高考英语非谓语动词知识点.docx

非谓语动词一、非谓语动词的概念非谓语形式有三种： 1.动词不定式：to do表示目的和将来 2、动词的ing(动名词) : doing表示主动和进展 3.动词的过去分词：done表示被动和完成二、非谓语动词的时态和语态一般式 完成式 进展式 不定式 主动 to do to have done to be doing 被动 to be done to have been doneing 形式 主动 doing having done 被动 being done having been done 过去分词 被动 done 三、非谓语动词的做题步骤： 1、断定是否用非谓语形式。方法：看看句子中是否已有了谓语动词了。2、找非谓语动词的逻辑主语。方法：非谓语动词的逻辑主语一般是句子的主语。 3、推断主被动关系。方法：非谓语动词及其逻辑主语的主动还是被动关系。4、推断时间关系。方法：分析句子，看看非谓语动词所表示的动作发生在谓语动作之前、之后还是同时。之前常用 done; 之后常用to do; 同时常用doing。一、非谓语动词作主语和表语的比较1、不定式和动名词作主语和表语：1. 不定式表示一次性的、详细的动词。动词ing 常表示一般的、泛指的或习惯性的动作。如：_ is a good form of exercise for both young and old. A. The walk B. Walking C. To walk D. Walk2. 不定式作主语时，常用it 作形式主语，即用句型： It is + adj. / n. + (for / of sb. ) to do sth. Its important for us to learn English well. Its kind of you to help us.留意：下面几个句型是用动名词： Its no good / use doing sth. There is no pointindoing sth2、不定式、动名词、分词作表语的比较：1、不定式、动名词作表语，.表示主语的内容。如：My job is teaching / to teach English. (teaching / to teach English 是my job的内容)Knowing who we are means knowing what we like to do.主，表语要用同一种形式2、分词作表语：记住：一些表示情感、心情的动词，常用分词形式作表语。如今分词表示主语的性质特征，用过去分词表示主语的状态。常用动词：surprise (使某人惊讶)， surprising (令人惊讶)， surprised (主语)感到惊讶类似动词有：excite (冲动)，astonish (惊异)，shock (震惊)，scare (惊惶)，disappoint (悲观)，move感动如： The movie is exciting. We are excited at the news. 3、在seem / appear (好像，好像)， prove/ turn out (被证明是)， remain (仍旧是，尚待)等连系动词后，可用不定式作表语。 如：He seemed (to be ) very happy.二、不定式、动名词作宾语的比较1、只能接不定式的动词：口诀： 决心学会想渴望，回绝设法愿假装。主动容许选方案，同意恳求帮一帮。decied(determine), learn, want, expect/hope/wish; refuse,manage,care,pretend; offer,promise,choose,plan; agree,ask/beg,help.2、只能接动名词的动词：口诀：考虑建议盼宽恕，成认推延没得想。防止错过接着练，否认完成就观赏。制止想象才冒险，不禁介意准逃亡。consider, suggest/advise, look forward to, excuse/pardon; admit，delay, put off, fancy(想象，设想); avoid, miss, keep/keep on, practise; deny, finish, enjoy/appreciate; forbid, imagine, risk; cant help, mind, allow/peremit, escape3、接不定式和接动名词意义不同的动词：remember to do记得去做 remember doing记得做过; forget to do遗忘去做 forget doing遗忘做过regret to do缺憾去做 regret doing 后悔做过 try to do设法去做 try doing试着做, go on to do做完某事接着做另一件事 go on doing 接着做同一件事 mean to do准备做 mean doing意味着做 stop to do停下来去做 stop doing停顿做 cant help (to) do 不能扶植做 cant help doing 忍不住做 如：In some parts of London, missing a bus means _ for another hour. A. waiting B. to wait C. wait D. to be waiting 4.表示未实现的愿望的动词,即表示本准备，想做，但事实上没做。这些动词plan, intend, mean, want, hope, wish, expect , 用 had planned to do sth. / planned to have done 来表示。 注：Would like / love 只用would like to have done 如：I would love _ to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish the report. A. to go B. to have gone C. going D. having gone 5、要接动名词的几个句型：prevent / stop / keep sb. / sth from doing (阻挡做) how about / what about doing spend / waste time / money in doing sth. 在花费或奢侈时间或钱 have some difficulty / trouble / problems( in )doing在做有困难 have a hard / good time in doing 做 很困难或做很开心6、含介词to 的短语: look forward to 渴望， devoteto 致力于、献身于， be / get used to 习惯于 lead to 导致，get down to 着手做， pay attention to 留意 refer to 谈到、所指、参考，equal to 等于、能胜任，belong to 属于如: Mr Reed made up his mind to devote all he had to _ some school for poor children. A.set up B.setting up C.have set up D. having set up 7.动词不定式but,other than后面时，假如介词前有行为动词do的某种形式，那么介词后的不定式不带to；否那么带to即前有do后无to 如：have no choice but to do sth.没有别的选择，只好做Eg，Sandy could do nothing but _ to his teacher that he was wrong. A. admit B. admitted C. admitting D. to admit 另外,cant choose/help but(只好); cant but(只好); had better; would rather 后面的不定式也省toEg, He cant choose but stay on. 他没方法只好待下去8permit / allow (允许)， forbid (制止)，advise (建议)，有两种用法：一是后接动名词，二是后接“sb. + to do sth9、need, want, require“须要,主语是物时,need, want, require+ doing用动词ing 主动形式表被动/ to be done / sb to be done be worth(值得) +名词/doing be worthy+to be done/of being doneeg. The window needs/wants/requires to be cleaned/cleaning. 窗户须要擦一下。 The place is worth visiting. The place is worthy+ to be visited/of being visited. 三、不定式、如今分词、过去分词作宾语补足语的比较1、不定式作宾语补足语，如：ask sb to do sth (sb作宾语，to do sth作宾补，宾语宾补复合宾语)类似动词有：tell, want, encourage, advise, order, require, force, beg, cause, allow, permit, forbid制止, warn警告, remind, teach, call on (号召)，depend on (希望)，would like / love (想要)，prefer, wish, expect, hope不带复合宾语)注：help sb (to) do sth.2、1使役动词后接不带to的不定式：let / make / have sb do sth. 但使役动词的被动语态常用：be made to do sth. 注：get sb to do sth. 译成“让某人做主动句中to不省略Eg，Though he had often made his little sister _, today he was made _ by his little sister.A. cry, to cry B. crying, crying C. cry, cry D. to cry, cry2have句型： have sb do sth使/让/叫某人干某事 have sb/ sth doing使某人某物持续的做某事, have sth done 表示两种意义：A.请别人做，而不是主语做； B.意外事故引起的,“使遭遇.如：He didnt keep on asking me the time any longer as he had had his watch _.A. to repair B. repaired C. repairing D. repair 如：Tom had his leg broken while playing football. 汤姆在踢足球时，伤了腿。 3get句型： get sb to do sth使/让/叫某人干某事 get sb/ sth doing使某人/物开始动起来 get sth done 使某事被做如:He tried to get the car moving. 他尽力让车发动起来4make oneself understood / heard / known 用过去分词作宾补 3、感官动词后作宾补的非谓语形式： 感官动词：feel, see, hear, watch, notice 用法：感官动词sb + do / doing / done/being done (分别表示全过程/正在发生/被动完成/正在发生且表示被动)。 如：1) They knew her very well. They had seen her _ up from childhood. A. grow B. grew C. was growing D. to grow 2) The missing boy was last seen _ near the river. A. playing B. to be playing C. play D. to play 3I heard an English song _by a little girl when I passed by her room yesterday. A.being sung B.singing C.sing D.to sing4、with 的复合构造：with +宾+宾补形容词、副词in, out,介词短语，非谓语形式，非谓语形式有： to do 表示将来， doing 表示主动和进展， done表示被动和完成。如： The murderer was brought in, with his hands _ behind his back. A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied 5、find + 宾语 + 宾补doing / done, keep +宾+doing, catch sb + doing (撞见某人在做)，smell sb +doing (觉察到某人在做)如：He looked around and caught a man _ his hand into the pocket of a passager. A. put B. to be putting C . to put D. putting She found a wallet lying on the ground. 她觉察一只钱包在地上。 Both doors were found locked. 6.句型： It is said / reported / thought / known /believed that. 可转化为：sb / sth be said / reported/known/believed to have done sth. 如：Robert is said _ abroad, but I dont know what country he studied in. A. to have studied B. to study C. to be studying 7.不定式，分词作宾补的小窍门： 以下动词后在主动语态中用不带to的不定式作宾补，但在被动语态中要加上to；他们是“吾看三室两厅一感觉5看look at,see,watch,notice,observe;3使(make,let,have); 2听listen to,hear1感觉 (feel) 以上动词还可以用如今分词作补语5+3+2+1-2+4：即以上动词除make,let外都可以用如今分词作补语；此外find,catch,keep,leave+4也可以用如今分词作补语。 如：Leave sb doing 让某人始终做某事宾语及宾补之间存在逻辑上的主动关系，表示动作正在进展Its wrong of you to leave the machine running. 你让机器始终开着是不对的。四、三种非谓语形式作定语定语的比较：*考点一：作定语的不定式假如是不及物动词，或不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后有相应的介词。例如： The Browns have a comfortable house to live in。 There is nothing to worry about.但是，不定式所修饰的名词假如是time，place或way时，不定式后面的介词习惯上省去。He had no money and no place to live (in). We find a way to solve this problem (in).*考点二：区分下面两句话：Have you anything to send(不定式动作的执行者是“你) “你有什么东西要寄吗？Have you anything to be send不定式的动作是“我或别人 “你有什么要我或者别人寄得东西吗？*考点三：修饰序数词、最高级或no，all,any等词多有动词不定式。例如：He was the best man to do the job. She was the first woman to win the gold medal *考点四：三个非谓语动词作定语的区分：及中心词之间的关系l       动作表将来， 主动时用to do l       动作表将来， 被动时用to be done 例如：the building to be built next year l       动作正在进展，主动或不及物动词时用 doing l       动作正在进展，被动时用 being done the building being built now l       动作已完成，表被动时用 done；不及物动词 只表动作完成 the building built last year例： The first textbooks _ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16 th century. A. having written         B. to be written C. being written          D. written . The Olympic Games, _ in 776 B. C, did not include women players until 1912.A. first playing          B. to be first played C. first played         D. to be first playing五、不定式、如今分词、过去分词作状语的比较1、不定式作目的、缘由、结果状语1目的：eg. She had to shout to make herself heard. 常见于：to do, in order to do, so as to do (不用于句首)，可互换2缘由：不定式常放在表示心情反响的形容词后。如：happy, sorry, glad, sad, surpried, disappointed. 不定式不放在句首。 如：I am sorry to hear that your father is ill.3结果：常用 only to do来表示末曾意料到或令人不快的状况，其动作发生在谓语动作之后。另外，固定构造：too to do, enough to do, so / such as to do 中，不定式也作结果状语。4.在形容词后作状语，只用不定式如：The book is easy to read. (=It is easy to read the book.) 2、如今分词、过去分词可作时间、条件、让步、方式、缘由、结果.伴随状语，就不作目的状语。分词作状语时，相当于一个状语从句 注：表示时间、条件或让步的分词，有时可带上连词if, unless, when, while, once一旦 though, although分词作状语时可分为以下几种形式：* doing：用来表示主动，且前后动作同时进展。* having done:表示主动,且动作发生在主句之前Having seen the film before, I decided not to see it again.* being done:表示被动,且前后动作同时进展 Being questioned by the police, he felt frightened.* done:表示被动且完成 Destroyed in the storm, the house will be rebuilt.* having been done: 用来表示被动，且动作发生在主句之前Having been defeated three times, he had to give up.如: Having been told many times,he still repeated the same mistakes. The teaher came into he room,followed by many students._ time, hell make a first-class tennis player. A. Having given B. To give C. Giving D. Given 3. 独立成分作状语：有些分词或者不定式短语做状语，其形式上不受上下文的影响，不须要逻辑主语，无须依着动词形式;称作独立成分。 常见的不须要逻辑主语的动词-ing/-ed形式构造:Considering (that)/ Seeing (that)考虑到      supposing (that)/ Proving/provided (that)/given (that) 假如 generally speaking  一般说来       frankly speaking  坦白说 Judging from 从推断           talking of 说到 Concerning     关于            to tell you the truth,. 实话实说       compared to/with 及.相比例：. Frankly speaking, I dont agree with what he said. 坦白地说，我不同意他说的话。. Supposing he is ill, who will do the work 假设他病了，谁来做这工作呢？. Judging from his accent，he is from the south. 从他腔调来看，他来自南方。4. 独立主格构造： 1概念：非谓语动词作状语时，他的逻辑主语应当和主句主语保持一样。但有时非谓语动词带有自己的逻辑主语，在句中做状语，我们称之为独立主格构造。独立主格构造中的名词或代词及其后的分词等构成逻辑上的主谓关系。特殊留意的是，独立主格构造及主句之间不运用任何连接词。2独立主格构造的特点： 独立主格构造的逻辑主语及句子的主语不同，它独立存在。 名词或代词及后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词等是主谓关系。 独立主格构造一般有逗号及主句分开。位置相当敏捷，可置于主句前、主句末或主句中，由逗号及主句分开。3独立主格构造根本构成形式： 名词(代词)+如今分词；过去分词；名词；形容词；副词；不定式；介词短语  . 名词(代词)+如今分词： 例如：Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow. 天气允许，我们明天去看你. 名词(代词)+过去分词： 例如：The test finished= When the test was finished ，we began our holiday. . 名词(代词)+不定式： 在“名词/代词+动词不定式构造中，动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词假如存在着逻辑上的主谓关系，动词不定式那么用主动的形式；假如是动宾关系，那么用被动形式。 例如：Many trees, flowers, and grass to be planted, our newly-built school will look even more beautiful.  种上很多的树、花和草后，我们新建的学校看上去将更美。 . 名词(代词)+形容词：例如：Computers very small, we can use them wide 电脑虽小，我们却能广泛地利用它们。 . 名词(代词)+副词： 例如： The meeting over, our headmaster soon left the meeting room. 散会了，校长很快就分开了会议室。 . 名词(代词)+名词：例如：His first shot failure，he fired again 他第一枪没击中，又打了一枪。. 名词(代词) +介词短语：例如：He came into the room, his ears red with cold. 他回到了房子里，耳朵冻得红统统的。 . There being +名词代词如：There being nothing else to do, we went home. 没有别的事可做，我们就回家了。. It being +名词代词如：It being Christmas, the government offices were closed. 由于圣诞节的原因，政府机关都休息。4with，without 引导的独立主格构造： with ( without)+宾语名词/代词+宾语补足语，宾语通常由名词或代词充当，但代词肯定要用宾格。上文的独立主格构造的几种状况都适用于此构造。 例如：  The girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was.  without +名词/代词+动词的-ing形式 Without a word more spoken, she left the meeting room.  without+名词/代词+动词的-ed形式典型例题： The murderer was brought in, with his hands _ behind his back。 A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied 5 5区分：独立主格构造及分词短语都可以转换为状语从句。但是独立主格构造转换为状语从句后，它有自己的逻辑主语，及主句的主语不一样；而分词短语转换为状语从句后，从句的主语及主句的主语一样。 例如：If time permits, we'd better have a holiday at weekends. 转换为：Time permitting, we'd better have a holiday at weekends.When we see from the hilltop, we can find the city more beautiful.转换：Seeing from the hilltop, we can find the city more beautiful.