小升初英语基础知识必备.docx

小学英语根底学问&必备建议保藏孩子教化是父母毕惹事业！第一部分：根底学问  1.字母：26个字母大小写ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz2.语音：元音发音五个元音字母：AEIOU12个单元音： §前元音：i: /e/ 槧中元音：: §§后元音：: : u :  §§双元音8个§合口双元音5个ai  ei   au     u   i§集中双元音3个 iu  3.词汇：词汇量，近反义词§4.句子：大小写，标点符号第二部分：语法学问一.名词：名词单复数，名词格(一)名词单复数§一般状况，干脆加-s，如：book-books, bag-bags, cat-cats, bed-beds§§以s. x. sh. ch结尾，加-es，如：bus-buses, box-boxes, brush-brushes, watch-watches§§以“辅音字母+y结尾，变y为i, 再加-es，如：family-families, strawberry-strawberries§§以“f或fe结尾，变f或fe为v, 再加-es，如：knife-knives§§不规那么名词复数：§man-men, woman-women, policeman-policemen, policewoman-policewomen, mouse-mice§child-children, foot-feet, tooth-teeth, fish-fish, people-people, Chinese-Chinese, Japanese-Japanese§§不行数名词复数就是原型： paper, juice, water, milk, rice, tea§(二)名词格§有生命东西名词全部格：§a) 单数后加 s 如: Lucys ruler my fathers shirt§b) 以s 结尾复数名词后加 如: his friends bags§c) 不以s 结尾复数后加 s childrens shoes§并列名词中，假如把 s加在最终一个名词后，表示共有, 如:§Tom and Mikes car 汤姆和迈克共有小汽车§要表示全部物不是共有，应分别在并列名词后加s§Toms and Mikes cars 汤姆和麦克各自小汽车§(2)表示无生命东西名词通常用“ of +名词来表示全部关系：如:a picture of the classroom a map of China第二部分：语法学问二.冠词：不定冠词，定冠词种类：(1)不定冠词：a / an a unit / an uncle元音开头可数名词前用an :an egg / an apple / an orange / an eraser / an answer / an ID card / an alarm clock / an actor / an actress / an e-mail / an address / an event / an example / an opera / an houran old man / an interesting book / an exciting sport / an action movie / an art lesson /(2)定冠词：the the egg the plane2. 用法:定冠词用法：§特指某(些)人或某(些)物： The ruler is on the desk.§§复述上文提到人或物：He has a sweater. The sweater is new.§§谈话双方都知道人或物：The boys arent at school.§§在序数词前： Johns birthday is February the second.§§用于固定词组中： in the morning / afternoon / evening§不用冠词状况：§专出名词前：China is a big country.§§名词前有定语：this , that , my , your , some, any , no 等：§This is my baseball.§§复数名词表示一类人和事：Monkeys cant swim. They are teachers.§§在节日，日期，月份，季节前：Today is Christmas Day. Its Sunday.§§一日三餐前：We have breakfast at 6:30.§§球类 棋类运动前：They often play football after class. He plays chess at home.§* 但乐器前要用定冠词：I play the guitar very well.§§学科名称前：My favorite subject is music.§§在称呼或头衔名词前：This is Mr Li.§§固定词组中：at noon at night by bus§第二部分：语法学问三、代词、形容词、副词代词：人称代词，物主代词人称代词物主代词主格宾格第一人称单数I(我)memy(我)复数we(我们)usour(我们)第二人称单数you(你)youyour(你)复数you(你们)youyour(你们)第三人称单数he(他)himhis(他)she(她)herher(她)it(它)itits(它)复数they(他们/她们/它们)themtheir(他们/她们/它们)形容词，副词：比较级，最高级(一)、形容词比较级1、形容词比较级在句子中运用：两个事物或人比较用比较级，比较级后面一般带有单词than。比较级前面可以用more, a little来修饰表示程度。than后人称代词用主格(口语中可用宾格)。2.形容词加er规那么：§一般在词尾加er ;§以字母e 结尾，加r ;§以一个元音字母和一个辅音字母结尾，应双写末尾辅音字母，再加er ;§以“辅音字母+y结尾，先把y变i，再加er 。§3.不规那么形容词比较级：good-better, beautiful-more beautiful(二)副词比较级(有be用形，有形用be;有动用副，有副用动)§在句子中形容词一般处于名词之前或be动词之后§§副词在句子中最常见是处于实义动词之后§(不规那么改变：well-better, far-farther)第二部分：语法学问四、数词：基数词、序数词(1)1-20one，two，three，four，five，six，seven，eight，nine，ten，eleven，twelve，thirteen，fourteen，fifteen， sixteen，seventeen，eighteen，nineteen，twenty(2)21-99 先说“几十，再说“几，中间加连字符。23twenty-three，34thirty-four，45fortyfive，56fifty-six，67sixty-seven，78seventy-eight，89eighty-nine，91ninety-one(3)101999先说“几百，再加and，再加末两位数或末位数;586five hundred and eighty-six，803eight hundred and three(4)l，000以上，先从右往左数，每三位数加一个“，第一个“，“，前为million，第三个“，前为billion1，001one thousand and one18，423eighteen thousand，four hundred and twenty-three6，260，309six million two hundred and sixty thousand three hundred and nine750，000，000，000seven hundred and fifty billion序数词(1)一般在基数词后加thfourth，thirteenthirteenth(2)不规那么改变onefirst，twosecond，threethird，fivefifth，eighteighth，nineninth，twelvetwelfth(3)以y结尾十位整数，变y为ie再加thtwentytwentieth， fortyfortieth， ninetyninetieth(4)从二十一后“几十几直至“几百几十几或“几千几百几十几只将个位基数词变为序数词。twenty-first，two hundred and forty-fifth基数词转为序数词口诀：基变序，有规律，词尾加上-th.一，二，三，特别记，词尾字母t,d,d.八去t,九去e, ve要用f替。ty将y变成i，th前面有个e.假设是遇到几十几，前用基来后用序。第二部分：语法学问五、介词：常用介词：in, on, at, behind等1.at表示时间概念某一个点。(在某时刻、时间、阶段等)。at 1：00(dawn，midnight，noon)在一点钟(黎明、午夜、中午)1)表示详细日期。注：(1)关于"在周末"几种表示法：§at(on)the weekend在周末-特指§§at(on)weekends在周末-泛指§§over the weekend在整个周末§§during the weekend在周末期间§(2)在圣诞节，应说at Christmas而不说on Christmas§2)在(刚)时候。On reaching the city he called up his parents.一到城里他就给父母打了一个 。1)表示"时段"、"时期"，在多数状况下可以和during互换，前者强调比照，后者强调持续。 in(during)1988(December，the 20th century)在一九八八年(十二月、二十世纪)六、动词：动词四种时态：(1)一般如今时：一般如今时构成§1. be动词：主语+be(am, is, are)+其它。如： I am a boy. 我是一个男孩。§§2. 行为动词：主语+行为动词(+其它)。 如： We study English. 我们学习英语。§当主语为第三人称单数(he, she, it)时，要在动词后加"-s"或"-es"。如：Mary likes Chinese.玛丽喜爱汉语。动词+s改变规那么§1.一般状况下，干脆加-s，如：cook-cooks, milk-milks§§2.以s. x. sh. ch. o结尾，加-es，如：guess-guesses, wash-washes, watch-watches, go-goes§§“辅音字母+y结尾，变y为i, 再加-es，如：study-studies§(2)一般过去时:动词过去式详解 动词过去式构成规那么有：A、规那么动词§ 一般干脆在动词后面加ed：如 worked , learned , cleaned , visited§§ 以e结尾动词干脆加d：如 lived , danced , used§§ 以辅音字母加y结尾动词要改y为i再加ed(此类动词较少)如 study studied carry carried worry worried (留意play、stay不是辅音字母加y,所以不属于此类)§§ 双写最终一个字母(此类动词较少)如 stopped§B、不规那么动词(此类词并无规那么，须熟记)小学阶段要记住以下动词原形和过去式：sing sang , eat ate ,see saw , have had , do did , go went , take took , buy bought , get got , read read ,fly flew , am/is was ,are were , say said , leave left , swim swam , tell told , draw drew , come came , lose lost , find found , drink drank , hurt hurt , feel felt(3)一般将来时：根本构造：§be going to + do;§§will+ do. be going to = will§I am going to go swimming tomorrow(明天). = I will go swimming tomorrow.(4)如今进展时: am,is,are+动词如今分词动词如今分词详解 动词ing形式构成规那么：§ 一般干脆在后面加上ing , 如doing , going , working , singing , eating§§ 以e 结尾动词，要先去e再加ing ，如having , writing§§ 双写最终一个字母(此类动词极少)有：running , swimming , sitting , getting§第三部分：句法(1)确定句：是指用确定语气来陈述句子，如：§Im a student. She is a doctor. He works in a hospital.§§There are four fans in our classroom. He will eat lunch at 12:00. I watched TV yesterday evening.§(2)、否认句：含有否认词或表示否认意义词句子，如：§Im not a student. She is not (isnt) a doctor.§§He does not (doesnt) work in a hospital. There are not (arent) four fans in our classroom.§§He will not (wont) eat lunch at 12:00. I did not (didnt) watch TV yesterday evening.§                  2. 疑问句一般疑问句：是指询问事实句子，此类句子必需用“yes，或“no来答复。特别疑问句：以特别疑问词(what , where , who , which , when , whose , why , how等)开头引导句子。此类句子应当问什么就答什么，不能用“yes 、no来答复。                  3.There be句型There be 句型与have, has区分§1、There be 句型表示：在某地有某物(或人)§§2、在there be 句型中，主语是单数，be 动词用is ; 主语是复数，be 动词用are ; 如有几件物品，be 动词依据最*近be 动词那个名词确定。§§3、there be 句型否认句在be 动词后加not , 一般疑问句把be 动词调到句首。§§4、there be句型与have(has) 区分：there be 表示在某地有某物(或人);have(has) 表示某人拥有某物。§§5、some 和any 在there be 句型中运用：some 用于确定句， any 用于否认句或疑问句。§§6、and 和or 在there be句型中运用：and 用于确定句， or 用于否认句或疑问句。§§7、针对数量提问特别疑问句根本构造是：§How many + 名词复数 + are there + 介词短语§How much + 不行数名词 + is there + 介词短语§§8、针对主语提问特别疑问句根本构造是：§Whats + 介词短语