八年级下册英语期末复习资料.docx
初二下期末复习资料一、主要语法点1、系动词:表示主语“是什么”或“怎么样”的词。它本身有词义,但是不能单独做谓语,后面必需跟表语(形容词、名词等),构成系表构造来说明主语的状况、性质、特征等。系动词可分五类:a、表示“是”的系动词be,表示主语的特征、状态或性质。b、表示保持一种状态或看法的连词,如:keep,stay,remain等。c、表示一种状态转变为另一种状态的连系动词,如:become,get,grow,turn,go等。d、表示“看起来”的连系动词,如:look,seem,appear。e、表示其他感官感觉到的系动词,如:feel,smell,taste,sound。2、状语从句a、缘由状语从句表示主句所发生的缘由或理由。通常用because,as,since和for引导。because 用于答复why的提问,可放句首,也可放句尾。as和since语气弱,用来表示特别明显的缘由或者对方已经理解的缘由,一般放句首。for表示的缘由不是干脆缘由,而是多种状况的推想,是一种补充说明,因此一般不在句首。b、时间状语从句,要留意时态一样。一般状况下,主句是一般将来时,从句用一般过去时。主句是过去时态,从句也要相应用过去时态。连接词有:when,while,as,before,after,since,till,untill等。l 表示同时性,即主从句的谓语同时发生或者几乎同时发生。when(当的时候),while,as soon as,as,onec,等。l 表示先后,即主句的谓语动作发生在从句之前或之后。after=when(在之后),beforel 表示持续或瞬间性。since(自从),until(直到才),till(直到才)until用于确定句中,表示主句的动作始终持续到从句动作发生或状态出现时为止。这种用法中,主句的谓语动词必需是持续性动词。如live,wait,last,love,like,stay,work等。eg:He waited for his father until it was 12 oclock.until用于否认句中,表示主句的动作在从句的动作发生之前尚未发生,或者说主句的动作在从句的动作发生之后才开场。此句型为“notuntil”直到才,此时谓语可以是非持续性动词。eg: He didnt come back until he finished all the work.c、条件状语从句由if,unless(除非),in case(万一),as long as(只要)等词引导。条件状语从句同时间状语从句一样,谓语动词常用一般如今时表示将来。eg:If it doesnt rain tomorrow, well go to the park.d、结果状语从句表示主句的动作所引起的结果,可以用sothat, suchthat等引导。l 在sothat构造中,so是副词,与形容词或副词连用,构造是so+adj/adv +that从句。在suchthat结果中,such是形容词,后面跟可数或不行数名词。构造是:such+a(n)(+adj.)+单数名词+that从句 He is such a(n)(honest)boy that everybody likes him. such(+adj)+复数可数名词+that从句 He had such long arms that he could almost touch the ceiling.such(+adj)+不行数名词+that从句 It was such bad weather that I had to stay at home.l 当名词前有many,much,few,little等表示数量多少的词修饰时,用so,不用such。l 当单数名词前有形容词时,即可用so,也可用such,但不定冠词的位置却不同。eg:This is such an important meeting that you should attend.= This is so important a meeting that you should attend.l so that既可以引导目的状语从句,也可以引导结果状语从句。3、使役动词:就是叫别人去做事情。常见的动词有let,make,have,get等,加了宾语后,可用动词原形或不定式短语(to+动词原型)4、动词不定式:由“to+动词原型”构成。常用词begin, want,hope,forget,remember,like ,need,try,ask等。l 感官和使役动词let,make,listen to,feel,hear,see,watch等,动词不定式不带to。eg:My parents dont let me swim in the river.l 常用it作为形式主语,动词不定式放在谓语或表语后。假如说明动词不定式的动作是谁做的,可在不定式前加一个for sb,做逻辑主语。假如表语是kind,nice,right,wrong,good,clever等描绘行为者本身的性格、品质的形容词时,应当在不定式前加of sb,做逻辑主语。eg:Its difficlut for us to finish the work. Its very kind of you to help me.l 动词不定式短语可以和疑问词what,which,how,where,when等连用。5、宾语从句:就是一个句子在另一个主句中作宾语。l 由连词that引导的宾语从句,that可以省略。l 由if或whether引导,意为“是否”,“是不是”。语序用陈述语序(主语+谓语)。连接词不能省略。l whether和if引导宾从时通常可以互换。但以下状况,whether不行以换成if。1) whether之后紧跟or not时。eg: I dont know whether or not it rains.2) whether引导主语从句位于句首时。eg: Whether they will go by air or by train hasnt decided.3) whether用在带有to的动词不定式前。 eg: Please tell us wheather to go or stay.4) 有些动词(如discuss)后面只能跟whether,不能跟if。 eg: We discussed whether we should let him leave.l 主句运用如今时时,从句允许运用任何时态。从句可以与主句一样,也可以由从句的时间状语自行确定。eg: I think you are right.l 主句用过去时,从句要用过去时态的某种形式。eg: I didnt think he was wrong yesterday. 我认为他昨天没错。(从句有yesterday,用一般过去时)l 假如宾语从句陈述的是客观真理,事实等,其时态不受上述限制,用一般如今时态。eg: The teacher told me the earth is round. 教师告知过我,地球是圆的。6、形容词的同级比拟:A=Bl A+be+as+形容词原级+as+B eg: This classroom is as large as that one.l 否认:A+be+not+as/so+形容词原级+as+B “A不如B那么” eg: Helen is not as/ so thin as her sister.l 表示倍数,如“一半/两倍/三倍” half/ twice/ three times+asaseg: You are not half as clever as you think you are. 你还没有你自认为的一半聪慧。7、副词的比拟级和最高级l A+动词+副词的比拟级+than+B “A做某事比B更” eg: His brother worked harder than him.l A like(s)better than B “和B比起来,更喜爱A” eg: She likes dancing better than singing.l less+原级+than “不如” eg: He walks less slowly than his sister.l 比拟级+and+比拟级 “越来越” eg: He got worse and worse, so he didnt go to work.l the+比拟级,the+比拟级 “越,越” eg: The harder you work, the more you get.l 倍数+asas = 倍数+比拟级+than “几倍于” eg: This kind of plane flies twice as fast as that kind. = This kind of plane flies twice faster than that kind.l 用much,far,still,a lot等副词来修饰副词的比拟级时,表示程度,放在比拟级之前。eg: The problem is much harder than that one.8、其他重要语法l one of +(形容词最高级)+可数名词复数 做主语时,谓语动词用单数。 eg: One of the bags is mine.l none of做主语,谓语可用单数,也可用复数。 none 用来答复How many 引导的特别疑问句。二、易混淆词组1、ed形容词与ing形容词的区分:如,interested与interesting surprised 与surprising等ed形容词表示“感到的”,主语是人。ing形容词表示“令人的”,主语为物。2、because+从句 because of+短语instead 一般放在句子后面,其后不加被代替的内容。 eg: If you are busy, you can come another day instead.instead of +被代替的局部。 eg: I went there by bus instead of on foot.3、experience 说明成经验时,可数。 说明成阅历时,不行数。 exercise 说明成练习时, 可数。 说明成熬炼时,不行数。4、think over 细致考虑,慎重考虑 think about 想,考虑 think of 想起,认为eg: What do you _ the filmDid you _ going there by planeHe would like more time to _ things _.5、noisy嘈杂的,热闹的,是noise的形容词。 noise 嘈杂声,令人不开心的声音,说话声。voice 人说话或唱歌的声音,嗓音。 sound 指可以听到的任何声音。eg: He has a good _. He opened the door without a _. Dont make so much _.6、at the end of “在最终/终点” by the end of “不迟于”强调最终期限 in the end =at last 最终7、find 找到,发觉,强调结果。find out 多指通过调查询问之后,弄明白。 look for(有目的)找寻,强调动作。8、cost 主语是物。 sth cost sb some money spend 主语是人。 sb spendon sth sb spendin doing sthpay 主语是人。payfor take 常表示花费时间。 It takes sb some time to do sth其他pay 短语 pay back 归还,还钱给某人 pay off 还清9、be strict in sth 在方面要求严格 be strict with sb 对要求严格10、be used to sth习惯,适应 used to do sth 过去 经常做某事11、in the +方位词+of 在某一范围内的地方 eg: Beijing is in the north of China.on the+方位词+of 用于互相接壤且互不管辖的两个地方。 eg: Jiangxi is on the east of Fujian.to the +方位词+of 用于互不接壤且互不管辖的两个地方。 eg: Shanghai is to the north of Fujian.12、try on 试穿 try out 试验,验证 try doing sth 试着做某事 try to do sth 尽力做某事 have a try试试13、clothes 通常指身上的各种服装,它是复数名词,不能干脆和数词连用。clothing 物质名称,是服装的总称。没有复数形式。dress 做可数名词时,指连衣裙。做不行数名词时。 作不行数名词时,指某类特别的衣服 evening dress 晚礼服做动词时,说明为穿。 dress in+颜色/衣服 穿某类型的衣服。 dress up 装扮,扮装。 dress sb up 为某人装扮 get dress 穿衣服14、sometimes 有时 some times 几次 sometime 将来某时