英语语法基本基础知识时态.docx

英语的时态问题英语的时态可以分为： “时(time) 和 “体(aspect)又称为态。时是指动作发生的时间，体是指动作发生时的状态。时间及体就象是坐标里的横轴和纵轴，它们的结合交织出了瞬息万变的时空，也构成了英语动词的时态问题。时间分为：过去，如今，将来，过去将来体分为：一般在某个时间点，进展持续某个时间段，完成完成某个时间段完成进展 持续某个完成的时间段如此以来，英语中就有16种时态改变，如今就用动词为write例，看看它们的形式。留意：里面的斜体字部分，由于时态过于困难，几乎没有人真正去应用它们，可以忽视不记。时间体如今过去将来过去将来一般Write(s)WroteShall writeWill Should writeWould 进展AmIs writingareWas writingwereShall Be writingwillShould Be writingWould 完成Have writtenhasHad writtenShall Have writtenwillShouldHave writtenwould完成进展HaveBeen writhinghasHad been writingShall Have been writhingwillShouldHave beenWritingwould下面就常用的12种时态，其中还有三种相对用的较少的，请留意。详细分析一下。一 一般如今时表示如今的时间“点上发生的动作或者状态，常用于以下的状况1、常常重复发生的动作或存在的状态，多及often, always, usually, sometimes, everyday, 等时间状语连用。He takes a walk after supper everydayMy mother and father work at the same company.2、表示性格，特征，实力。Mr. Smith hates fish and never eats any.3、表示客观真理或者普遍事实。The sun rises in the east.二 一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或者状态，常和表示过去某个时间“点的时间状语(yesterday, last week, 3 years ago, in 1987)连用She bought a car last week.He came to help me at that time.三 一般将来时表示将来的时间“点上发生的动作或者状态。The train will arrive soon.We shall know the news tomorrow.四 过去将来时 过去某个时间“点上将要发生的动作或状态。I asked her where she would spend her holiday.I told my father that I should go home next Monday.五如今进展时表示如今的时间“段上正在持续进展的动作或者状态。Im doing some washing.What are you doing六 过去进展时在过去某一个时间“段正在持续进展的动作。I was working in my office at eight oclock yesterday evening.He was making a phone call when I saw him.七 将来进展时在将来某个时间“段正在发生的动作，一般表示一种猜测和将来的方案，一般不太常用。What will you be doing at 3 oclock tomorrow afternoon明天下午三点你将在做什么哪八 如今完成时表示动作在一个时间“段的完成，而且这个时间段是从过去某一点持续到如今的。常常跟时间状语 since 1987， for 10 hours , by the last year相连。My brother has been ill for 3 days.I have not seen her since 1991.九 过去完成时在过去的某个时间“段里动作的完成，从过去的一点再到过去的另一点。或者称为过去的过去。He said that he had written her a letter.Helen rang me up after I had gone to sleep.十 将来完成进展时表示在将来某一时间以前已经完成的动作，一般不太常用。Ill have done all the work by next day.十一。如今完成进展时表示从过去某一个时间开始始终持续到如今的动作，它强调在这个已经完成的时间“段，动作持续的进展，常有感情色调。I have been looking for you everywhere for the whole morning.我找了你整整一天了。有埋怨的感情色调十二。过去完成进展时正个时间段都是发生在过去的，是过去的一点持续到过去的另一点，并且强调动作的持续进展，带感情色调，但一般不常用。He told me he had been teaching for more than 20 years.最终提示一下：某些刚好态规律不太一样的规那么。表示一般将来的意思的，除了一般将来时态外，还可以用以下的几种形式表达。过去将来同样可以运用。1、 一般如今时am (is ,are) + to do The girls are to go to school next week.2、如今完成时am (is ,are) + doing We are going to visit the Museum of Chinese History tomorrow.  在这里，我们重点讲一下以下常用时态：一、一般如今时一般如今时主要用来表示：1. 表示一种永久性的、不涉及特定的时间的一般性陈述和客观存在。e.g. I) He smokes too much.II) It seldom snows here.2. 用于说明自然规律、客观真理、科学事实，格言、谚语等也属于词类等。e.g. I) The earth moves round the sun.II) Actions speak louder than words. 行动胜于雄辩。3. 动作动词的一般如今时可以表示现阶段重复发生的一系列事务。这时常和sometimes, often, usually, frequently, every day/week/month/year, daily, monthly, once a year, twice a day, five times a month等表示频度的副词短语连用。e.g. I) Teenagers often spend hours shopping, especially on weekends.II) We always care for each other and care for each other.4. 假如动作动词所指的是一个在讲话时开始并完毕的单一行为，那么意味着该事务很少或没有持续性，通常只用于行为语、特别感慨句或对快速体育运动等的实况报导。e.g. I) Here comes the winner.II) I declare the meeting open. 我宣布会议开始。5. 表示将来时间。在由when，if，after，before，as soon as，even if，in case，though，till，until，unless，so long as等引导的时间状语从句或条件状语从句中，一般如今时可以用来表示将来时间。e.g. I) Youd better take an umbrella in case (万一) it rains.II) So long as (只要) you work hard, youll surely succeed.6. 一般如今时可以用来表示一个按规定、方案、或支配要发生的状况。但这只限于少数动词，如begin, come, go, leave, sail, start, arrive, return, end, stop, depart, open, close等。 e.g. I) The plane takes off at 11 a.m.II) School begins the day after tomorrow.III) Is there a film on tonight7. 在I hope, I bet等后面的that-分句中可用一般如今时表示将来概念。e.g. I) I bet Houston Rocket beats Miami Heats this afternoon.II) I hope the storm passes quickly.8. 在see (to it), make sure, make certain等后面的that-分句中可用一般如今时表示将来概念。e.g. I) Please see (to it) that windows are closed before you leave.II) Be sure that you dont work too hard.9. 用于讲故事，表达文、新闻报导或图片说明等中，以增加描绘的生动性和真实感。 e.g. He sits down, shivers (颤抖) a little. The clock outside strikes twelve.二、一般将来时一般将来时主要用来表示：1. 将要发生的动作或状况。 e.g. I) When shall we have an oral test (口试)II) He will start to work in June.2. 习惯动作或将来的倾向。e.g. I) Wherever he goes, he will take an umbrella with him.II) Only in this way will we succeed. 只有这样我们才能胜利。3. 表示将要发生的动作，除了一般将来时外，还有一些其他构造和时态。a) be going + 不定式 (表示准备、准备做的事或即将发生或确定要发生的事) e.g. I) Look at those clouds! Its going to rain. 看那些乌云，天快下雨了。II) I am going to leave for Paris with my classmates next week.b) be about + 不定式 (表示刚要、刚要发生的事情)e.g. I) The train is about to leave.II) We are just in time. The curtain is about to go up. 我们来得很刚好，电影刚好拉开序幕。c) be + 不定式 (表示按日程将要发生的动作)e.g. I) There is to be a test in the fifth week.II) I am to meet my friend at the railway station this afternoon.d) 动词如今时 (见如今进展时2)e) 一般如今时 (见一般如今时5、6、7、8)f) 动词将来进展时，可用来表示不含意图的将来概念。e.g. I) Machines will be doing many jobs that people do today.II) We will be staying in Beijing for three days.三、一般过去时一般过去时主要用来表示：1. 表示事务或状态必定发生在过去，从其完成到如今之间有一段间隔。过去时间可以由状语表示，如yesterday，an hour ago，in 1972，last year等。e.g. I) In 1972, Fathers Day became a national holiday in the United States.II) Jane was here a moment ago.2. 动作动词的一般过去时可以表示在过去一段时间里重复发生的一系列事务。这时常和sometimes, often, usually, frequently, every day/week/month/year, daily, monthly, once a year, twice a day, five times a month等表示频度的副词短语连用。e.g. I) Ken never smoked.II) I went to the cinema three times last week.3. 在时间和条件状语从句中，一般过去时可以替代过去将来时。 e.g. I) Father promised to buy me a MP3 if he got a pay raise.II) I couldnt watch that exciting game before my homework was finished.谓 语 动 词 的 时 态二 四、如今完成时1. 如今完成时只要用来表示：a) 开始于过去而持续至今的动作有可能接着持续下去或重复性的事务。e.g. I) Advertising has become a very specialized activity in modern times. 广告在现代社会中已成为一项特别专业化的活动。II) She has lived here since 1997.b) 动作的结果到如今时刻仍旧存在，常及recently, just, already, yet, before, in the past few years, up to now, so far, this year, for, since等时间状语连用。e.g. I) So far we have learned a lot about different tenses.II) In the past few decades (十年) great changes have taken place in Hangzhou.2. 如今完成时和一般过去时的比较：a) 意义上的区分两种时态的动作都发生在过去，如今完成时强调动作如今的结果；过去时着眼过去的动作或状态本身。试比较：e.g. I) I have read this book. (说明我理解书的内容。)II) I read this book yesterday. (表达昨天做的一件事，及如今无关。)b) 时间状语的区分及一般过去时相关的状语yesterday (morning), a month ago, earlier this month, last week/month/year/ Monday, the other day (前几天), at that time, in 1979, etc.及如今完成时相关的状语since Monday, so far, ever, never, up to now/ present, yet, for three days, etc.及两者都相关的状语Today, recently, this week/month/year/June, this morning/afternoon/evening, recently, before, once, already, etc.c) 特别用法i) 在“This/ It is the first (second, third, last, etc.) time 后用如今完成时。e.g. It is the first time that I have traveled by train.ii) 在“It is/ has been a long time since 后用过去时。e.g. It has been 10 years since I graduated from my university.iii) 在“This is + 最高级形容词 + 名词后的从句中用如今完成时。  e.g. He is the most interesting person I have ever met.五、将来完成时将来完成时由shall (will) have加过去分词构成，主要表示将来某时已经发生的事情。假如句子中有“by + 将来的某一时间或when, before等时间状语时，可以用将来完成时。e.g. I) I shall have finished my homework before lunch.II) By the end of next month, he will have lived here fore three years.III) When we get there, they will probably have left.IV) Hurry up, or the train will have left by the time we get to the station.六、过去完成时1. 过去完成时的用法过去完成时主要表示先于过去某一时间的事务或状态，即“过去的过去。这一事务或状态可以在过去某一时间以前已经完成，也可能从“过去的过去某一时间始终持续到过去某一时间甚至还可能持续下去，但及如今时间无关。a) 过去完成时常和after, before, by, till, when, until等引入的状语连用。   e.g. I) I began collecting stamps in February and by November I had collected more than 2000.II) When I woke up it had already stopped raining.III) She didnt go to bed until she had finished her homework.b) 在许多状况下没有明显的时间状语，时间由上下文表示出来。e.g.I) He went to see his boss and told him what had happened.II) They returned earlier than we had expected.c) 过去完成时的几种特别用法i) 和before连用，表示“还没就。e.g. I) She cried before I had realized what was happening. 我还没有意识到发生什么事情她就哭了起来。II) They set out before I had told them the address.ii) “It/This/That was the first/second/third time that 构造中的从句，要求用过去完成时态。e.g. I) It was the first time they had tried foreign food.II) It was the first time that he had finished his composition in 30 minutes.iii) 在“no sooner than 和“hardly/scarcely when 的构造中，主句中用过去完成时，从句中用一般过去时。e.g. I) I had hardly closed my eyes when the telephone rang.II) No sooner had we begun than we were told to stop.iv) 及expect, hope, intend, mean, plan, suppose, think, want等动词连用时，表示过去的盼望、预期、意图或愿望等没有实现。e.g. I) I had planned to visit you, but I just couldnt find time.II) He had hoped to help you, but he was ill.2. 过去完成时和一般过去时的比较：过去完成时表示过去某一时刻，或某个动作前发生的事，即过去的过去，它着眼于显示过去发生的几个动作的先后。一般过去时只表达过去某时刻或某时刻后发生的动作，但不强调时间依次。e.g. I) When he got home, his wife had already prepared the dinner. (他回家前饭已做好。)II) When he got home, he saw a letter on his desk. (他回家后看到桌上有一封信。)七、如今进展时如今进展时主要用来表示：1. 如今或如今这一阶段正在进展的动作。e.g. I) They are making preparations for it.II) He is showing a foreign guest round the city.2. 一个在最近按方案或支配要进展的动作。但这只限于少数动词，如go, come, leave, start, arrive, return, work, sleep, stay, do, play等。e.g. I) We are leaving on Friday.II) I am seeing the doctor today.3. 有时用来代替一般如今时，表示一个常常性动作或状态，通常是为了表示一种感情如赞美、厌烦等。e.g. I) He is constantly complaining about his teacher. 他老是埋怨他的老师。II) How are you feeling todayIII) He is always boasting. 他老爱说大话。be间或可以用在进展时态，表示一时的表现。e.g. I) The boy is being difficult. 这男孩正在闹别扭。(可能他平常很听话的。)II) Frank is being a good boy today. 弗兰克今日很乖。可能他平常并不乖。八、过去进展时过去进展体和如今进展体的用法相仿，只是时间向过去推移而已。过去进展时表示过去某时或某断时期正在进展的动作。 e.g. I) What were you doing when I calledII) What were you doing last night at 10 oclock九、将来进展时将来进展时表示将来某时或某时期正在进展的动作。e.g. I) I dont know what my wife will be doing when I return home.II) When I prepare for the college entrance examination (高考), my sister will be taking her vacation (度假) at the seaside.十、如今完成进展时如今完成进展时可以用来表示：1. 表示如今某时刻之前始终在进展着的动作，这个动作可能已经完成，也可能仍在进展。e.g. I) How long has it been rainingII) I have been working on my paper for five years.2. 有些持续动词如live, study, teach, work等的如今完成时及如今完成进展时的区分不大，都表示持续一段时间的动作，如今完成时更强调动作的持续性。e.g. I) I have lived here for ten years. = I have been living here for ten years.II) How long have you taught English here = How long have you been teaching English here但是，多数持续性动词的如今完成时及如今完成进展时表达的意义有所不同。e.g. He has been writing this morning and has written four letters.十一、过去完成进展时过去完成进展时的主要用法及如今完成进展时的用法相仿，只是时间推移到了过去。e.g. I) They had been waiting for half an hour before the bus came.II) The fire had been burning for over a week.十二、将来完成进展时将来完成进展时将来某时刻前始终进展的动作。e.g. I) By next year he will have been teaching English for 30 years.II) In an hour you will have been surfing the net (上网) for 5 hours today.1) After searching for half an hour, she realized that her glasses_on the table all the time. DA) were lain B) had been lainC) are lying D) had been lying2) By the time you get to Beijing tomorrow, I_for Shanghai. AA) shall have left B) will leaveC) am leaving D)have already left3) I bought a new house last year, but I_my old house yet, so at the moment I have two houses. BA) didn't sell B) have not soldC) had not sold D) don't sell4) Ever since the family moved to the suburbs last year, they_better health. BA) could have enjoyed B) have enjoyedC) have been enjoyed D)are enjoying5) I decided to go to the library as soon as I_.CA) finish what I didB) finished what I didC) finished what I was doingD)would finish what I was doing6)Julia hadn't reached the restaurant when Jim_there. AA)got B) has got C) had got D) had been7) Even though they_for twenty years, the two neighbors are not on good terms. DA) have been lived side by sideB) had been living side by sideC) have been side by side livingD) have been living side by side8) When the final grades were posted, Max_that he had passed the physics exam after all. BA) discovers B) discoveredC) had discovered D) has discovered9)I_you the book as soon as possible, I promise you. BA) would send B) will sendC) sent D) send10) We_down when she_plates of food for us. DA) had hardly sat, had boughtB) hardly sat, boughtC) hardly sat, had boughtD) had hardly sat, bought11) When I called you this morning, nobody answered the phone._ DA)where have you been B) where have you been toC) where did you go D) where were you12) As my mother_here before, I went to meet her at the railway station. AA)had never been B) has never beenC) had been never D) never was 13) Our team_every match so far this year, but we still have three more games to play. BA) was winning B) has wonC) had won D) wins14) He_for three years. BA)has joined the armyB) has been in the armyC) has been serving in the armyD) joined the army15) The growth of part time and flexible working patterns, and of training and retraining schemes, _more women to take advantage of employment opportunities. DA) have allowed B) allowC) allowing D) allows16) The car_at the present speed until it reaches the foot of the mountain at about ten o'clock tonight. CA) would go B) wentC) will be going D) goes17) The company_a rise in salary for ages, but nothing has happened yet. CA) is promised B) is promisingC) has been promising D) promised18) No sooner had he sat down than the telephone_. CA) rings B) was ringingC) rang D) hand rung19) I hope the time is not far off that they shall_for the betterment of the working class. BA) make to fight B) be made to fightC) be fought D) fought20) Mr. James_a city bus for over twenty-five years before retirement. CA) is driving B) drove C) has driven D) drives21) I_a radio talk on Shakespeare when my uncle came home and started shouting at the top of his voice. CA) was hearing B) heardC) was listening to D) listened to22) He_novels, whenever his wife goes shopping. BA) is reading B) readsC) has read D) has been reading23)I am not sure whether tomorrow he_the meeting or not, as he has not been here lately. CA) attend B) attendsC)will attend D) attended24)I_that she will pass the final examination. AA) expect B) have expectedC) had expected D) was expected25) They thought it_fun to take the car. BA) can be B) would beC) will be D) has been26)She reminded me that