当代语言学导论课后练习第一题答案.docx

当代语言学导论课后练习第一题答案黎神华 桂林电子科技大学Language touches every part of our lives; it gives words to用言语表达 our thoughts, voice to our ideas, and expression to our feelings. It is a rich and varied human abilityone that we can use without even a thought, that children seem to acquire automatically, and that linguists have found to be complex yet describable.语言贯穿于我们生活的全部，予我们的思维以言辞，予我们的理念以话语，予我们的情感以表述。它是一种人类所拥有的丰富而多样的能力想用就用，无须思索；天下儿童，自能习得；语言学家知其固然复杂，却可描述。Linguistics is the study of the nature, structure, and variation of language, including phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics.语言学是研究语言的本质、结构和变化的科学，包括有语音学、音位学、形态学、句法学、语义学和语用学。Linguistic knowledge as represented in the speakers mind is called a grammar. Linguistic theory is concerned with涉及 revealing揭示 the nature of the mental grammar心理语法 which represents speakers knowledge of their language.语言学知识作为说话者大脑里的表述被称为语法。语言学理论是关于揭示表述说话者语言知识的心理语法本质的学说。Grammar as viewed here is different from the usual notion概念 of grammar.语法在这里被视为不同于通常语法的概念。Grammar is the ability to use structures accurately精确地, meaningfully, and appropriately.语法是一种精确而富有意义的合适使用语言结构的能力。Phonetics语音学 provides the means for describing speech sound语音; phonology音位学 studies the ways in which speech sounds form systems and patterns in human language. The phonology of a language is then the system and pattern of the speech sounds. We see that the word phonology is thus used in two ways, either as the study of sound patterns in language or as the sound pattern of a language.语音学给描述语音提供了方法；音位学是研究人类语言中的语音模块系统和模式的方法。语言的音位学，即语音的系统和模式。我们发现音位学这个词被作为这样的两种方式来使用，一种是作为研究语言的语音模式的方式，一种是作为语言的语言模式的方式。Morphology形态学 is the study of word-making and word-marking. On the one hand, morphology examines meaning relationships between words and the ways in which these connections are indicated. On the other, morphology looks at研究 how grammatical relationships between words are marked. Different languages focus on different word relationships, and they make use of 使用different patterns of marking.形态学是研究文字构成和文字标识的科学。形态学既检测已被指出的文字与方式间的意义关系也研究已被标识的文字间的文法关系是怎样的一种关系。不同的语系关注不同的文字关系和使用不同的标识模式。The study of the internal structure of words, and of the rules by which words are formed, is called morphology.研究文字内部结构和文字构成规则的科学被称为形态学。Syntax句法学 is the subfield子域 of linguistics that studies the internal structure of sentences and the relationship among their component parts.句法学是研究句子内部结构和句子各部分关系的语言学子域。More interest is the fact that languages differ in 在方面存在不同inflectional曲折的 systems: case systems格位系统, for example. We find that these are fairly rich in Latin, even more so更是这样 in Sanskrit or Finnish, but minimal in English and invisible in Chinese.更有趣的是语言在曲折系统方面实际上存在不同，例如格位系统。我们发现，拉丁语中这些方面相当的多，梵文或芬兰语中更是这样，然而英语中却发现极其的少，中文中甚至没有。Chinese and English, for example, may have the same case system as Latin, but the phonetic realization is different. Furthermore, it seems that似乎 much of很大程度上 the variety of language语言变体 can be reduced to 简化为properties of inflectional systems.例如，中文和英文可能与拉丁文有相同的格位系统，但是语音实现却不同。此外，似乎很大程度上语言变体能简化为曲折系统性能。Normally human beings do not produce utterances for the sake of为了 the phonetic语音的, phonological音系的 and grammatical features语法特征. Utterances are produced because they convey meaning.通常人类不会为了语音、音系以及语法特征而产生表达。表达的产生是为了表达意义。Semantics as a subfield of linguistics is the study of meaning in language. Semantics deals with the meanings of words, and how the meanings of sentences are derived源于 from them.语义学作为语言学的子域是研究语言含义的科学。语义学研究文字意义及句子意义的生成。Functional grammar is an approach to linguistic which is concerned with language as an instrument of social interaction rather than as a system that is viewed in isolation. It considers the individual as a social being and investigates the way in which he acquires language and uses it in order to communicate with others in his social environment.功能语法是一种语言手段，即与语言有关的一种社会互动工具，而非被视作一种孤立的系统。它把个人看作一种社会存在来研究个人获取语言以及为了在他的社会环境中与他人交流而使用语言的方法。Pragmatics is the branch of linguistics which studies how utterances communicate meaning in context.语用学是研究如何在语境中表达交际信息的语言学分支。Psycholinguistics is the study of the interrelationship of language and the mind which encompasses the acquisition of language.心理语言学是研究与语言习得有关的大脑和语言之间的相互关系的科学。Neurolinguistics is the study of the brain and how it functions in the production, perception, and acquisition of language.神经语言学是研究大脑以及大脑在语言产出、感知和习得方面的功能作用的科学。