2016年英语职称综合A考试试卷及复习资料汇编.docx

第1局部：词汇选项（第115题，每题1分，共15分）下面每个句子中均有1个词或者短语划有底横线，请为每处划线局部确定1个意义最为接近的选项。1. Only people over 18 are eligible to vote.A. honest      B.qualified C. enabled        D.clever2. The latest car model embodies thenew research development.A. lists          B. includes C. borrows       D.broadens3. The coastal area has very mild winter, but the central plains remain extremeA. severe B.hard C.warm   D. dry4. Sheis an artist whose work will undoubtedly withstand the test of time.A. grade   B.attract C. bear     D. suffer5. Hewore a shabby thin overcoat in the cold winter so that he fell ill.A.old       B.big C. new      D.small6. The weather was so gorgeous thatmany people went outing.A. uncontrollable     B. pleasant C. cloudy          D. unbearable7. Competitors must abide by thejudge's decisionA. keep          B. read C. understand   D. obey8. The umbrella was ingeniously devisedto fold up into the pocket.A. seriously      B. cleverly C. attentively   D. carefully9. Some newspapers in the west are notably biased.A.especially    B.wholly C. totally      D. fairly10. His answers were obscure and confusing.A.unclear  B.obvious C. clear      D. direct11. The way she looked after her youngsister was really touchingA. disturbing    B. connecting C.moving         D.waving12. We are worried about this fluid situationfull with uncertainty.A. stable      B. suitable C.changeable D.adaptable13. They have built canals to irrigatethe desert.A. decorate      B.change C. visit          D.water14. The details of the costume were totally authentic.A. outstanding    B. real C. creative          D. false15. The new garment fits herperfectly.A.clothes  B.haircut C. purse   D.necklaceIncome TaxFor many young Americans, graduating from college means finding d job, moving out of the dorm room and beginning to register one' s annual earnings with the US government.对于很多年轻的美国人来说,高校毕业意味着找一份工作,走出宿舍,开场注册一个年度收益在美国政府。That last item is the law, though sometimes it' s a hassle（难事） to obey.这项就是法律，尽管有时听从它是一件很费事的事情。Independent tax advisor Bob Gilbert calls the US income tex system "amazingly complicated” But he adds that "very little of the complicated tax law applies to young people who are just beginning their careers" . According to Gilbert, 80 to 90 percent of Americans are not really burdened by the system' s complications.独立的税务参谋，鲍勃吉尔伯特，称美国所得税体系“特别困难”,但他补充说,“只有特别少的困难的税法适用于年轻人刚刚开场他们的事业”。 吉尔伯特说,80%到90%的美国人没有背负系统的并发症/困难化。Still, all the numbers and forms can be a little confusing to those who are just starting their careers. Some pull out their calculators and try to do the math alone. Some use incometax software. Others just hand the whole responsibility over to tax firms like Gilbert' s.然而，全部的数字和形式，对于那些刚刚开场自己的职业生涯的人，可能会让人有些迷惑。他们拿出一些计算器并试图单独计算。一些人运用所得税软件，其别人只是整个责任移交给吉尔伯特等公司的税收。According to income tax law expert Lindi Beile, young people will often follow their parents' lead when filing their income tax forms.依据所得税法专家Beile,年轻人往往会跟随父母引导，当呈报所得税申请书。“Young people who grow up in wealthy households typically use professional tax services because their parents have alvmys done so,” said Benle, a professor at Wayne State University in Michigan State.“在富有家庭长大的年轻人通常运用专业税务效劳,因为他们的父母总是这样做,”Benle说,密歇根韦恩州立高校的教授。"On the other hand, most poorer young people probably try to do their ovm taxes. unless they want a quick 'refund' with the help of a tax advisor" .“另一方面,大多数贫困的年轻人可能尝试做自己的税收。除非他们想要快速“退款”，需在税务参谋扶植下”。In fact, obeying the law has its benefits. For one, many young people can expect a tax refund. This means that, over the course of the year, they have paid too much in monthly federal or state taxes and are entitled to the difference.事实上,遵遵守法律律有它的好处。首先,很多年轻人可以退税。这意味着,在过去的一年, 他们已经支付了太多的月度-联邦的或州税，并且有权区分。Bob Thalman, a 20-year-old university student, expects he will get a refund of about 100, which will probably go in the bank, or perhaps be used to pay for car insurance or creditCard bills.鲍勃Thalman,一名20岁的高校生,预料他将退款约100,可能会去银行,或者用于购置汽车保险或信贷信誉卡账单。Thalman called the whole process a "hassle” , but added that he didn' t want to test the law by not filing his income tax papers.Thalman整个过程称为“费事”,但补充说,他没有想要测试不申请所得税的法律文件。 "I' m worried about what would happen if I failed to file, " he said. "I know one individual who did not report his income tax for many years, and he' s now in federal prison. I certainly don' t want that. "“我担忧将会发生什么假如我没有文件,”他说。“我知道一个人没有报告他的所得税多年,如今他在联邦监狱。我当然不盼望这样。”16. A college student with a part-time job is not required to income tax form.高校生兼职工作并不要求申报所得税。A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned 答案：B17. The US income tax system does not wholly apply to a college graduate who is justbeginning his or her career.美国所得税体系并不完全适用于一个刚刚开场他或她的职业生涯高校毕业生。A Right B. Wrong C Not mentioned 答案：A18. It' s pretty easy for a beginner to report his or her income tax.申报他/她的所得税，对于一个新手来讲，是一件很简单的事情。A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned 答案：B19. When young people income tax form, they will often follow in their prrentsfootsteps.当年轻人呈报所得税申请表,他们往往会跟随他们的父母的脚步。A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned 答案：A20. Young people from poorer families needn' t income tax forms来自贫困家庭的年轻人不须要的申报所得税。 答案：BA. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned21. If one has failed to report his or her income tax for quite a few years. he or she may be put in prison.假如一个人没有报告他或她的所得税好几年了。他或她可能投入监狱。A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned 答案：A22. The US income tnx system will be simplified in the next few years.在将来几年，美国所得税系统将简化。A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned 答案：C第3局部：概括大意及完成句子（第2330题，每题1分，共8分）下面的短文后有2项测试任务：（1）第2326题要求从所给的6个选项中为第25 段每段选择1个最佳标题；（2）第2730题要求从所给的6个选项中为每个句子确定1个最佳选项。Tunguska Event1 A hundred years ago this week, a gigantic explosion ripped (撕裂) open the day y above a forest in western Siberia, leaving a scientific riddle that endures to this day.2 A dazzling light pierced the heavens,followed by a shock wave as strong as 1,000 atomic bombs. The explosion flattened 80 million trees across an area of 2,000 square kilometers. The fireball was so great that, a day later, Londoners could read their newspapers under the night sky. What caused the so-called Tunguska Event, named after the nearby Podkamennaya Tunguska river, still remains a mystery.3 Experts suspect it was a rock that, after traveling in space for millions of years, was destined to crash to Earth at exactly 7:17 a.m. on June 30, 1908. This possibility worries scientists.“Imagine an unspotted asteroid (小行星) hitting a significant chunk(块) of land . and imagine if that area, unlike Tunguska, were populated,” the British science journal Nature commented recently.4 But no fragments of the “rock” have ever been found. Finding such evidence would be important, for it would increase our knowledge about the risk posed by dangerous Near Earth Objects (NEOs), say Italian researchers Luca Gasperini, Enrico Bonatti and Giuseppe Longo. When the next Tunguska NEO approaches, scientists will have to decide whether to try to deflect (使偏转) it or blow it up in space.5 However, several rival theories for the Tunguska Event exist. Wolfgang Kundt, a professor at Germany's Bonn University,believes the Tunguska Event was caused by a massive escape of 10 million tons of methane(甲烷)-rich gas from deep within earth's crust. Some people hold that the explosion was caused by an alien spaceship crash, or a black hole in the universe.23. Paragraph 2   C24. Paragraph 3   F25. Paragraph 4   E26. Paragraph 5   AA. Competing ExplanationsB. Unknown AttacksC. Mysterious ExplosionD. Star WarE. Importance of Finding EvidenceF. Explanation that Worries Scientists27.   The gigantic explosion that occurred a hundred years ago   A28.   The shock wave which followed the dazzling light   D29.  The hypothesis that the explosion was caused by a rock colliding with the Earth   B30.  Wolfgang Kundt, who has developed an alternative theory   CA. has remained a puzzleB. lacks sufficient evidenceC. is a university professorD. was generated by the explosionE. will kill many animalsF. are attacked by aliens第4局部：阅读理解（第3145题，每题3分，共45分）下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道题。请依据短文内容，为每题确定1个最佳选项。第一篇 Dont Count on DungConservationists(自然爱护主义者) maybe miscalculating the numbers of the threatened animals such as elephants, say African and American researchers. The error occurs because of a flaw in the way they estimate animal numbers from the piles of dung(粪) the creatures leave behind.The mistake could lead researchers to think that there are twice as many elephants as there really are in some regions,according to Andrew Plumptre of the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) in New York.Biologist Katy Payne of Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, agrees. “We really need to know elephant numbers and the evidence that we have is quite indirect,” says Payne, who electronically tracks elephants.Counting elephants from planes is impossible in the vast rainforests of Central Africa. So researchers often estimate elephant numbers by counting dung piles in a given area. They also need to know the rate at which dung decays: Because its extremely difficult to determine these rates, however, researchers counting elephants in one region tend to rely on standard decay rates established elsewhere.But researchers at the WCS have found that this decay rate varies from region to region depending on the climate and environment. Using the wrong values can lead the census astray(分开正道), says Plumptre.He and his colleague Anthony Chifu Nchanji studied decaying elephant dung in the forests of Cameroon. They found that the dung decayed between 55 and 65 per cent more slowly than the dung in the rainforests of neighbouring Gabon. If researchers use decay rates from Gabon to count elephants in Cameroon, they would probably find more elephants than are actually around. This could mean estimates in Cameroon are at least twice as high as those derived from decay rates calculated locally, says Plumptre. “However accurate your dung density estimate might be, the decay rate can severely affect the result.”Plumptre also says that the dung-pile census should be carried out over a region similar in size to an elephants natural range. The usual technique of monitoring only small, protected areas distorts numbers because elephants move in and out of these regions, he says ”If the elephant population increases within the protected area, you can not determine whether it is a real increase or whether it is due to elephants moving in because they are being poached(入侵偷猎) outside.”Plumptre says that similar problems may also affect other animal census studies that rely on indirect evidence such as nests, tracks or burrows(地洞).41.   The word "threatened" in the first sentence of the first paragraph could be best replaced byA."endangered".B. "frightened".C. "killed".D. "angered".42.   Piles of dung can't be relied upon when it comes to estimating elephant numbers becauseA. they are different in size.B. they scatter all over the region.C.they are different in decay rate.D. they are different in quality.43.   Why do researchers estimate elephant numbers in an area by counting dung pilesA. Because elephants are difficult to catch.B.Because it is not possible to count elephants from a plane.C. Because it is not possible to keep track of elephants.D. Because elephants are shy animals.44.   According to Plumptre, the region over which a dung-pile census is carried out should beA. small enough.B. well protected.C. carefully monitored.D.large enough.45.   The first word "He" in paragraph 6 refers toA.Andrew Plumptre.B. Katy Payne.C. Anthony Chifu Nchanji.D. the writer of the article.第二篇 Black Holes Trigger Stars to Self-DestructScientists have long understood that super massive black holes weighing millions or billions of suns can tear apart stars that come too close. The black hole's gravity pulls harder on the nearest part of the star, an imbalance that pulls the star apart over a period of minutes or hours, once it gets close enough.Scientists say this uneven pulling is not the only hazard facing the star. The strain of these unbalanced forces can also trigger a nuclear explosion powerful enough to destroy the star from within. Matthieu Brassart and Jean-Pierre Luminet of the Observatoire de Paris in Meudon, France, carried out computer simulations of the final moments of such an unfortunate star's life, as it veered towards a super massive black hole.When the star gets close enough, the uneven forces flatten it into a pancake shape. Some previous studies had suggested this flattening would increase the density and temperature inside the star enough to trigger intense nuclear reactions that would tear it apart. But other studies had suggested that the picture would be complicated by shock waves generated during the flattening process and that no nuclear explosion should occur.The new simulations investigated the effects of shock waves in detail, and found that even when their effects are included, the conditions favor a nuclear explosion. "There will be an explosion of the star it will be completely destroyed," Brassart says. Although the explosion obliterates the star, it saves some of the star's matter from being devoured by the black hole.The explosion is powerful enough to hurl much of the star's matter out of the black hole's reach, he says.The devouring of stars by black holes may already have been observed, although at a much later stage. It is thought that several months after the event that rips the star apart, its matter starts swirling into the hole itself. It heats up as it does so, releasing ultraviolet light and X-rays.If stars disrupted near black holes really do explode, then they could in principle allow these events to be detected at a much earlier stage, says Jules Halpern of Columbia University in New York, US."It may make it possible to see the disruption of that star immediately if it gets hot enough," he says.Brassart agrees. "Perhaps it can be observed in the X-rays and gamma rays, but it's something that needs to be more studied," he says. Supernova researcher Chris Fryer of the Los Alamos National Laboratory in Los Alamos, New Mexico, US , says the deaths of these stars are difficult to simulate, and he is not sure whether the researchers have proven their Case that they explode in the process.36. Something destructive could happen to a star that gets too close to a black hole.Which of the following destructive statements is NOT mentioned in the passageA. The blac