中考英语知识模块总结(20页).doc
- 中考英语知识模块总结 专有名词名词的分类: 普通名词 可数名词1. 名词 名词的数 不可数名词 's 所有格 名词的格 of所有格 双重所有格 to所有格名词的分类:名词分为专有名词和普通名词。1、专有名词:个人,地方,机构等专有名称,如:China, Shanghai, Li lei等。2、普通名词: 1)个体名词:某类人或东西中的个体,如 fighter, gun, country等。 2)集体名词:若干个体组成的集合体,如 family, team, police, class等。 3)物质名词:无法分为个体的实物,如 cotton,tea, air等。 4)抽象名词:动作, 状态, 品质, 感情等抽象概念. 如 health, happiness等。名词的数:可数名词都有单数和复数之分;不可数名词没有复数形式。1、规则的可数名词的复数变化规则:1)一般情况加 s :books,mouths,houses,girls等。2)以 s,sh,ch,x结尾的加 es:classes,boxes,matches等。3)辅音字母 + y结尾的变 y为 ies:cities,countries,parties,factories等。4)以 o 结尾的词 +es:heroes,Negroes,tomatoes,potatoes等。以 o 结尾 +s:radios,zoos,bamboos,pianos,kilos,photos等。5)以f,fe 结尾的多数 +ves:leaves,lives,wives,knives,halves,wolves等。 直接 + s 的名词:roofs proofs, gulfs, beliefs等。2、不规则的可数名词的变化规则 1)manmen, womanwomen, toothteeth, footfeet, childchildren, mousemice. 2)单复数相同: sheep, fish, deer, means, Chinese, Japanese, works.3、复合名词的复数形式: son-in-law-sons-in-law , looker-onlookers-on, 主体名词变化man servantmen servants. woman doctorwomen doctors.4、定冠词加姓氏的复数表示一家人:the Turners, the Smiths, the Wangs.5、集体名词people, police 总是作复数: Several police were on duty.6、集体名词class, public, family, population, team, crew 等单复数都有,但意义不同: The class is big.- The class are taking notes in English. The population in China is larger.- 80% of the population in China are peasants.7、以s 结尾的学科名词只作单数。mathematics , physics, politics等;news也是如此。8、glasses, trousers, 等常用复数;但如果这些词前用 a pair of / this pair of/that pair of等修饰时谓语动词有pair 来决定: Where are my glasses ? My new pair of trousers is too long. Here are some new pairs of shoes.9、不可数名词没有复数形式,如果表示“一个”的概念,可用单位词: a piece of news / information / advice / bread / cake / paper / meat / coal a bottle of ink, a grain of rice , a cake of soap10、中考常考不可数名词:information, weather, news, advice, fun等。名词的所有格:1、's 所有格:1)构成:名词所有格主要用于表示有生命的名词,表示所属关系: A. 一般词尾+ s.:the teachers office, Xiao Lis sisters husbands mother. B. 以 s 结尾的复数名词只+“ ”: workers rest room. C. 不以s结尾的复数名词加s: childrens toys. D. 复合名词只在最后一个词的后面加 s: my sister-in-laws brother. E. 表示共同所有的几个名词,只在最后一个词的后面加s: This is Tom, James and Dicks room. F. 表示各个所有关系的几个名词,在每个名词后分别加s: Jennys, Jeans and Marys rooms face to the south. G. 名词短语只在最后一个词后加 s: a quarter of an hours talk.2、of所有格:1)凡不能用s 属格的情况可用 of 属格表示所属关系: the City of New York. a map of China. 3、双重所有格: 当of前面的名词有不定冠词、指示代词、疑问代词、不定代词或数词如 a, an, this, that, these, those, two, three, four, any, some, several, no, few ,another等修饰时,用双重所有格,双重所有格只用于表示人的名词并且都是特指的: a poem of Lu Xuns . a friend of his/hers . Which novel of Dickens are you reading ? some friends of my brothers .4、几种特殊情况: the key to the door. the answers to the question the entrance to the station / cinema定冠词 a, an 2.冠词 不定冠词the 零冠词不定冠词的用法1). a用于辅音发音开头的词前, 如:a book; an用于元音发音开头的词前,如:an apple, an hour. 请区别:a useful machine, an umbrella, a “u”, an “h”。2). a/an 用于单数可数名词前。 a book a boy a man a bird a dog an hour 3). 用于表示数量。He has a sister.4).用于序数词前表“又,再”。Try it for a second time.5).用于固定短语中:a few, have a good time定冠词的用法1).定冠词的最基本的用法是“特指”:表示某个或某些特定的人或物。 Do you know the girl in a red skirt? 你认识那个穿红裙子的女孩吗? 2).再次提到上文提到过的人或物,应该用定冠词the。例如:Tom has an apple, The apple is big and red.3).指谈话双方都知道的人或物。例如:Lets go and give it to the teacher.咱们去把它交给老师吧。4).用于某些固定词组中。 例如:in the morning / afternoon / evening 等。5).用在形容词前表示一类人。the old 老人 the young 年轻人the rich富裕的人 6).用在表示“姓”的复数名词前,表示一家人或夫妇二人。 例如:The Whites are spending their holiday in England. The Greens came to China two years ago .7). 用在由普通名词构成的表示场所的专有名词前。the Great Wall 长城 the Summer Place颐和园 the United States 美国 the Chinese Peoples Liberation Army 中国人民解放军 8).用在序数词或形容词最高级前 The first thing I want to say is to listen carefully in class. He is the tallest one in our class. 9).世界上独一无二的事物等(月亮、地球、天空、宇宙) the globe太阳系 the universe 宇宙 the atmosphere大气层The sun rises in the east. The earth goes round the sun. 10).在世纪,年代名词前用冠词。 in the 1980s 或 in the 1980s 20世纪80年代 in the nineteenth century 二十世纪11).在江河、山脉、湖泊、海洋、群岛、海峡、海湾运河前用the。 the Changjang River 长江 the West Lake 西湖 the Pacific Ocean 太平洋12).在介词短语中常用定冠词the,如:in the box ,behind the chair。零冠词的用法1).在物质名词,抽象名词前不用冠词 The desk is made of wood. What is work? Work is struggle2).国名,人名前通常不用定冠词:England, China Mary Lilei Mr.Green 3).在星期、月份,季节等名词前;Sunday March summer winter 4).名词前有物主代词,指示代词,不定代词,名词所有格修饰时(this, my,that, those, these, her)如:this morning my pen your watch whose bike 等5). 在球类运动、一日三餐、学科和语言的名词前如:have breakfast play chess play basketball (注意 在乐器前必须加定冠词 如弹钢琴play the piano play the violin)6).当by 与火车等交通工具连用,表示一种方式时,中间无冠词;by bus by train by car by air by bike by plane (注意 如果用介词on 表示乘坐交通工具 必须用a 或an 来表示 如 in a bus on a bike 等)7).有些个体名词不用冠词;如: school,college,prison,market,hospital,bed,table,class,town,church,court 等个体名词,直接置于介词后,表示该名词的深层含义;go to hospital去医院看病go to the hospital 去医院 (并不是去看病,而是有其他目的)物主代词普通不定代词复合不定代词 不定代词反身代词3.代词物主代词(表示所属关系的代词)分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词 数单 数复 数一人称二人称三人称一人称二人称三人称形容词性物主代词myyourhis/her/itouryourtheir名词性物主代词mineyourshis/her/itsoursyourstheirsThis is my book.= This book is mine.反身代词单数myself yourselfhimself/herself/itself复数ourselvesyourselvesthemselves常见反身代词的固定短语:for oneself 替自己,为自己 by oneself 单独地,独自地 behave oneself 守规矩 hurt oneself 伤着自己enjoy oneself 过的愉快 help oneself 自己用,随便吃teach oneself 自学 say to oneself 自言自语不定代词普通不定代词(some, any;both., all;either, neither; many., much; each, every; few, little )复合不定代词somebodyanybodynobodyeverybodysomeoneanyoneno oneEveryonesomethinganythingnothingeverything注意:(1)当句子的主语是指人的everyone, nobody, anyone等时,其反意疑问句的主语通常用代词they;当句子的主语是指物的everything, nothing, anything等时,其反意疑问句的主语通常用代词it.Eg:1.Everybody is here, arent they? 2.Everything is ready, isnt it? 基数词4.数词 序数词基数词1.基数词表示数量。1319的基数词都以-teen结尾,如:thirteen,nineteen等。2090十位数的整数都以-ty结尾,如:twenty,ninety等。2.表示两位数词时,十位与个位之间要加连字符。三位以上的数词,在百位数与后两位数之间,要用and连接。如:four hundred and ninety-seven。注意,千位数与百位数之间用逗号分开,如:five thousand,three hundred and twenty。3.在表示一个具体的数目时,hundred,thousand,million都要用单数形式。如:several hundred,two thousand,ten million等。在表示大概数目时,则用hundreds of,thousands of,millions of。4.数词与其他词构成复合形容词时,其中的名词要用单数形式。如:an eight-cent-stamp, a three-month-old baby。序数词1.序数词表示顺序,使用时一般前面要加定冠词。基数词变序数词有一定的规律,下面的口诀可帮助你记忆:基变序有规律,123特殊记。 th要从4加起,8减t,9去e。 ty变成tie,ve要用f替。若要变为几十几,只变个位就可以。 2.有时序数词前用不定冠词,表示“再一、又一”的意思。如:Soon the Greens had a second child-a son.很快格林夫妇又有了一个孩子一个儿子。 分数,小数和百分比1.表示分数时,分子用基数词,分母用序数词。当分子大于1时,分母须用复数形式。如:1/2上读作one half或a half, 1/4读作one fourth或a quarter,2/3读作two-thirds, 3 2/5读作three and two-fifths。2.读小数时,小数点前的基数词与前面所讲的基数词读法完全相同,小数点读作“point”,小数点后只需将数字一一读出。如15.07读作fifteen point zero seven。3.百分数的读法为:先读基数词,再读百分号。如5%读作five 。年份和日期1.年份的读法为每两位数读一个词。如:1950读作nineteen fifty 1800读作eighteen hundred 2000读作two thousand2.日期的读法有两种(1)先月后日,日子要读成序数词。如:9月29日可读作September (the) twenty-ninth (2)先日后月,在月份之前加Of。 如:9月29日也可读作the twenty-ninth of September (3)年月日同时出现,年代放在最后,年代前用逗号隔开。如:2005年2月1日可写成the first of February ,2005或February( the) first, 2005时间和钟点6:00读作six (o'clock)9:45读作nine forty-fivea quarter to ten2:15读作two fifteena quarter past two 编号的表达1)事物名词(不加冠词)+基数词。如:Lesson One,Part Three,Channel Five,Gate Nine,,World War 2)定冠词+序数词+事物名词。如:the first lesson,the third part,the fifth ,the ninth gate,the Second World War加减乘除的英语表达plus/and加,减,time/ by乘,divided by除。如: 1)12 +8=? How much is twelve plus/and eight? 2)4011=29, Forty minus eleven is/equals twenty nine.3)3×6 =18, Three times six is/equals eighteen.4)56÷7=? How much is fifty-six divided by seven?时间介词(at, in, on) 5.介词 方位介词(between, over, above, among) 方式介词(by, without)名词与介词的搭配a bit of有一点儿 a couple of两个、几个a kind of一种、一类 cover an area of占地面积have pity on sb.怜悯某人 huge amounts of大量的make friends with与交朋友 make fun of拿开玩笑meet the needs of迎合的需要 one after another一个接一个;连续地play a trick on捉弄 the week after next下下周动词与介词的搭配agree with sb.同意某人的意见 apologize to sb. for sth.为某事向某人道歉arrive at/in a place到达某地 ask for请求、寻求be covered with被所覆盖 be made of由制成be made up of由组成 belong to属于break into破门而人、闯入 call on拜访care for照顾、喜欢 carry out执行check in办理登机 come across被理解;遇见come from出生于、来自 come on跟我来、走吧communicate with与交 cut down砍倒deal with= do with处理 depend on= rely on依靠、依赖die of因病而死 dream of梦见dress up穿着、打扮 eat up= finish off吃光、喝完、吞噬enter for报名参加 fall off从跌落fill in填充、填写 find out找出、查明、了解get along/on with进展、与相处 get in the way挡道get in进入、收集 get on上车get off下车 get rid of摆脱get ready for为作准备 get to到达get tired of对感到厌倦 go in for参加、从事于、酷爱 ,'go ahead先走、向前走;去吧 go for a swim去游泳go on a diet实行节食 go over复习go on with继续做某事 grow up长大、成长hand in上交 hear from收到的来信hear of听说 help sb. with sth.帮助某人做某事hold on等等(别挂电话) hold up举起hurry off匆忙离开 joinn参加、加入keep. from使不做 keep in touch with与保持联系keep off阻挡;不让接近 knock over撞倒、撞翻later on过来;后来 laugh at嘲笑learn., from向学习 leave for动身去let out放出 line up整队;排成行live on靠为生 look after照顾;照料look at看;观看 look for寻找look forward to期待着 look like看上去像;显得look out of从朝外看 look up查寻;抬头看make out辨认出 make up one's mind下决心meet with遭遇 operate on sb.为动手术pay for付钱 pick out拾起play with玩弄 point at指向;指着point out指出 praise sb. for sth.为某事表扬某人prefer. to(比起来)更喜欢 prepare for准备protect. from保护免受 pull down推倒put off延期 put on穿;戴上;上演put out伸出 put up举起;挂起run after追捕;追踪 run away逃跑search for搜寻;搜查 see off为送行sell out售完 set out/off for出发去;起程去set up建立;设立 shake hands with与握手share with与分享 show off炫耀show sb around带某人参观 shut up住口speed up加快速度 stop.from阻止做take away拿走 take care of照料take charge of负责;管理; take hold of抓住take in吸入 take off脱掉(衣物等);起飞take out取出 take part in参加 take up开始从事 talk about谈到talk to/with与.谈话 tell. from区别;分辨think of想起;想到 think over仔细考虑throw away扔掉 tie up捆绑try on 试穿 turn down(把音量)调低turn into变成 turn off关掉(电灯、电视、收音机等)turn on开,旋开(电灯、电视、收音机等) turn over翻车;翻阅;翻身turn out结果是;证明是 wake up醒来;叫醒wait for等待;等候 write down写下work out算出;制定出并列连接词whenafteruntilthoughunlessif6.连词从属连接词1)并列连词用来连接彼此并列的词、短语或句子。并列连词有and,or,but,so,for,nor等。2)关联连词有bothand,either or,neithernor,not onlybut also,as well as,as much as等。连接两个主语时,都遵循“就近原则”3).两个并列连词不可以连用。如:He tried hardand but he failed to get the job.此句中的but应改为yet。因为and和but都是连词。4)从属连词是用来引导从句,如宾语从句、状语从句、定语从句等。从属连词有that, if, unless, whether, who, whose, what, which, where, than, when, while, as, since, though, although, because, before, after, until, as soon as, now that, so.that, so that, as. as,(not) as/soas 如:If it snows tomorrow,we won't go on a picnic.(If引导条件状语从句)Could you tell me whose PC it is? (whose引导宾语从句)The man who is talking to my class teacher is my father.(who引导定语从句)7.形容词和副词 1. 形容词和副词的比较级和最高级 一般的比较级和最高级在形容词或副词后加-er或-est, 如:small - smaller - smallest 以不发音-e结尾的形容词或副词直接加 r或 st,如 large - largest - largest 重读闭音节词尾是一个辅音字母的,需双写该辅音字母,再加-er或-est。 以辅音字母加 y 结尾的形容词和副词,把“y”变“i”,再加 er或-est. busy-busier-busiest happy-happier-happiest 但一些双音节及多音节形容词或副词前要加more和most, 如: slowly - more slowly - most slowly difficult-more difficult-most difficult beautiful-more beautiful-most beautiful 但还有一些不规则的变化: good / well-better-best many-more-most bad / ill / badly -worse-worst little-less-least far - farther / further - farther / furthest 2. 形容词和副词的等比句型 asas 和一样 Im as tall as you. not as(so)as 不和 一样(在否定句中常用so 来代替as)如, I cant run so fast as you. 在以上两个句型中形容词或副词一定要用原级。 3.形容词和副词的其它句型还有: 形容词/ 副词 比较级 + than 句型 ,在than 后面的人称代词 用主语和宾语均可。 He is older than I / me.但是如果人称代词后有动词时,则只能用主格形式。如,Tom found more red leaves than I did. “the + 比较级, the + 比较级” 结构表示两个变化一起发生。如, The more you learn, the more youll know. “more and more”结构(指两个形容词比较级用and 连接)表示持续不断的变化。 如: Im getting thinner and thinner. 4.修饰形容词和副词的比较级的副词要用much, a lot, a little, a bit, far等,very不能和比较级连用。如:The blouse I bought yesterday is a little less expensive. 昨天我买的衬衣比较便宜。 To play basketball is far more enjoyable to the boy. 打篮球对于男孩子来说要有趣得多。 5.形容词的一些搭配,如: be glad / happy/ pleased to do 很高兴做某事 be sorry to do 很抱歉,很遗憾做某事 be sure to do 一定/相信会做某事 be ready to do 准备好做某事,乐于做某事 get ready to do 为做好准备