小学英语语法知识点讲练.docx

小学英语语法学问点汇总 精讲+精练一、 名 词表示某一事物，有详细的和抽象的之分。分为可数名词和不行数名词。强调：不行数名词都默认为单数，所以总是用is或者was；最好不要根据some、any、a lot of等词去作推断，以免受误导。 1、可数名词如何变“复数形式：a一般状况下，干脆加-s，如：book-books, bag-bags, cat-cats, bed-beds ；读音：清辅音后读 s， 浊辅音和元音后读z。b以s. x. sh. ch结尾，加-es，如：bus-buses, box-boxes, brush-brushes, watch-watches ；读音：iz。c以“辅音字母+y结尾，变y为i, 再加-es，如：family-families, strawberry-strawberries ；读音：z。d以“f或fe结尾，变f或fe为v, 再加-es，如：knife-knives ，thief-thieves；读音：z。e以“o结尾的词，分两种状况1有生命的+es 读音：z 如：mango-mangoes tomato-tomatoes hero-heroes2) 无生命的+s 读音：z 如：photo-photos radio-radiosf. 不规那么名词复数： man-men, woman-women, policeman-policemen, policewoman-policewomen, snowman-snowmen, mouse-mice, child-children, foot-feet, tooth-teeth, fish-fish, people-people, Chinese-Chinese, Japanese-Japanese 2、不行数名词没有复数。假如要计算不行数名词所表达的数量，就得在数词和不行数名词之间加上“量词+of。例如：a glass of water, a piece of paper, a bottle of juice推断步骤：                                                  如是am、is或was原形读句子读该单词相识该单词理解意思看be动词                                                  如是are或were加s或es练一练1、写出以下各词的复数。 I _  him _  this _   her_     watch_   mango_child _photo _ diary _   day_  foot_ dress _ tooth_ sheep _   box_  strawberry _ thief _ engineer_ peach_ sandwich _   man_   woman_  leaf_   people_2、用所给名词的正确形式填空。1Are there two                ( box ) on the table2I can see some                 ( people ) in the cinema.3How many                 ( day ) are there in a week4Herere five                ( bottle ) of                  ( juice ) for you.5This                ( violin ) is hers. Those                ( grape ) are over there.二、冠  词冠词是一种虚词，不能独立运用，通常放在名词的前面，分为“不定冠词和“定冠词两种。1、不定冠词：a、an。用在单数名词前，表示“一个，一件。an用在以元音“音素开头的单词前。如： an e-mail, an orange, an old man, an English watch, an hour2、定冠词：the。用在单数或者复数名词前。the没有详细意思，有时翻译为这、那。它的根本用法：  1用来表示特指某些人或某些事物。如：The map on the wall is new.  2表示说话者双方都知道的人或事物。如：Look at the picture, please.  3表示再次提到前面谈过的人或事物。如：This is a stamp. The stamp is beautiful.  4用在表示世界上独一无二的事物前。如：the sun太阳  the moon月亮  the earth地球  5用在由一般名词构成的专出名词前。如：the Great Wall长城  6用在江河、湖海等专出名词前。如：the Changjiang River长江  7此外，序数词、形容词最高级、乐器名称等词前面和一些习惯用语中一般都用定冠词the。如：the first day, the best boy, play the piano, in the same class确定用a、an还是the时可根据汉语意思。练一练1、用a或an填空。        _ “U         _ ice-cream           _  goalkeeper           _ teapot            _apple       _office   _English book       _umbrella _unit            _hour            2、根据须要，填写冠词a，an或the。1Who is _girl behind _tree2 _old man has two children, _ son and _daughter.3This is  _ orange.   _ orange is Lucys.4He likes playing _guitar. We have _same hobby.5We all had_good time last Sunday.6She wants to be_doctor.三 数 词我们学过两类：基数词和序数词。基数用于表示数量多少，而基数词用于表示次序，常在日期中出现。区分：基数词前面没有“the；序数词前确定要有“the。1、超过二十以上的两位数须要在个位和十位之间加上“-。如：21  twenty-one2、三位数以上的那么须要在百位数后再加上and。如：101  a/one hundred and one3、用基数词来修饰可数名词时，确定别忘了它的复数形式。如：十八个男孩  eighteen boys4、用基数词修饰不行数名词时，如是复数，变它的量词为复数。如：两碗米饭  two bowls of rice5、序数词一般加“th，特别的有：first, second, third, fifth, eighth, ninth, twelfth以及二十及二十以外的整十：twentieth, thirtieth, fortieth “第几十几：前面整十不变，后面“几改为序数词。如：88  eighty-eighth练一练1、请翻译以下短语。 160名学生                             215本英语书                              3九杯凉水                              44个孩子                                512月31                                66月2日                                 7第九周                                 840年前                                  911+7                                  10上学第一天                            2、把以下基数词改成序数词。one-                 two-                 three-                  nine-                 fourteen-                     twenty-                      thirty-five-                     eighty-one四、代  词代词有两种：人称代词和物主代词。1、人称代词分为：第一、第二、第三人称，且有单复数之分。2、人称代词的主格在句中做主语，一般用在动词前疑问句除外；宾格在句中做宾语，多 用于动词、介词后。3、形容词性物主代词起形容词的作用，后面确定要跟名词，表示该名词是属于谁的。4、名词性物主代词=形容词性物主代词+名词。如：   This is my bag. = This is mine.  That is her ruler. = That is hers.一般看后面有没出名词，如有，就用形容词性物主代词；如无，就用名词性物主代词。    请牢登记表： 单数复数人称 代词主格Iyouhesheitweyouthey宾格meyouhimheritusyouthem物主 代词形容词性myyourhisheritsouryourtheir名词性mineyourshishersitsoursyourstheirs练一练1、按要求写出相应人称代词。I宾格_              she形容词性物主代词_             we名词性物主代词_ he复数_            us单数_            theirs主格_ its宾格_ 2、想一想，把下表补充完好。人称代词物主代词单数复数单数复数主格宾格主格宾格形容词性名词性形容词性名词性第一人称meusour第二人称youyou第三人称hethemhistheirheritits3、用所给词的适当形式填空。1That is not _ kite. That kite is very small, but _ is very big. ( I )2The dress is _. Give it to _. ( she ) 3Is this _ watch ( you ) No, its not _ . ( I ) 4_ is my brother. _ name is Jack. Look! Those stamps are _. ( he ) 5_ dresses are red. ( we ) What colour are _ ( you ) 6Show _ your kite, OK ( they ) 7I have a beautiful cat. _name is Mimi. These cakes are _. ( it ) 8Are these _ tickets No, _ are not _. _ arent here. ( they ) 9Shall _ have a look at that classroom That is _ classroom. ( we ) 10_ is my aunt. Do you know _ job _is a nurse. ( she ) 11Where are _ I cant find _. Lets call _ parents. ( they ) 12Dont touch _. _is not a cat, _ is a tiger! ( it )13_ sister is ill. Please go and see _. ( she ) 14The girl behind _ is our friend. ( she )五、形容词、副词1、形容词表示某一事物或人的特征，副词表示某一动作的特征。形容词和副词有三种形式：原形、比较级、最高级。比较级：+er  最高级：the +est两个重要特征：asas中间确定用原形，than的前面确定要+er。2、形容词、副词比较级的规那么改变如下：1一般干脆+er。如：tall - taller, fast - faster   单音节词假如以-e结尾，只加-r。如：late - later2重读闭音节词如末尾只有一个辅音字母，须双写这个字母，再加-er。如：big - bigger, fat - fatter3以辅音字母加-y结尾的词，变y为i，再加-er。如：heavy - heavier, early - earlier4双音节和多音节词的比较级应在原级前加more构成。如：beautiful - more beautiful, careful - more careful, quietly - more quietly, interesting - more interesting5有些不规那么改变的，须逐一加以记忆。如：good/well better, bad/ill worse, many/much more, far farther/further, old older/elder练一练1、写出以下形容词、副词的比较级。big                good                 long                 tall                 old               short                thin                heavy                young              fat              light               strong                 high                far               low              early               late                 well                fast               slow    2、用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空。1) I can swim as _ ( fast ) as the fish, I think.2) Look! His hands are _  ( big ) than mine.3) I think you do these things_ ( well ) than your classmates.4) Whose bag is _ ( heavy ), yours or mine5) Does Jim run as _slow ) as David Yes, but Mike runs_ ( slow ) than them.6) You have seven books, but I have _ ( many ) than you. I ha ve ten.7) I jump _ ( far ) than some of the boys in my class.8) Im very_ ( thin ), but shes _ ( thin ) than me.9) It gets _and_ ( warm ) when spring comes here.六、介  词1、一种虚词。不能单独作句子成分，它只有跟它后面的宾语一起构成介词短语，才能在句子中起作用。有：in, on, under, with, behind, about, near, before, after, for, to, up, down, from, in front of, out of, fromto, at the back of2、表示时间的介词有：at, on, in。1at表示“在某一个详细的时间点上，或用在固定词组中。如：at ten oclock, at 9:30 a.m., at night, at the weekend2on表示“在某日或某日的时间段。如：on Friday, on the first of October, on Monday morning3in表示“在某一段时间月份、季节里。如：in the afternoon, in September, in summer, in 20053、in一词还有其他的固定搭配，如：in blue穿着蓝色的衣服，in English用英语表达，take part in参加。练一练1、选用括号内恰当的介词填空。1) Whats this _ ( at, on, in ) English2) Christmas is _ ( at, on, in ) the 25th of December.3) The man_ ( with, on, in ) black is Su Hais father.4) He doesnt do well  _ ( at, on, in ) PE.5) Look at those birds  _ ( on, in ) the tree.6) We are going to meet  _ ( at, on, in ) the bus stop  _ ( at, on, in ) half past ten.7) Is there a cat    _ ( under, behind, in ) the door8) Helens writing paper is  _ ( in, in front of ) her computer.9) We live _ ( at, on, in ) a new house now.10) Does it often rain   _ ( at, on, in ) spring there2、圈出以下句子中运用不恰当的介词，并将正确的答案写在横线上。1) Jim is good in English and Maths.            2) The films were in the ground just now.          3) They are talking to their plans.        4) How many students have their birthdays on May           5) Womens Day is at the third of March.           6) I can jog to school on the morning.           7) Did you water trees at the farm          8) Can you come and help me on my English           9) I usually take photos in Sunday morning.       10) What did you do on the Spring Festival           七、动  词这里所说的动词是指各种动词总称，其中包括be动词、情态动词、助动词、行为动词就是我们平常总说的那种动词。 动词、名词和形容词不太简单区分，如不能一眼看出，可用如下方法： 先用“一量词如：一个、一张等和这个词连起来说，如说得通，一般认为是名词；说不通再用“很去推断，就是把“很和为个词连起来说，说得通一般就是形容词；都说不通就是动词。目前我们学过的，以后可能不同另外一些很明显的，如人称代词、数词、情态动词等一下就可以知道 1、be动词 am, is, are, was, were 1amwas, is was, are-were 口诀：我用am, 你用are, is用在他她它，全部复数全用are。2确定和否认句 I am (not) from London. He is(not) a teacher. She is(not) in the dining room. My hair is(not) long. Her eyes are(not) small. 3一般疑问句 Am I a Chinese Yes, you are. No, you arent. Are they American Yes, they are. No, they arent. Is the cat fat Yes, it is. No, it isnt. 4be动词的否认形式：am not没有缩写形式，are not = arent ，is not = isnt 。练一练1、用be动词的适当形式填空。1I _ a boy. _ you a boy No, I _ not.       2The girl_ Jack's sister. 3The dog _ tall and fat.                      4The man with big eyes _ a teacher.5_ your brother in the classroom                        6How _ your father 7Mike and Liu Tao _ at school.                          8Whose dress _ this 9Whose socks _ they        10Who _ I   11The jeans _ on the desk. 12Here _ a scarf for you.                         13Here _ some sweaters for you. 14The black gloves _ for Su Yang.             15This pair of gloves _ for Yang Ling. 16The two cups of milk _ for me.                         17Some tea _ in the glass. 18Gao shan's shirt _ over there.                        19My sister's name _Nancy.20_ David and Helen from England               21There _ a girl in the room. 22There _ some apples on the tree.              23_ there any apple juice in the bottle 24There _ some bread on the plate.             25You, he and I _ from China.26There _ a boy, two girls, three men and ten women in the park. 2、助动词 do, does, did do, does用于一般如今时，其过去式did用于一般过去时。它们通常用在疑问句和否认句中。它们的否认形式：do not = dont, does not = doesnt, did not = didnt。留意：在一般如今时中，does用于第三人称单数，其余一律用助动词do；助动词do, does, did后面确定要用动词原形。练一练1、用适当的助动词填空。1) _you like this magazine       2) The girl_like bread for breakfast.3) -What _ she _ at the weekends -She usually plays games with her friends.4) -Wha_ you do last Sunday -I wrote to my friend.5) -Did you see a Beijing opera -No, I _.6) He _not visit a farm last National Day holiday.   7) They_ not like playing volleyball.8) - _Jim have a picnic with his family every Saturday -Yes, he         .9)       _Helen and Yang Ling go to school on foot every day10) -How many kites _we have -We have ten.2、找出以下句子中的错误，将序号填入题前括号内，并改正。(      ) 1)           Did you had a big lunch with your family last Spring Festival                     A       B                  C(      ) 2)           -What do the boy have in his pencil-box -He has a rubber.                            A         B                        C(      ) 3)        They doesnt like the film.    A    B    C       (      ) 4)        Do Jim get up at six everyday                      A       B           C(      ) 5)         Don't giving the ball to Liu Tao.                    A    B             C3、情态动词情态动词也是一类特别的动词，平常我们不把它说成是动词。情态动词可以和行为动词同时出如今同一个句子中。我们如今学过的情态动词有：can、could、shall、should、will、would、may、might 、must。留意：情态动词后动词总是用原形。不受其他任何条件影响其否认形式：can not = cant, must not = mustnt,    留意：may not和shall not无缩写形式练一练选择填空。(      ) 1) The sign on the wall means you  _stay away from the building.          A. must           B. cant           C. shouldn't(      ) 2) How many books _ you see on the desk   A. may     B. can     C. should(      ) 3) It means you  _ make noise in the library.  A. should    B. shouldn't   C. can(      ) 4) - _you like a glass of milk - Yes, please.  A. May    B. Could   C. Would(      ) 5) - _you see the sign over there - Sorry, I cant.  A. Can  B. Cant  C. Should(      ) 6)  _ we go to the park by bus       A. May       B. Must       C. Shall  4、行为动词   就是我们平常上课时说的动词，表示某一动作或行为。如：sweep、live等。行为动词我们已学过它们的四种形式：原形、第三人称单数+s/es、如今分词也叫动名词+ing、过去式+ed。    1动词第三人称单数改变规那么：A、一般干脆加“s，如：play plays, visit visits, speak speaks ；B、以“s，“x，“sh，“ch结尾时，加“es，如：catch catches, watch watches ；C、以“辅音字母+y结尾时，变“y为“i再加“es，如：carry carries, study studies 。2如今分词动名词构成规那么：A、一般干脆加“ing，如：go going, do doing, look looking ；B、以不发音的“e结尾的单词，去“e 加“ing，如：take taking, make making, have having ；C、以重读闭音节结尾的词，如末尾只有一个辅音字母，须要双写这个字母再加“ing，如：put putting, stop stopping, run running, get getting, swim swimming, sit sitting, begin beginning, jog jogging, forget forgetting 。3过去式构成规那么：A、一般干脆加“ed，如：plant planted, visit visited, pick picked ；B、以不发音字母“e结尾，干脆加“ed，如：like liked, hope hoped, taste tasted ；C、以“辅音字母+y结尾时，变“y为“i再加“ed，如：try tried, carry carried, study studied ；D、有些动词要双写最终一个字母，再加“ed，如：stop stopped ；E、还有许多动词的过去式是不规那么的，请记忆：是-am(be)-was-being； 是-are(be)-were-being； 是-be-was, were-being；成为-become-became-becoming；