高考英语复习阅读理解解题技巧主旨大意.ppt

08高考阅读理解之高考阅读理解之 主旨大意篇主旨大意篇云南省玉溪三中云南省玉溪三中白白 平平QQ.?e-mail:一 题型特点题型特点：这种题型要求考生能够把握文章的全文主题和理解中心思想的能力，也包括分析归纳文章的段落大意、重要情节、人物特征、环境特点的能力。这种试题要求能把握文章的总体，并真正理解主题和中心；要求能较好地运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维方法解题，难度较大，属于高层次题。二 主旨大意题设问方式主旨大意题设问方式1常见的标题型题干常见的标题型题干：1) The best title/ headline for this passage might be_.2) The text (passage) could be entitled _.3) What is the best title for the passage? 4) Which of the following would be suitable as a title for the passage? 主旨大意题设问方式主旨大意题设问方式2常见的主题型题干常见的主题型题干：5) This passage chiefly deals with_.6) Whats the topic of the article?7) What is the subject discussed in the text?8) With what topic is the passage chiefly concerned?3 目的类主旨大意题目的类主旨大意题 The authors main purpose in writing the passage is_. The passage is meant to _ The purpose of this article is _1 Smoking cigarettes is harmful to your health. Experiments show that cigarette smoking can cause cancer. Besides the most serious and terrible disease(illness), cancer, cigarette smoking also can cause other health problems. For example, it can give one a “smokers cough”. Finally, studies have shown it is easy for cigarette smokers to catch colds. Whether you get an unimportant cold or terrible killer, cancer, smoking is harmful. Is it worth it?开门见山开门见山, 提出主题提出主题, 随之用细节来解释随之用细节来解释, 支撑或发展支撑或发展主题句所表达的主题思想主题句所表达的主题思想. 最常见的演绎法写作方最常见的演绎法写作方式式.Smoking cigarettes is harmful to your health.lPassage 1lThe panda is a popular animal. Stories about the panda in the Washington Zoo are always front page news and important features on television newscasts. Stuffed pandas are among the most popular toys for children, and panda postcards are always in demand in zoo gift shops. lToday the problem of environment has become more and more serious. The world population is rising, so quickly that the world has become too crowded. We are using up our natural resources too quickly and at the same time we are polluting our environment with dangerous chemicals. If we continue to do this, human life on earth will not survive.l Man has made great progress in environment protection. Governments of many countries have established laws to protect the forests and sea resources and waste water and poisonous gases have been also dealt with.lStill more measures should be taken to solve the problems. People should be further educated to realize the importance of the problem, to use modern methods of birth control and learn to recycle our natural resources. We are sure that we shall have a better and cleaned planet in the future. 明显引出细节的信息词，常见的有：For example；An example of；The most important example；First；Second；Next；Then；Last；Finally；To begin with；Also；Besides that 等等。2). 首尾呼应首尾呼应为突出主题, 作者先提出主题, 结尾时再次点出主题, 这种首尾呼应的写作方式较为多见. 但前后表述主题的句子不是简单的重复, 后面的表述往往有进一步的引申或发展的意味。（首段）Shu Pulong has helped at least 1000 people bitten by snakes, “ It was seeing people with snakes bites that led me to the career. “ she said（尾段）“ The sad story touched me so much that I decided to devote myself to helping people bitten by snakes. Shu said.Eg.6 Often no one looks more guilty than t he innocent. On the other hand, nobody may look more innocent than a professi- -onal criminal. And the man who knows “everything” may really only be trying to hide his own weakness. So, it is foolish to try to judge a person only by his appearance So, it is foolish totry to judge a person only by his appearance在表述细节后, 归纳要点, 印象, 结论建议或结果, 以概括主题. 这是英语中最常见的归纳法写作方式 文章或段落的主题句常常会出现在一些标志性的提示后。如：so, on the whole, as a result, in short, therefore, thus.A human body appears to be rather soft and delicate, compared with that of a wild animal, but it is actually surprisingly strong. In deed, its very softness and looseness is an advantage; it makes man good at moving about movement of all living things of his own size, because he can do so many different things with his limbs. Mans games show how he can control his own body. No other land creature can swim as skillfully as man; more has such varied grace; very few lives as long as he; none is so strong in its natural resistance to disease. Therefore man has a great advantage in his battle against the risks of damage and death that threaten him. 3 If you were planning to buy a television set, the following advertisement would certainly draw your attention: “Color TV. Only 79. Two days sale. Hu- -rry.” However, when you go to the store ready to buy. You may discover that they are sold out. But the shop assistant is quick to tell you that he has another model. A much better set which is “just right for you” It costs 395. This sales trick is called “bait and switch”. Buyers are baited with a sales advertisement, and then they are switched to another more expensive one. Buying things on sale needs careful consideration of the goods and the reason for the sale. The paragraph could be entitled _. A. Buyer BewareB. Closeout(出清存货) Sale C. Crime Pays D. Buying a TV Set This sales trick is called “bait and switch”. 通常前面只提出问题， 文中的主题由随之陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中导出, 而后又作进一步的解释, 支撑或发展.Nothing is as useful as a flashlight in a dark night if a tire goes flat. Few inventions are so helpful to a child who is afraid of the dark. In fact, the modern flashlight brings light to many dark situations. Finding something in the back of a closet is easy with a flashlight in hand a camper also needs one after the light of the campfire has been out. 4 Tom studied four years at the University of Paris and decided to leave before his graduation. He transferred to the University of Berlin and graduated with honors. Harvard Law School and, later, Boston College provided him with an excellent legal background. He is presently a corporation lawyer in Miami, Florida.The main idea of this paragraph is that _.A. Tom, who had studied at Paris Universities for four years, moved to another university.B. Tom became a lawyer since his graduation from Harvard Law School and later from Boston College.C. Tom was an excellent student when he studied at Berlin university.D. Tom received an excellent education.detaildetaildetail 无主题句无主题句即主题句隐含在全文中即主题句隐含在全文中, 没有明确的没有明确的主题句主题句. 必须根据文篇中所提供的事必须根据文篇中所提供的事实细节，进行全面考虑，综合分析，实细节，进行全面考虑，综合分析，然后找出共同的东西，归纳成一般然后找出共同的东西，归纳成一般概念。必须注意的是，既不能以偏概念。必须注意的是，既不能以偏概全，也不能在概括时过于宽泛，概全，也不能在概括时过于宽泛，要恰如其分。要恰如其分。 Types Of Paragraph StructurestypeThe position of the topicAt the beginningAt the endIn the middleNo clear topic sentence选项的特点选项的特点 正确选项的特点正确选项的特点：那些概括全文, 内容全面, 含义深刻, 说明道理的选项一般是答案项。四个选项中, 内容相近或完全相反的两个选项中往往有一个是正确选项。l错误选项的特点错误选项的特点以偏概全. 只是局部信息, 或是一句没有展开论述的评论.过于笼统. 即归纳的主题太泛, 与细节脱节或是没有对细节加以充分论述.把自己的观点强加于作者. 读者往往根据自己的常识对文章进行判断而忽视了作者的见解.无关联的信息, 既在文章中没有提到或找不到语言依据的信息 Eg.2 Passage B(NMET2003) Reading to dogs is an unusual way to help children improve their literacy skills(读写能力). With their shining brown eyes, wagging tails, and unconditional love, dogs can provide the nonjudgmental listeners needed for a beginning reader to gain confidence (自信心), according to Intermountain Therapy Animals (ITA) in Salt Lake City. The group says it is the first program in the country to use dogs to help develop literacy in children, with the introduction of Reading Education Assistance Dogs (READ). The Salt Lake City Public Library is sold on the idea. “Literacy specialists admit that children who read below the level of their fellow pupils are often afraid of reading aloud in a group, often have lower self-respect, and regard reading as a headache,” said Lisa Myron, manager of the childrens department. Last November the two groups started “ Dog Day Afternoon” in the childrens department of the main library. About 25 children attended each of the four Saturday-afternoon classes, reading for half an hour. Those who attended three of the four classes received a “pawgraphed” book at the last class. The program was so successful that the library plans to repeat it in April, according to Dana Thumpowsky, public relations manager.What is mainly discussed in the text? eg.3 Passage B(NMET2003) Reading to dogs is an unusual way to help children improve their literacy skills(读写能力). With their shining brown eyes, wagging tails, and unconditional love, dogs can provide the nonjudgmental listeners needed for a beginning reader to gain confidence (自信心), according to Intermountain Therapy Animals (ITA) in Salt Lake City. The group says it is the first program in the country to use dogs to help develop literacy in children, with the introduction of Reading Education Assistance Dogs (READ). The Salt Lake City Public Library is sold on the idea. “Literacy specialists admit that children who read below the level of their fellow pupils are often afraid of reading aloud in a group, often have lower self-respect, and regard reading as a headache,” said Lisa Myron, manager of the childrens department. Last November the two groups started “ Dog Day Afternoon” in the childrens department of the main library. About 25 children attended each of the four Saturday-afternoon classes, reading for half an hour. Those who attended three of the four classes received a “pawgraphed” book at the last class.The program was so successful that the library plans to repeat it in April, according to Dana Thumpowsky, public relations manager.Example and success of the program eg.4 Passage B(NMET2003) Reading to dogs is an unusual way to help children improve their literacy skills(读写能力). With their shining brown eyes, wagging tails, and unconditional love, dogs can provide the nonjudgmental listeners needed for a beginning reader to gain confidence (自信心), according to Intermountain Therapy Animals (ITA) in Salt Lake City. The group says it is the first program in the country to use dogs to help develop literacy in children, with the introduction of Reading Education Assistance Dogs (READ). The Salt Lake City Public Library is sold on the idea. “Literacy specialists admit that children who read below the level of their fellow pupils are often afraid of reading aloud in a group, often have lower self-respect, and regard reading as a headache,” said Lisa Myron, manager of the childrens department. Last November the two groups started “ Dog Day Afternoon” in the childrens department of the main library. About 25 children attended each of the four Saturday-afternoon classes, reading for half an hour. Those who attended three of the four classes received a “pawgraphed” book at the last class.The program was so successful that the library plans to repeat it in April, according to Dana Thumpowsky, public relations manager.Example and success of the program59. What is mainly discussed in the text? A. Childrens reading difficulties. B. Advantages of raising dogs. C. Service in a public library. D. A special reading program.Eg.1(05全国全国I) MONTREAL (Reuters) Crossing the US-Canada border（边界）（边界）to go to church on a Sunday cost a US citizen 10,000 for breaking Washingtons strict new security（安全）（安全）rules.The expensive trip to church was a surprise for Richard Albert, who lives right on the Canadian border. Like the other half-dozen people of Township 15, crossing the border is a daily occurrence for Albert. The nearby Quebec village of St. Pamphile is where they shop, eat and go to church.There are many such situations in these areas along the largely unguarded 5,530-mile border between Canada and the US-which in some cases actually runs down the middle of streets or through buildings.As a result, Albert says he did not expect any problems three weeks ago when he returned home to the US after attending church in Canada, as usual. The US customs（海关）（海关）station in thisarea is closed on Sundays, so be just drove around the locked gate, as he had done every weekend since the gate appeared last May, following a tightening of border security. Two days later. Albert was told to go to the customs office, where an officer told him be had been caught on camera crossing the border illegally（非法）（非法）.Ottawa has given out special passes to some 300 US citizens in that area so they can enter the country when Canadian customs stations are closed, but the US stopped a similar program last May. That forces the people to a 200-mile detour along hilly roads to get home through another border checkpoint.Albert has requested that the customs office change their decisions on the fine, but he has not attended a Sunday church since. “I feel like Im living in a prison,” he said.Details for the “expensive tour”62What would be the best title for the text?AA Cross-country Trip BA Special Border PassCAn Unguarded Border DAn Expensive Church Visiteg.9 06湖南The coyote(丛林狼).that eleven animal of wide-open space .has come to the nations captial.In fact ,coyotes have spread to every comer of the United States, changing their behaviors to fit new environments and causing researchers to deal with a troublesome new kind of creature: the city coyote.The coyote originally lived in the middle of the continent. One of its most obvious characters is its smartness, which has made the animal a notorious（臭名昭著的） pest. Hunters trapped, shot and poisoned more than a million coyotes in the 1900s.Its still one of Americas most hunted animals. Yet the coyote has survived. How has the coyote shown this extraordinary ability?” I guess if you wanted to use one wordlists be plasticity.” says Erie Gese,an expert at Utah State University. Coyotes can live along, in pairs, or in large packs like wolves, hunt at night or during the day , occupy a small region or an area up to 40 square miles, and live on all sorts of food, from lizards（蜥蜴）and shoes, to ants and melons.detaildetaildetailUnbelievably people helped coyotes increase when they kilted most of the wolves in the United States. The shredding of coyotes into city areas,though.is rccent.They travel at night,crossing sidewalks and bridges. running along roads and ducking into coiners (钻入 洞and underpasses .No one knows why coyotes are moving into cities. but expertsexplaih that clevcter,more human-tolerant(不怕人的)coyotes are teaching urban survivalskills to new generations. Occasionally. coyotes might attack human beings. There have been about 160 attacks on people in recent years Therefore, people have bacon consistently told not feed coyotes or leave pct food unseeurcd.That ,plus a large trapping program in the neighborhood. has cur down on the coyote population.detaildetail64.The aim of the passage is to_.A.tell pcople how to fight against coyotesB.tell us why the coyote is the most hunted animalC.supply the reason why the coyote is a kind of motorious pestD.explain how the coyote has spread to and survived in cities Eg.10 Magellans men were the first to make the trip around the world. It took them more than two years to do so by ship. Magellan was from Portugal, but he sailed for the King of Spain. On September 20, 1519, he left Spain with five ships and 240 men. After passing the tip of South America, they reached the Pacific Ocean, on which they sailed more than one year. Very often they could not see a piece of land for months and they suffered greatly from the lack of food and fresh water. Many of them died