2022年初三英语语法总结与复习,推荐文档 .pdf

初三英语语法总结与复习（人教版）1. 不定代词（ some any,all both,either neither,no none,each every,many much,few little的区别与联系）不定代词包括 : all ,both,either,neither,any,all,none,ev both, every, each, either, neither, more, little, few, much, many, another, other, some, any , one, no 以及 some, something, anything, everything, somebody, someone, anybody, anyone, nothing , nobody, no one, none, everybody, everyone.等. 2. 不定代词用法为 :( 重要考点 ) 不定代词 +(of +限定词 )+ 名词注意:of后一定要有限定词 ! 这是 both,either,neither,any,all,none,ev 托福语法中的 both,either,neither,any,all,none,ev重要考点 both, all可以直接接限定词the! 3.all与 both的用法1) all都, 指三者以上 both,either,neither,any,all,none,ev.both都, 指两者2) all的主谓一致 :all的单复数由它所修饰或指代的名词的单复数决定. both与复数动词连用 , 但 both.and.可与单数名词连用与 . All goes well.一切进展得很好 . 3) all通常不与可数名词单数连用, 如: 不说 all the book,而说 the whole book. 但 all可与表时间的可数名词单数连用, 如 all day,all night,all the year;但习惯上不说 all hour,all century. 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 1 页，共 38 页 - - - - - - - - - all还可以与一些特殊的单数名词连用, 如 all China,all the city,all my life,all the way. 4)both, all都可作同位语 , 其位置在行为动词前 ,be 动词之后 . 如果助动词或情态动词后面的实义动词省去, 则位于助动词或情态动词之前. Who can speak Japanese We both (all) can. 5) all/any/none all (所有的 , 全部的人或物 ),any (任何一个 ),none (都不). 以上词使用范围为三者以上 . All the flowers are gone.所有的花都谢了 . I dont like any of the flowers.这些花我都不喜欢 . I like none of the flowers.这些花我都不喜欢 . 注意:all与 none 用法一样 . 跟单数名词 , 用单数动词 ; 跟复数名词 , 用复数动词. All of the students are there.所有的学生都在那 . All (of) the milk is there.所有的牛奶都在那 . 3.every和 each 的用法 ( 重要考点 ) 1)every强调全体的概念 ,each强调个体概念 . Every student in our school works hard.我们学校的学生都很用功. Each student may have one book.每个学生都可有一本书 . 2)every指三个以上的人或物 ( 含三个 ),each指两个以上的人或物 ( 含两个 ). 3)every只作形容词 , 不可单独使用 .each可作代词或形容词 . Every student has to take one. Each boy has to take one. Each of the boys has to take one. 4)every不可以作状语 ,each可作状语 . 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 2 页，共 38 页 - - - - - - - - - 5)every有反复重复的意思 , 如 every two weeks等;each没有. 6)every与 not 连用, 表示部分否定 ;each和 not 连用表示全部否定 . Every man is not honest.并非每个人都诚实 . Each man is not honest.这儿每个人都不诚实 . 4.neither与 nor 的用法1) 如前句是否定式从句 , 则主句用 neither,而不用 nor. If you dont do it,neither should I.如果你不干 , 我也不干 . 2) 如后连续有几个否定句式 , 则用 nor,不用 neither. He cant sing,nor dance,nor skate. 5. 代词比较 one,that和 it(重要考点 ) 1)one 表示泛指 ,that和 it表示特指 .that与所指名词为同类 , 但不是同一个 ,而 it与所指名词为同一个 . I cant find my hat. I think I must buy one.(不定) 我找不到我的帽子了 . 我想我该去买一顶 . The hat you bought is bigger than that I bought.(同类但不同个 )你买的那顶帽子比我买的大. I cant find my hat. I don t know where I put it.(同一物 ) 我找不到我的帽子 . 我不知道我把它放在哪了6.one/another/the other的用法one.the other只有两个some.the others有三个以上one.another,another. some.others,others. others = other people/things 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 3 页，共 38 页 - - - - - - - - - the others = the rest剩余的全部1) 泛指另一个用 another. 2) 一定范围内两人 ( 物), 一个用 one, 另一个用 the other. 3) 一定范围内三者 , 一个用 one, 另一个用 one (another),第三个可用 the other,a third. 4) 一定范围内 , 除去一部分人 / 物, 剩余的全部用 the others. 5) 泛指别的人或物时 , 用 others当在一定范围内 , 除去一部分后 , 剩余部分但不是全部时 , 也用 others. 7.anyone/any one;no one/none的用法1) anyone和 any one anyone仅指人 ,any one既可指人 , 也可指物 . 2) no one和 none a)none后跟 of 短语, 既可指人又可指物 , 而 no one只单独使用 , 只指人 . b)none作主语 , 谓语动词用单 , 复数均可 , 而 no one作主语谓语动词只能是单数. None of you could lift it.你们中没有人可举起它 . - Did any one call me up just now -刚才有人打电话给我吗- No one.-没有. 8. few, little, a few, a little的用法1)(a) few +可数名词 , (a) little +不可数名词2)a few / a little为肯定含义 , 还有一点3)few / little为否定含义 , 没有多少了 . He has a few friends.他有几个朋友 . 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 4 页，共 38 页 - - - - - - - - - He has few friends.他几乎没有朋友 . We still have a little time.我们还有点时间 . There is little time left.几乎没剩下什么时间了 . 4) 固定搭配 : only a few (=few)not a few (=many)quite a few (=many) many a (=many) Many books were sold. Many a book was sold. 卖出了许多书 . 9many, much的用法Many,much都意为 许多,many +可数名词 ,much +不可数名词 . How many people are there at the meeting How much time has we left Many of the workers were at the meeting. Much of the time was spent on learning2.时态、 一般现在时：1. 概念：经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况。2. 时间状语： always, usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, year, month.), once a week, on Sundays, 3. 基本结构：动词原形 （如主语为第三人称单数，动词上要改为第三人称单数形式）4. 否定形式： am/is/are+not;此时态的谓语动词若为行为动词，则在其前加dont,如主语为第三人称单数，则用doesnt，同时还原行为动词。5. 一般疑问句：把 be 动词放于句首；用助动词do 提问，如主语为第三人称单数，则用 does ，同时，还原行为动词。6. 例句： . It seldom snows here. He is always ready to help others. Action speaks louder than words. 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 5 页，共 38 页 - - - - - - - - - 二、 一般过去时：1. 概念：过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态；过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。2. 时间状语：ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week,last(year, night, month.), in 1989, just now, at the age of 5, one day, long long ago, once upon a time, etc. 3. 基本结构： be 动词；行为动词的过去式4. 否定形式： was/were+not;在行为动词前加 didnt，同时还原行为动词。5. 一般疑问句： was 或 were 放于句首；用助动词do 的过去式 did 提问，同时还原行为动词。6. 例句： She often came to help us in those days. I didnt know you were so busy. 三、 现在进行时：1. 概念：表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。2. 时间状语： now, at this time, these days, etc. 3. 基本结构： am/is/are+doing 4. 否定形式： am/is/are+not+doing. 5. 一般疑问句：把 be 动词放于句首。6. 例句： How are you feeling today? He is doing well in his lessons. 四、 过去进行时：1. 概念：表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。2. 时间状语： at this time yesterday, at that time或以 when 引导的谓语动词是一般过去时的时间状语等。3. 基本结构： was/were+doing 4. 否定形式： was/were + not + doing. 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 6 页，共 38 页 - - - - - - - - - 5. 一般疑问句：把 was 或 were 放于句首。6. 例句： At that time she was working in a PLA unit. When he came in, I was reading a newspaper. 五、 现在完成时：1. 概念：过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，或从过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态。2. 时间状语：recently, lately, since.for.,in the past few years, etc. 3. 基本结构： have/has + done 4. 否定形式： have/has + not +done. 5. 一般疑问句： have 或 has 。6. 例句： Ive written an article. The countryside has changed a lot in the past few years. 六、 过去完成时：1. 概念：以过去某个时间为标准，在此以前发生的动作或行为，或在过去某动作之前完成的行为，即 过去的过去 。2. 时间状语：before, by the end of last year(term, month.),etc. 3. 基本结构： had + done. 4. 否定形式： had + not + done. 5. 一般疑问句： had 放于句首。6. 例句：As soon as we got to the station, the train had left. By the end of last month. We had reviewed four books 七、 一般将来时：1. 概念：表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 7 页，共 38 页 - - - - - - - - - 2. 时间状语： tomorrow, next day(week, month, year.),soon, in a few minutes, by.,the day after tomorrow, etc. 3. 基本结构： am/is/are/going to + do；will/shall + do. 4. 否定形式： was/were + not; 在行为动词前加 didnt，同时还原行为动词。5. 一般疑问句： be 放于句首； will/shall提到句首。6. 例句： They are going to have a competition with us in studies. It is going to rain. 八、 过去将来时：1. 概念：立足于过去某一时刻，从过去看将来，常用于宾语从句中。2. 时间状语： the next day(morning, year.),the following month(week.),etc. 3. 基本结构： was/were/going to + do；would/should + do. 4. 否定形式：was/were/not + going to + do;would/should + not + do. 5. 一般疑问句： was 或 were 放于句首； would/should 提到句首。6. 例句： He said he would go to Beijing the next day. I asked who was going there . 九. 将来完成时：1. 概念：在将来某一时刻之前开始的动作或状态2. 时间状语： by the time of;by the end of+时间短语（将来） ;by the time+从句（将来）3. 基本结构： be going to/will/shall + have done 十. 现在完成进行时 : 1. 概念：在过去某一时刻之前开始的动作或状态一直持续到说话为止名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 8 页，共 38 页 - - - - - - - - - 2. 基本结构： have/has +been+doing 几种常见时态的相互转换英语中的几种时态在一定情况下可以互相转换，以下是几种常见的转换形式：十一、 一般过去时与现在完成时的转换在现在完成时中，延续性动词能与表示一段时间的状语连用，瞬间动词却不能。但是，可用别的表达方式：瞬间动词用于 一段时间 + ago的一般过去时的句型中；瞬间动词可改成与之相对应的延续性动词及短语，与一段时间连用；瞬间动词用于 It is + 一段时间 + since + 一般过去时 的句型中，表示 自从.以来有 .时间 的意思，主句一般用 it is来代替 It has been; 瞬间动词用于 Some time has passed since + 一般过去时 的句型中。请看：A. He joined the League two years ago. B. He has been in the League for two years. C. It is two years since he joined the League. D. Two years has passed since he joined the League. 十二、 一般现在时与现在进行时的转换在一般现在时中， at 加上名词表示 处于某种状态 ，如 at work（在工作） , at school（上学、上课）等。此短语可与进行时态转换。请看：Peter is at work, but Mike is at play. Peter is working, but Mike is playing. 十三、 现在进行时与一般将来时的转换在现在进行时态中go, come, leave, start, arrive等动词常与表示将来的时间状语连用表示将要发生的动作。如：I am coming, Mum! 意为 我就来，妈妈！ 请看：The train is leaving soon. The train will leave soon. 3. 宾语从句（ 3 种）宾语从句是英语复合句中的其中非常重要的从句之一。它是用一个句子做另一个句子的宾语， 将这个句子叫做宾语从句。 宾语从句做介词或及物动词的宾语。现在从下列三个方面总结归纳如下：名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 9 页，共 38 页 - - - - - - - - - 一，引导词A, 由 that 引导的陈述句性的宾语从句， 在很多动词如 say, think, wish , hope, see, believe, agree, expect, hear , feel等动词后。连词 that只起连接作用，在从句中不做句子的成分，也无词汇意义，在口语中常被省略，但在大多数情况下还是以不省为好，特别是在笔语中。例：I told him that he was wrong. l 在 think, believe, suppose, expect等动词引起的宾语从句中，有时谓语尽管是否定意义， 却不用否定形式， 而将 think 等动词变为否定形式。例：I dont think you are right. (我认为你做的不对 ) l 在许多带有复合宾语的句子中，that引导的宾语从句经常移到句子的后面，而用 it做形式宾语。例： We think it wrong that he told a lie to everyone (我认为他向每一个人撒谎是错误的) B, 由连词 if 、 whether 引导的表示 是否.的宾语从句。 Whether, if 在从句中不做句子的成分，一般情况下，whether和 if 可以替换。例：I dont know if/whether he will come tomorrow. The teacher asked if/whether we had finished the experiment. l 在介词后面的宾语从句中不用if引导例：Everything depends on whether we have enough money。l 宾语从句中有 or not时不用 if引导 . 例：I dont know whether the movie star will come or not. l 和不定式连用作宾语时不用if引导. 例：Whether to go there or not hasnt been decided. 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 10 页，共 38 页 - - - - - - - - - C, 由 wh- 引导的宾语从句。连接代词 who,whom,whose, what, which,和连接副词 when, where, why, how 等连接的宾语从句， 它们在句中即有连接从句的作用，又在句中充当句子的成分。例： Do you know which film they are talking about? (which做定语 ) I dont know where he lives. (where 做地点状语 ) 二，宾语从句的语序，宾语从句从句的语序必须是陈述语序，既连接词+主语+谓语+其他成分例：I believe that they will come soon. He asked me whether I was a teacher. They wanted to know what they can do for us. 二，宾语从句的时态。宾语从句的时态受主句的限制，既：主句是一般现在时态，从句根据实际情况而定。主句是一般过去时态， 从句用相应的过去的时态。 如果从句的动作发生在主句之前，则从句要用过去完成时态。例:1)She says that she is a student. She said that she was a student. 2)She says that she will fly to Japan in a week. She said that she would fly to Japan in a week. 3)She says that she has finished her homework already. She said that she had finished her homework already. 4)She says that she can sing a song in English. She said that she could sing a song in English. l 如果宾语从句说的是客观真理、自然现象或事实时，这时宾语从句要用一般现在时态。例：The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun. He told me that Japan is an island country. lCould you tell me.是用来征询对方的意见，语气委婉，并不表示过去。名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 11 页，共 38 页 - - - - - - - - - 例：Could you tell me when we will visit the History Museum? 注意事项：u 由陈述句变成宾语从句时，要注意人称的变化。例：She said: I have been to England before. She said that she had been to England before. She asked me: Do you like moths? She asked me if I liked moths. u 宾语从句与简单句的交换。由连接代词和连接副词引导的宾语从句，如果宾语从句的主语和主句的主语是同一个人时，可以用 疑问词 +不定式 做宾语的简单句结构。例：I dont know what I should do next. I cant know what to do next. He didnt know where he would live. He didnt know where to live. 4. 定语从句（以 that为主）定语从句I. 定语从句起了形容词的作用，在句中修饰一个名词或代词。被修饰的词叫做先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词， 他的作用一是放在先行词与定语从句中间起了连接作用，二是在从句中担当一个成分，并与先行词保持数的一致。关系词 先行词 从句成分 例句 备注关系代词 who 人 主语 Do you know the man who is talking with your mother? whom, which和 that在从句中做宾语时，常可以省略，但介词提前时后面关系代词不能省略，也不可以用that whom 人 宾语 Mr. Smith is the person with whom I am working The boy (whom) she loved died in the war. 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 12 页，共 38 页 - - - - - - - - - whose 人，物 定语 I like those books whose topics are about history. The boy whose father works abroad is my deskmate. that 人，物 主语，宾语 A plane is a machine that can fly. She is the pop star (that) I want to see very much. which 物 主语，宾语 The book (which) I gave you was worth $10. The picture which was about the accident was terrible. as 人，物 主语，宾语 He is such a person as is respected by all of us. This is the same pen as I lost yesterday. as做宾语一般不省略关系副词 when 时间 时间状语 I will never forget the day when we met there. 可用 on which where 地点 地点状语 This is the house where I was born. 可用 in which why 原因 原因状语 I cant imagine the reason why he turned down my offer. 可用 for which II. that与 which, who, whom的用法区别：情况 用法说明例句只用 that的情况 1 先行词为 all, everything, anything, nothing, little, much,等不定代词时。2先行词被 all, any, every, each, much, little, no, some, few 等修饰时3先行词有形容词最高级和序数词修饰时4先行词既指人又指物时5先行词被 the only, the very修饰时名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 13 页，共 38 页 - - - - - - - - - 6句中已经有 who 或 which时，为了避免重复时 1.He told me everything that he knows. 2.All the books that you offered has been given out. 3.This is the best film that I have ever read. 4.We talked about the persons and things that we remembered. 5.He is the only man that I want to see. 6.Who is the man that is making a speech? 只用 which, who, whom的情况 1 在非限制性定语从句中，只能用which 指代物，用 who/whom 指人2在由 介词+关系代词 引导的定语从句中，只能用which指物， whom指人。3先行词本身是 that时，关系词用 which, 先行词为 those, one, he时多用 who。 He has a son, who has gone abroad for further study. I like the person to whom the teacher is talking. Those who respect others are usually respected by others. III. as与 which的区别：定语从句区别 例句限制性定语从句中名词前有 such 和 the same修饰时，关系代词用as, 不能用 which He is not such a fool as he looks. Dont read such books as you cant understand. 非限制性定语从句中 as 和 which都可以指代前面整个主句。 如果有 正如，象 的含义，并可以放在主句前，也可以放在后面，那么用as ；而 which引导的从句只能放主句后， 并无 正如 的意思。 They won the game, as we had expected. They won the game, which we hadnt expected. As is well known, he is a famous film star in the 1980s. IV. 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别：名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 14 页，共 38 页 - - - - - - - - - 类别 语法意义及特征例句限制性定语从句对先行词起修饰限制作用， 如果去掉，主句意思就不完整明确，这种从句与主句的关系十分密切，写时不用逗号分开。 The accident happened at the time when I left. 非限制性定语从句对先行词作附加的说明， 与主句的关系不十分密切， 较松散。从句和主句之间用逗号分开，相当于一个插入语，不能用that引导，关系代词做宾语时也不能省略。 His mother, whom he loved deeply, died ten years ago. 7. 形容词与副词的比较级，最高级A 特殊变化与一般变化B 用法 8. 动词的种类行为、情态、联系、助动词9. 句子的成分主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语10. 简单句 5 大基本句型（顺便掌握及物与不及物动词的区别）11. 动词不定式A 基本结构（ to+ 动词原型，否定式为not to+动词原型） B 用法 C 疑问词+不定式12. 被动语态A 主动与被动的概念B 构成 C情态动词被动语态一、 明确被动语态的使用场合一般来说 , 当句子的主语是句子谓语动作的承受者时, 句子要用被动语态而不能用主动语态。如：According to the news, many college students asked to be sent to the faraway places. 按照这个消息的说法，很多大学生要求被派往边远地区。二、主动形式表被动意义名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 15 页，共 38 页 - - - - - - - - - 1. 有些表示状态特征的系动词、感官动词，如look, sound, feel, smell, taste, prove, appear, sound, turn out 等+形容词 / 名词的系表结构。如：The music sounds beautiful. 这音乐听起来很美。2. 表示主语的某种属性特征的动词。如：read, write, act, sell, wash, clean, wear, open, cook, lock, shut, dry, eat, drink, keep, feel,burn, last, strike, cut等。这类动词一般不单独使用，常有一个修饰语。或与表示行为方式的状语连用，或与情态动词连用。如：This coat dries easily. 这件大衣很容易干。The door wont lock. 这扇门锁不上。3. 表示开始、结束、运动的动词。如begin, finish, start, open, close, stop, end, move。如：Work began at 7 oclock this morning. 今天早晨的工作是7 点开始的。4. 少数动词用于进行时， 其主动形式表示被动含义。 如：print, build, cook, fry, hang, build, make。如：T