类，复数指人文学科/the human racefortune(s)fortune 作财富的意思时可以加复数wealthy/ affluent (adj.)technique(注意这个词的正确解释是技能或者方法，而不是 technology 科技)adept/ adroit (adj.)10famous peoplehuman beings备考生使11用过多12wealth13相关 rich14skill15派生 skilled16method17181920fieldunderstanding ofchoicecooperationbasic structure in a city or21a country22tiredness for a long time23is a must of24the Internet25honesty26strong belief27aim28worries29influence30influence on each othermethodology (国外学术写作中超级常用的词，基本就是 method 的故作高深版sphere/ domain/ arena grasp of/ command ofOptioncollaborationInfrastructureFatigueis a prerequisite for 是的必备先决条件the information highway(一篇考生作文里Internet 被使用十几次是常事儿)integrityfaith (in)Intentionanxieties (是的， 这两个词确实都可以加复数impact/ repercussion/ implicationmutual influence类似的表达还有 mutualrespect, mutual trust 和 mutual understanding/interaction between A and B/ interplay betweenA and Ba variety of/ a wide array of/ a wide rangeofMisconceptionsprestige/ sterling reputationspectrum recognitioncomponent 这个词不仅指零件，在学术写作中也经常指“部分”相关 sensible (adj.)Disparity a mechanism fora remedy for sth. 生活中经常指一种病的治疗方法，但学术写作中经常用来指某种问题的解决方法，注意搭配的介词不同 unruly students/ disruptive studentsunethical behavior/ immoral behavior31many different kinds ofwrong ideas held by manypeople33fame34range35sense3236part37wise38gapa system for a particular39purpose40a solution to sth.41bad students42bad behavior43444546474849organizations that helppoor peopledifference派生 be different frompersonpersonalitybusinessesprices that are too highcharities/ charitable organizationsDistinctionbe distinct from (adj.)Individual dispositionenterprises这里指企业exorbitant pricesthe incidence of后面一般跟坏事儿，比方unemployment/ crime/ a diseasezeal/ passionglobal cultural homogenizationa necessitya noveltya rarityUncertaintiesa universal languageCompanions recreation self-esteem and dignityhold sb./ sth. in high regardtreat with contempt = despise (v.)self-disciplineConvictInmate alcoholic beveragesPedestriansAncestorsa beneficiary of sth.an epidemic 注意这个词虽然是-ic 结尾， 却不是形容词Misery adj- miserablean arduous task sentiment opponent/ foe50the rate of51intense enthusiasmcultural globalization有52过多人使用这个词53a thing that is necessarya thing that is new and54interesting55a thing that is rarethings that people are not56sure about57a world language58friends59relaxation60self-respect61respect sb./ sth.62反义 look down on63self-control64criminal65prisoner66drinkspeople who walk on the67street68old generations in historya person who benefits69from sth.a disease that spreads70quicklya very unpleasant way of71lifea task that requires lots of72effort73emotion74enemy75narrow minds76a way to do sth.77hobby78progress79failure80importance81duty82difficultypressure from your83classmates84citizens who can workproblems or diseases thatexist for a long timea life without regular86exercise8587result88thoughts89the lack of knowledge90harm (n.)insular minds 狭隘的头脑或者观念an approach to doing sth./ an avenue towardssth. pastime/ diversionprogression 经常指抽象的进步，比方写关于 society/ career/ technology 的话题setback 注意作名词的时候中间不要加空格significance当你用了一次 importance 之后，第二次不妨用这个obligation用于比较重要的责任hindrance/ impediment/ hurdlespeer pressurelabor force/ workforce都是总体概念，而且注意后面这个词的标准写法中间没有空格persistent problems/ chronic diseasesa sedentary lifestyleconsequence 表示消极的结果更多一些 considerationsignorance 注意在地道英文里，这个词经常并不表示“无视”，而是表示“无知”adverse effect91harm (vt.)9293949596派生 harmful派生 be harmful tobad lucktroublecrimedamage destroy/ ruin 这两个词比 damage程度更重 spoil 后面跟the cityscape/ scenery/environmentundermine 后面跟抽象概念，比方 stability/ social order/ harmonyjeopardize 后面跟抽象概念，比方 onesfuture/ ones careertarnish 后面跟 onesreputation/ image sap/ dampen后面跟 onesenthusiasm/ interest/ confidencedetrimental (adj.) pose a threat toMisfortuneadversity/ dilemma/ predicament/ hardshipoffense/ criminal act979899100101102103youth crimecriminalserious crimea minor crimeshortage (of)the only oneplaces where animals live104worrying105very popular106TRUE107deep108strong109weak110hard-working111very disappointing112be good (for)113be not as good as114be better than115uninteresting116many117complicated118strange119cannot be turned back120produce useful results121practical122mature123124125126127128selfishproud 贬义suitablemost suitablelonelyalone juvenile delinquencyoffender/ culprit/ perpetratorheinous crime/ felonya misdemeanorscarcity (of)/ dearth (of)an exceptionHabitat形容词形容词 disturbingprevalent/ ubiquitousgenuine (truly a genuinely)profound 深刻的，后面经常跟 wisdom/ truths/understanding/ impact/ thoughtspowerful/ mighty vulnerableindustrious注意不是 industrial， 而 diligent 那个词在美语中是个挺大的词Lamentable 可悲的/ patheticbe beneficial (to) = be in the best interests (of)be inferior tobe superior tomundane 注意这个词其实再美国很多时候并不是“世俗的”意思/humdrumnumerous注意要跟可数名词Intricateodd/ bizarre/ eccentric单 weird 有点过于口语化了be irreversibleProductive realisticsophisticated 这个词指人的时候意思是思维成熟老练的self-centered/ materialistic/ego-centricConceitedFittingOptimalisolated/ alienatedSolitarybe easily influenced bysth.130is better than131not as good as129be susceptible to sth. 一般是坏事情，比方 adisease/ attacksis superior tois inferior tobe identical/ be homogenous/ be uniform后面两个词比较正式，一般是说 cultural globalization的时候常用，现在理解为什么小幅的名词叫school uniforms 了吧，就是让大家都看起来一样的衣服 stimulating monotonous/ repetitiveRedundantIntelligentRenowned desirable/ encouragingDelightedDelightfulbe availablebewildering/ baffling/ confusingLenientwholesome注意说人的健康还是要用 healthy，但是如果说事物有益健康，就可以用wholesomeeco-friendly比方 Biking is far more eco-friendlythan driving their SUVs. apprehensivebe skeptical about sth. justified unwarranted/ unjustifiableenormous/ massive/ vast/ colossaltiny/ miniscule后面一般跟抽象名词be versatile/ be well-roundedbe well-acquainted withDistinguishedAppropriatequintessential 这个语气非常强precise/ accurateUnsightly132be the same133134135136137138139140141142interestingboringuselesssmartfamouspositivehappyenjoyablecan be usedhard to understand(laws/ rules/ people)143not strict144healthy145146147148149150151152153154155156157158good for theenvrionmentnervous/ anxiousdoubt sth.fairunfairhugesmallhave many differentabilitiesbe familiar withvery successful/admirablepropertypicalexactugly159poor-quality160the present161162163164outdatedhighly-respectedcomplete(adj.)/ wholespend a lot of moneysubstandard (housing/ accommodation/ work/goods/ machines)the current/ the existing比方 the currentfinancial crisis/ the existing environmentalproblems)antiquated/ obsoleteEsteemedEntirelead an extravagant/ a lavish life165openenlightened/ progressive 开明的，逐步的，经常用来形容 govern-ment 或者 society166sth. must be carried outsth. is compulsory/ sth. is mandatory167with long history168continuing forever169important170171172173174175176177178179very attractivevery carefulbe very interested inbe qualified fordisappointingwronglong and a bitannoyingvery difficultbeing spread inuncontrolled waycrueltime-honored后面经常跟抽象名词，比方tradition/ practice/ methods/ heritagePerpetualsignificantessentialvital(这三个词的重要性依次递增)very appealing/ fascinating/ captivatingCautiousbe absorbed in/ be engrossed inbe eligible forFrustratingErroneousLengthydaunting/ formidablerampant 后面经常跟负面现象，比方 crime,pollution 或者 discrimination inhumane/ mercilessoverweight/ obese后面这个已经胖出病了180fat181having wrong opinionsskewed/ biased 这两个词一般在 IELTS 媒体类话题使用，表示“有偏见的”182including many thingscomprehensive 综合的，全面的adequate/ sufficient/ ample/ abundant 注意这四个183enough词的语气是逐渐递增的)184too muchExcessive185very littleminimal 注意不是 minimum186cause bad effectscounterproductive 其实地道英文写作里这个词不见得和生产有关，只要阻止人们到达目的，都可以写它 counterproductive)stringent后面一般跟 laws, measures 或者 rulespressing (problems)tranquil and serene美语中这两个词经常可以连在一起用动词动词strengthen/ fortify/ reinforce/ consolidate sth.weaken/ erode 侵蚀enhance/ better 很少看到国内考生用 better 当动词，其实在学术写作中 better sth.是挺常见的表达 aggravate/ exacerbate sth.curb(crime/ pollution/ economic recessions)Cease regulate sth./oversee sth.emerge/ arise 后者的主语一般是抽象概念，比方 debatego extinctneglect/ overlookrelease (prisoners/ stress)commence/ initiate (后者跟抽象概念更多，比方initiate the conflict)187strict188urgent189quiet190make sth. strong191make sth. weak192make sth. better193make sth. worsecontrol(a negative194trend)195stop196manage sth.197appear198die out199fail to see200setfree201beginnarrow/ bridge the gap202between A and B(注意这里 bridge 作动词反义 widen the gap between A and B203be forced to do sth.be compelled to do sth.keep complaining204about sth.grumble about sth.205try hard to do sth.pursue sth.(ones goal/ones career/ businessinterests/ maximum profit/ hegemony) perform/ conduct 注意这里的 perform 不是“表演”而是“从事”refrain from doing sth.Implementconvertto/ into206do sth.207do not do sth.208carry out209turninto210decrease211make a crime212commit a crime again213punish214派生punishment215spread216develop fast217decline/ dwindle 特指逐渐缓慢的减少 / dip/ slip(后两个词用来指短促的下降)commit a crime 注意作文中不要用 make a crime这样不地道的英文revert to crime 这里的 crime 作不可数名词PenalizePenaltypropagate/ disseminate 这两个词后面经常跟information/ ideas/ belief 这类名词flourish/ thrivedevelop 这里作“培cultivate/ foster/ nurture这三个词后面经常跟和养”的意思教育有关的名词， 比方 an interest in social issues218相关fast-developingBurgeoningadopt注意这个词不是 adapt 适应，而是接纳，219accept采纳的意思220buildConstruct221gather222measure223teach sth.224start225supportgarner，但这个词只能用在很正式的意思，而且略有贬义，比方 garner funding, garner supportduring the UN climate conference at Copenhagengauge, 比 measure 稍正式一点impart sth./ inculcate sth.注意如果teach 后面是人则不要替换initiate 多用于政府类话题espouse，后面跟某种重要的事业，类似的还有动词 champion作动词不是冠军的意思了和动词 sanction它作名词则变成了“制裁” compliment/ extol后面这个语气很强 buttress/ bolsterVerify226praise227support228prove/ confirm229creategenerate一般是大规模的产生，比方 generateemployment opportunities/ generate tax revenue/electricity) breed一般是产生消极的东西，比方conflict/ crime/ resentmentspawn一般是产生新事物，比方 spawn inventions/ innovations230use231useagain232work hard233get234consider235meet236provide sth.237need238like sth. very much239be unhappy about240ask for241raise242look like sth.243treatpoorly244consider sth. valuable245keep246mix together247solve248noticeunderstand to249mean/ to bechoose sth./ choose to250do sth.251achieve252appear in largenumbers utilize/exploitRecyclework assiduously acquire注意 acquire/ gain knowledge 比learn knowledge 在地道英文中更加常见contemplate/ reflect on/ ponderencounter，多用于政府，文化或者 success 这样偏大一些的话题afford sth. 在正式英文写作中，afford 经常可以表示“提供”require 注意主语如果是人称则一般还需要使用need，但如果主语是事物，则可以改用 require have an affinityfor sth./ have a strongattachment to plain about (v.)/ be discontended with (adj.)Requestelevate，就是正式版的raise，但只是“提高”而不能表示抚养小孩的意思resemble sth.mistreat/ abusevalue sth./ treasure sth./ cherish sth. maintain/ preserve这个词后面经常跟traditions/ cultural heritage/ wild animals/ naturalresources 等blend/ combine/ synthesizetackle/ combat/ addressDiscerninterpretas很多时候这个词并不是口译，而是把理解为opt for sth./ opt to do sth.fulfill (ones dream/ ones goal/ ones potential/ones obligation/ ones promise/ ones task)sprout up/ mushroomrelieve/ ease/ alleviate 作文中经常用到的搭配有relieve stress/ alleviate poverty/ ease the trafficcongestion 等compensatefor253make less serious254payfor (ones loss)255payfor (ones effort)256make sth. faster257joinrewardforaccelerate sth./ speed up sth.participate inprevail over大家应该已经注意到了，新托福议论文的题目中经常出现 outweight 这个词用来比较事物的重要性或者利弊， 在作文中最好不要重复考题中出现过的特征词汇promote/ facilitate这两个词都是及物动词，所以不需要跟 tohinder/impede/ inhibit/ obstruct identifymotivate sb. toadore sth.abhor/ detest/ loatheresent/ hold a grudge againstrestrict/ constrain bypass/ eschew/ shunis not restricted to/ is not confined to经常用来描述一个 trend 不仅限于某个范围be astonished/ be astounded/ be startledDeterminerelocate to/ have been relocated tooriginate from/ inboost/ enhance比方 boost solidarity 增进团结/enhance productivity 提高生产率use lavishlyassail 语气更强烈curtail多用于政府投资类话题/diminish多用于文化类或者发展类中的抽象话题augment多用于政府投资类话题AssistAssistanceEstablishattempt to do sth.make a strenuous/ an arduous/ a painstaking effortto do sth.Alter258outweight259contribute to260261262263264265266267prevent thedevelopment offind outencourage sb. tolike sth. very muchdislike sth. very muchhatelimitavoid268is not limited to269270271272be so surpriseddecidemove tocome from273improve274waste275attack276reduce277278279280281increasehelphelp (n.)set uptry to do sth.282try hard to do sth.283change284change a lot285solve286correct (vt.)287take down288Obey289Ban290criticize291increase292depend on293depend on294deal withfundamentally change/ radically change/transformaddress/ combatrectify (a mistake)demolish/ raze谈到拆老建筑的时候常用abide by/ comply with/ conform to (后面跟 thelaw/ rules/ regulations 等ban altogether/ strictly prohibitcondemn/ denounce 这两个词一般用于政府类话题，但不要用在教育类show an upward trend/ be on the rise 反义：show adownward trendhinge on= be contingent on意思是：取决于 rely on意思是：依靠cope with295do ones best to do mit oneself to doing sth./ strive to do sth./ doones utmost to do sth./ spare no effort to do sth.exhaust (energy/ resources)/ stretch (resources) to296use upthe limitreport the details of297sth.report sth. In graphic detailprevent sb. from298focusing ondistract sb. from dedicate A to B299spend A on B300use too muchstretch to the limit/ put a strain on301pourdischarge 排放， 环境类话题常用， 比方 dischargechemical waste into rivers, streams and lakes302get used toget accustomed to303die outgo extinct304continue to existPersist305come withbe attended by / be accompanied byexpand ones outlook/ enlarge ones vision306broaden ones horizons(broaden ones horizons 这个句型已经被考生使用过多惨遭贬值)307break the lawviolate the law308put sb. In prisonincarcerate sb.309make laws againstlegislate against310相关lawlegislation (名词，注意law 在特指具体的法律时可以用复数，但是 legislation 不能用复数stimulate 后面经常跟 imagination/ creativity/interest/ economic growth 等词汇fulfill ones potential/ attain ones goalbe entitled to do sth.act as a catalyst for change inadhere to/ cling to 注意后面这个有时候略带贬义meet the demand/ satisfy the needdeprive sb. of省略号中可以填入 freedom/leisure time/ the right to 等值得拥有的内容)enable sb. toget a clear perspective ofgo astray作文中如果写青少年“误入歧途”，就不要再写 get lost)be addicted to/ be preoccupied with/ be obsessedwith (这三个词组的语气越来越强)pave the way for/ lay the groundwork for/ laya solid foundation for为打好基础upset the balancestrike a balance between A and B (在 A 和 B 之间争取一种平衡)captureregardas/ viewas/perceiveaseliminate/ removeabolish多用于政府类话题，废除drive up后面经常跟 the crime rate/unemployment rate副词副词Increasingly +adj. 但要注意如果后面不是 adj.而是 noun, 那么就可以用 an increasing numberof 跟可数名词/ an increasing a
