倒装句之全部倒装(8页).doc

-倒装句倒装句之全部倒装 全部倒装是只将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用与一般现在时和一般过去时。常见的结构有： 1) here, there, now, then, thus等副词置于句首, 谓语动词常用be, come, go, lie, run。 There goes the bell. Then came the chairman. Here is your letter. 2) 表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首，谓语表示运动的动词。 Out rushed a missile from under the bomber. Ahead sat an old woman. 注意：上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词，如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。 Here he comes. Away they went.倒装句之部分倒装 部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前。如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do, does或did，并将其置于主语之前。 1) 句首为否定或半否定的词语，如no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, at no time, in no way, not until 等。 Never have I seen such a performance. Nowhere will you find the answer to this question. Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room. 当Not until引出主从复合句，主句倒装，从句不倒装。注意： 如否定词不在句首不倒装。 I have never seen such a performance. The mother didn't leave the room until the child fell asleep.典型例题 1) Why can't I smoke here? At no time_ in the meeting-roomA. is smoking permitted B. smoking is permittedC. smoking is it permitted D. does smoking permit答案A. 这是一个倒装问题。当否定词语置于句首以表示强调时，其句中的主谓须用倒装结构。 这些否定词包括no, little, hardly, seldom, never, not only, not until等。本题的正常语序是 Smoking is permitted in the meeting-room at no time.2） Not until the early years of the 19th century _ what heat is. A. man did know B. man know C. didn't man know D. did man know 答案D. 看到Not until的句型，我们知道为一倒装句，答案在C，D 中选一个。 改写为正常语序为，Man did not know what heat is until the early years of the 19th. 现在将not提前，后面就不能再用否定了,否则意思就变了。 以否定词开头作部分倒装 如 Not onlybut also, Hardly/Scarcelywhen, No sooner than Not only did he refuse the gift, he also severely criticized the sender. Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her. No sooner had she gone out than a student came to visit her.典型例题No sooner_ than it began to rain heavily.A. the game began B. has the game begunC. did the game begin D. had the game begun答案D. 以具有否定意义的副词放在句首时，一般采用倒装句(谓语前置)。这类表示否定意义的词有never, seldom, scarcely, little, few, not, hardly, 以及not onlybut (also), no soonerthan, hardly when scarcely when 等等。注意：只有当Not only but also连接两个分句时，才在第一个分句用倒装结构。如果置于句首的Not only but also仅连接两个并列词语，不可用倒装结构。 Not only you but also I am fond of music. so, neither, nor作部分倒装 表示"也"、"也不" 的句子要部分倒装。 Tom can speak French. So can Jack. If you won't go, neither will I.典型例题 -Do you know Jim quarrelled with his brother? -I don't know, _. A. nor don't I care B. nor do I care C. I don't care neither D. I don't care also答案：B. nor为增补意思"也不关心"，因此句子应倒装。A错在用 don't 再次否定， C neither 用法不对且缺乏连词。 D缺乏连词。 注意： 当so引出的句子用以对上文内容加以证实或肯定时，不可用倒装结构。意为"的确如此"。 Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did. -It's raining hard. -So it is. only在句首要倒装的情况 Only in this way, can you learn English well. Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting. 如果句子为主从复合句，则主句倒装，从句不倒装 Only when he is seriously ill, does he ever stay in bed. as, though 引导的倒装句 as / though引导的让步从句必须将表语或状语提前 （形容词, 副词, 分词, 实义动词提前）。注意： 1) 句首名词不能带任何冠词。 2) 句首是实义动词, 其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语, 随实义动词一起放在主语之前。 Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.注意: 让步状语从句中，有though，although时，后面的主句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可连用。 其他部分倒装 1) so that 句型中的so 位于句首时，需倒装。 So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch.2) 在某些表示祝愿的句型中： May you all be happy.3) 在虚拟语气条件句中从句谓语动词有were, had, should等词，可将if 省略，把 were, had, should 移到主语之前，采取部分倒装。 Were I you, I would try it again.典型例题：1） Not until the early years of the 19th century_ what heat is A. man did know B. man knew C. didn't man know D. did man know答案为D. 否定词Not在句首，要求用部分倒装的句子结构。2） Not until I began to work _ how much time I had wasted. A. didn't I realize B. did I realize C. I didn't realize D. I realize 答案为B。3) Do you know Tom bought a new car? I don't know, _. A. nor don't I care B. nor do I care C. I don't care neither D. I don't care also 解析：答案为B. 句中的nor引出部分倒装结构，表示"也不"。由 so, neither, nor引导的倒装句，表示前一情况的重复出现。其中, so用于肯定句, 而 neither, nor 用在否定句中。中文和英文都有主动语态、被动语态的语法。比如你的题目中三个句子，1、3是被动态，2是主动态。中文中的被动语态不一定需要必须说出“被”字，主要看句子结构，放在句子前面的主语结构是动作的实施对象，就是被动语态。 你的问题补充中，“你吃了吗”是省略了“饭”这个实施对象，改成被动语态的时候，不能省略这个对象，所以要改成“饭吃了吗”。还有一个，“病被治好了吗”实际上也是省略了实施主体的，就是治病的“医生”，所以改成主动语态的时候不能省略这个主体，要改成“医生治好你的病了吗”。 所以，主动、被动语态，最主要的就是要看我们强调的是哪个方面，如果强调的是动作的实施主体，就用主动语态，于是实施的对象就无关紧要了；如果强调的是动作实施的对象，就用被动语态，这时实施的主体就可有可无了。 主动语态指主语是谓语动作的使动方。也就是说谓语的动作源自主语，而施加于宾语。相反，被动语态中，主语是谓语动作的受动方，如果有宾语的，宾语往往是谓语动作的使动方。 在语法机构上，主动语态和被动语态的区别主要在于，主动语态直接使用动词原形作为谓语，然后再在该动词原形的基础上施加时态和其他语法；而被动语态则使用系词+动词的过去分词作为谓语，各种时态和其他语法也施加在系词上。 举例： 主动：The snowslide killed him. 被动：He was killed by the snowslide. 意义均为：他死于雪崩。 英语中的被动语态使用得比汉语要多，要普遍，许多课本乃至实际应用中都常常涉及到这个问题。一般说来，当强调动作承受者，不必说出执行者或含糊不清的执行者时，多用被动式。须注意的是，许多地方与汉语不同。注意那些汉语中没有"被"的意思，英语却用被动态。还要注意，英语的被动态往往由"by"引出，而有用介词"by"的短语往往又不是被动态，而是系表结构。还有些待殊现象，如known to man(人类.所知)，on foot步行(美国人有时用by foot)，in carraige(乘四轮马车)等等。还有假主动，真被动的十几个常用词的用法，以及so heavy to carry而不用so heavy to be carried等习惯用法。有关这类情况，做到心中有数对全面掌握被动态，准确无误地解答习题非常关键，被动态必须涉及的是动词的各种时态变化的问题。英语的时态本来很复杂，怎样记住各自的被动形式呢? 首先要明确"将来进行无被动，现在完成进行 同"。这两种时态无被动形式。 另外，不及物动词带有同源宾语的动词，反身代词的动词和系动词都无被动形式。即便如此，还有不定式，动名词，分词，以及它们的复合结构)的被动态，再加上情态动词，助动词以及它们的疑问式和否定式从中掺杂，真是令人头痛，眼花缭乱。下面口诀就以动词do为例，即do did过去式done过去分词，以口诀形式总结各种时态的被动态，一定对你有所启示。 被动语态（一般现在时） 主动语态变被动语态时，主动语态句中的宾语变成被动语态句中的主语，主动语态句中的主语成为被动语态句中的动作的发出者。 被动语态的口诀 一般现、过用be done，be有人称、时、数变。 完成时态have done，被动将been加中间。 一般将来shall (will) do，被动变do为be done。 将来进行无被动，shall (will) be doing, 现在完成进行同，have (has) been doing。 现、过进行be doing, 被动be加being done。 情、助、有、是妥安排，一律随新主语变。 否定助后加not，疑问一助置主前。 主语恰是疑问词，直陈语序主在前。 一般情助加be done，双宾多将间宾变。 复合宾语宾变主，宾补、主补相应变。 特别注意：不用被动语态的情况： 1) 不及物动词或动词短语无被动语态： appear, die disappear, end (vi. 结束), fail, happen, last, lie, remain, sit, spread, stand break out, come true, fall asleep, keep silence, lose heart, take place. After the fire, very little remained of my house. 比较： rise, fall, happen是不及物动词；raise, seat是及物动词。 (错) The price has been risen. (对) The price has risen. (错) The accident was happened last week. (对) The accident happened last week. (错) The price has raised. (对) The price has been raised. (错) Please seat. (对) Please be seated. 要想正确地使用被动语态，就须注意哪些动词是及物的，哪些是不及物的。特别是一词多义的动词往往有两种用法。解决这一问题唯有在学习过程中多留意积累。 2) 不能用于被动语态的及物动词或动词短语： fit, have, hold, marry, own, wish, cost, notice, watch agree with, arrive at / in, shake hands with, succeed in, suffer from, happen to, take part in, walk into, belong to This key just fits the lock. Your story agrees with what had already been heard. 3) 系动词无被动语态： appear, be become, fall, feel, get, grow, keep, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn It sounds good. 4) 带同源宾语的及物动词，反身代词，相互代词，不能用于被动语态： die, death, dream, live, life She dreamed a bad dream last night. 5) 当宾语是不定式时，很少用于被动语态。 (对) She likes to swim. (错) To swim is liked by her.PS: 编辑本段有些动词可以带双宾语 在用于被动结构时，主动结构中的间接宾语变为主语时，直接宾语仍然保留在谓语后面；直接宾语变为主语时，直接宾语前通常加上介词for/to He was asked a number of questions at the press conference.在记者招待会上人们问了他很多问题 They are taught a lot of things in the kindergartens.他们在幼儿园被教给很多东西。 A new MP4 was given to him as birthday present/gift.作为生日礼物他收到了一个新MP4。 怎样把主动语态改成被动语态? 把主动语态改为被动语态非常简单，可以遵循以下几个步骤： 1. 先找出谓语动词； 2. 再找出谓语动词后的宾语； 3. 把宾语用作被动语态中的主语； 4. 注意人称、时态和数的变化。.动名词和不定式做主语的相同点1.不定式短语和动名词做主语时，常常为了保持句子的平衡，用it来做形式主语，如：It is not easy to learn English well.It is no use asking him for help.2.如果主语用了不定式,表语和宾语也要用不定式;主语用了动名词,表语和宾语也要用动名词,这在英语中称为对称性,如:To see is to believe. = Seeing is believing. (眼见为实)(85)It is better to stay home than _A_ out.A. to go B. going C. go D. gone.动名词和不定式做主语的不同点1.不定式做主语常表示具体的某一动作;表示泛指或一般的抽象的概念时,多用动名词,如:(92)_B_ is a good form of exercise for both young and old.A. The walk B. Walking C. To walk D. Walk2.在”There/It +be+ no use(good/help/need)”之后常用动名词做主语,而少用不定式,如:It /There is no use crying over the split milk.It /There is no help taking this medicine.但是如果该句型中用了for引出不定式的逻辑主语,就只能用不定式,如:(93) There is no good for us to do that exercise.3.不定式可以和when, where, how, what, whether等连用,在句子中做主语,宾语和表语,而动名词则不能,如:How to solve the problem is a hot potato.Where to put the box seems hard to decide.Whether to do it hasnt been decided.What to do next is up to you.不定式作主语通常表示一次性、未来的且具体的特指动作。 而动名词作主语通常表示习惯性、经常性和不具体的泛指动作。 动名词作主语和不定式作主语有时可以互换,例如:It is dangerous playing (to play) with fire. Seeing is believing. / To see is to believe. 动名词与不定式在作主语的时候，是存在语义上的差别的。 动名词作主语，倾向于陈述一个既定事实。 比方说：sleeping is necessary.睡眠是必要的。 schooling costs a family a lot.上学花费家庭许多钱。 但是不定式作主语，倾向一个因果关系、逻辑关系。 比方说：to say goodbye to all of you my friends is hard for me.要对你们-我所有的朋友说出再见不是一件容易的事。 to waste other's time means chronic murder.浪费别人的时间就是慢性谋杀。 不定式作主语强调具体，动名词强调泛指如： Doing morning exercise is good for health. 泛指早操对人人都有好处 To do morning exercise these days is good for your health. 特指对某人某时的用处 在英语里 发生在过去的动作要用过去式；发生在现在的，分两种，一种是一般现在时，用原形，现在进行时要用进行时， 将来的动作 一般动词也用原形，前面加will 等 如：be doing about doing . 过去时态+ed 反正动词原形就什么也不加-第 8 页-