财务报表分析英文版答案.docx

Chapter 8Return On Invested Capital And Profitability AnalysisREVIEWReturn on invested capital is important in our analysis of financial statements. Financial statement analysis involves our assessing both risk and return. The prior three chapters focused primarily on risk, whereas this chapter extends our analysis to return. Return on invested capital refers to a company's earnings relative to both the level and source of financing. It is a measure of a company's success in using financing to generate profits, and is an excellent measure of operating performance. This chapter describes return on invested capital and its relevance to financial statement analysis. We also explain variations in measurement of return on invested capital and their interpretation. We also disaggregate return on invested capital into important components for additional insights into company performance. The role of financial leverage and its importance for returns analysis is examined. This chapter demonstrates each of these analysis techniques using financial statement data.OUTLINE· Importance of Return on Invested CapitalMeasuring Managerial EffectivenessMeasuring ProfitabilityMeasuring for Planning and Control· Components of Return on Invested CapitalDefining Invested CapitalAdjustments to Invested Capital and IncomeComputing Return on Invested Capital· Analyzing Return on Net Operating AssetsDisaggregating Return on Net Operating AssetsRelation between Profit Margin and Asset TurnoverProfit Margin AnalysisAsset Turnover Analysis· Analyzing Return on Common EquityDisaggregating Return on Common EquityFinancial Leverage and Return on Common EquityAssessing Growth in Common EquityANALYSIS OBJECTIVES· Describe the usefulness of return measures in financial statement analysis.· Explain return on invested capital and variations in its computation.· Analyze return on net operating assets and its relevance in our analysis.· Describe disaggregation of return on net operating assets and the importance of its components.· Describe the relation between profit margin and turnover.· Analyze return on common shareholders' equity and its role in our analysis.· Describe disaggregation of return on common shareholders' equity and the relevance of its components.· Explain financial leverage and how to assess a company's success in trading on the equity across financing sources.QUESTIONS1. The return that is achieved in any one period on the invested capital of a company consists of the returns (and losses) realized by its various segments and divisions. In turn, these returns are made up of the results achieved by individual product lines and projects. A wellmanaged company exercises rigorous control over the returns achieved by each of its profit centers, and it rewards the managers on the basis of such results. Specifically, when evaluating new investments in assets or projects, management will compute the estimated returns it expects to achieve and use these estimates as a basis for its decision to invest or not.2. Profit generation is the first and foremost purpose of a company. The effectiveness of operating performance determines the ability of the company to survive financially, to attract suppliers of funds, and to reward them adequately. Return on invested capital is the prime measure of company performance. The analyst uses it as an indicator of managerial effectiveness, and/or a measure of the company's ability to earn a satisfactory return on investment.3. If the investment base is defined as comprising net operating assets, then net operating profit (e.g., before interest) after tax (NOPAT) is the relevant income figure to use. The exclusion of interest from income deductions is due to its being regarded as a payment for the use of money from the suppliers of debt capital (in the same way that dividends are regarded as a payment to suppliers of equity capital). NOPAT is the appropriate amount to measure against net operating assets as both are considered to be operating.4. First, the motivation for excluding nonproductive assets from invested capital is based on the idea that management is not responsible for earning a return on non-operating invested capital. Second, the exclusion of intangible assets from the investment base is often due to skepticism regarding their value or their contribution to the earning power of the company. Under GAAP, intangibles are carried at cost. However, if their cost exceeds their future utility, they are written down (or there will be an uncertainty exception regarding their carrying value in the auditor's opinion). The exclusion of intangible assets from the asset base must be based on more substantial evidence than a mere lack of understanding of what these assets represent or an unsupported suspicion regarding their value. This implies that intangible assets should generally not be excluded from invested capital.5.The basic formula for computing the return on investment is net income divided by total invested capital. Whenever we modify the definition of the investment base by, say, omitting certain items (liabilities, idle assets, intangibles, etc.) we must also adjust the corresponding income figure to make it consistent with the modified asset base.6.The relation of net income to sales is a measure of operating performance (profit margin). The relation of sales to total assets is a measure of asset utilization or turnovera means of determining how effectively (in terms of sales generation) the assets are utilized. Both of these measures, profit margin as well as asset utilization, determine the return realized on a given investment base. Sales are an important factor in both of these performance measures.7.Profit margin, although important, is only one aspect of the return on invested capital. The other is asset turnover. Consequently, while Company B's profit margin is high, its asset turnover may have been sufficiently depressed so as to drag down the overall return on invested capital, leading to the shareholder's complaint.8.The asset turnover of Company X is 3. The profit margin of Company Y is 0.5%. Since both companies are in the same industry, it is clear that Company X must concentrate on improving its asset turnover. On the other hand, Company Y must concentrate on improving its profit margin. More specific strategies depend on the product and industry.9.The sales to total assets (asset turnover) component of the return on invested capital measure reflects the overall rate of asset utilization. It does not reflect the rate of utilization of individual asset categories that enter into the overall asset turnover. To better evaluate the reasons for the level of asset turnover or the reasons for changes in that level, it is helpful to compute the rate of individual asset turnovers that make up the overall turnover rate.10.The evaluation of return on invested capital involves many factors. The inclusion/exclusion of extraordinary gains and losses, the use/nonuse of trends, the effect of acquisitions accounted for as poolings and their chance of recurrence, the effect of discontinued operations, and the possibility of averaging net income are just a few of many such factors. Moreover, the analyst must take into account the effects of price-level changes on return calculations. It also is important that the analyst bear in mind that return on invested capital is most commonly based on book values from financial statements rather than on market values. And finally, many assets either do not appear in the financial statements or are significantly understated. Examples of such assets are intangibles such as patents, trademarks, research and development activities, advertising and training, and intellectual capital.11.The equity growth rate is calculated as follows:Net income Preferred dividends Common dividend payout / Average common equity.This is the growth rate due to the retention of earnings and assumes a constant dividend payout over time. It indicates the possibilities of earnings growth without resort to external financing. The resulting increase in equity can be expected to earn the rate of return that the company earns on its assets and, thus, further contribute to growth in earnings.12.a.The return on net operating assets and the return on common stockholders' equity differ by the capital investment base (and its corresponding effects on net income). RNOA reflects the return on the net operating assets of the company whereas ROCE reflects the perspective of common shareholders.b.ROCE can be disaggregated into the following components to facilitate analysis:ROCE = RNOA + Leverage x Spread. RNOA measures the return on net operating assets, a measure of operating performance. The second component (Leverage x Spread) measures the effects of financial leverage. ROCE is increased by adding financial leverage so long as RNOA>weighted average cost of capital. That is, if the firm can earn a return on operating assets that is greater than the cost of the capital used to finance the purchase of those assets, then shareholders are better off adding debt to increase operating assets. 13.a.ROCE can be disaggregated as follows:This shows that “equity turnover (sales to average common equity) is one of the two components of the return on common shareholders' equity. Assuming a stable profit margin, the equity turnover can be used to determine the level and trend of ROCE. Specifically, an increase in equity turnover will produce an increase in ROCE if the profit margin is stable or declines less than the increase in equity turnover. For example, a common objective of discount stores is to lower prices by lowering profit margins, but to offset this by increasing equity turnover by more than the decrease in profit margin.b.Equity turnover can be rewritten as follows:The first factor reflects how well net operating assets are being utilized. If the ratio is increasing, this can signal either a technological advantage or under-capacity and the need for expansion. The second factor reflects the use of leverage. Leverage will be higher for those firms that have financed more of their assets through debt. By considering these factors that comprise equity turnover, it is apparent that EPS cannot grow indefinitely from an increase in these factors. This is because these factors cannot grow indefinitely. Even if there is a technological advantage in production, the sales to net operating assets ratio cannot increase indefinitely. This is because sooner or later the firm must expand its net operating asset base to meet rising sales or else not meet sales and lose a share of the market. Also, financing new assets with debt can increase the net operating assets to common equity ratio. However, this can only be pursued to a pointat which time the equity base must expand (which decreases the ratio).14.When convertible debt sells at a substantial premium above par and is clearly held by investors for its conversion feature, there is justification for treating it as the equivalent of equity capital. This is particularly true when the company can choose at any time to force conversion of the debt by calling it in.EXERCISESExercise 8-1 (35 minutes)a.First alternative:NOPAT = $6,000,000 * 10% = $600,000Net income = $600,000 $1,000,000*12%(1-.40) = $528,000Second alternative:NOPAT = $6,000,000 * 10% = $600,000Net income = $600,000 $2,000,000*12%(1-.40) = $456,000b. First alternative:ROCE = $528,000 / $5,000,000 = 10.56%Second alternative:ROCE = $456,000 / $4,000,000 = 11.40%c. First alternative:Assets-to-Equity = $6,000,000 / $5,000,000 = Second alternative:Assets-to-Equity = $6,000,000 / $4,000,000 = d.First, lets compute return on assets (RNOA):First alternative: $600,000 / $6,000,000 = 10%Second alternative: $600,000 / $6,000,000 = 10%Second, notice that the interest rate is 12% on the debt (bonds). More importantly, the after-tax interest rate is 7.2% (12% x (1-0.40), which is less than RNOA. Hence, the company earns more on its assets than it pays for debt on an after-tax basis. That is, it can successfully trade on the equityuse bondholders funds to earn additional profits. Finally, since the second alternative uses more debt, as reflected in the assets-to-equity ratio in c, the second alternative is probably preferred. The shareholders would take on additional risk with the second alternative, but the expected returns are greater as evidenced from computations in b.Exercise 8-2 (40 minutes)a.NOPAT = Net income = $10,000,000 x 10% = $1,000,000b.First alternative:NOPAT = $1,000,000 + $6,000,000*10% = $1,600,000Net income = $1,600,000 ($2,000,000 ´ 5% x 1-.40) = $1,540,000Second alternative:NOPAT = $1,000,000 + $6,000,000*10% = $1,600,000Net income = $1,600,000 ($6,000,000 ´ 6% x 1-.40) = $1,384,000c.First alternative: ROCE = $1,540,000 / ($10,000,000 + $4,000,000) = 11%Second alternative: ROCE = $1,384,000 / ($10,000,000 + $0) = 13.84%d.ROCE is higher under the second alternative due to successful use of leveragethat is, successfully trading on the equity. Note: Asset-to-Equity is 1.14=$16 mil./$14 mil. (1.60=$16 mil./$10 mil.) under the first (second) alternative. The company should pursue the second alternative in the interest of shareholders (assuming projected returns are consistent with current performance levels).Exercise 8-3 (15 minutes)a.RNOA = 2 x 5% = 10% b. ROCE = 10% + 1.786 x 4.4% = 17.86%c.RNOA10.00%Leverage advantage 7.86%Return on equity17.86%Exercise 8-4 (30 minutes)a.Computation and Interpretation of ROCE:Year 5Year 9Assets-to-equityROCE (product of above)9.54%9.07% * 1-Tax rate.ROCE declines from Year 5 to Year 9 because: (1) pre-tax margin decreases by approximately 3%, (2) asset turnover declines by roughly %, and (3) the tax rate increases by about %. The combination of these factors drives the decline in ROCEthis is despite the slight improvement in the assets-to-equity ratio.b.The main reason EPS increases is that shareholders had a large amount of assets and equity working for them. Namely, the company grew while return on assets and return on equity remained fairly stable. In addition, the amount of preferred stock declined, as did the amount of preferred dividends. With this decline in the cost of carrying preferred stock, earnings available to common stock increased.(CFA Adapted)Exercise 8-5 (15 minutes)a.RNOA = 3 x 7% = 21%b.ROCE = RNOA + LEV x Spread = 21% + (1.667 x 8.4%) = 35%c.Net leverage advantage to common equity Return on net o