初中英语时态、语态总复习教案 2(12页).doc
-时态与语态. 一、一般现在时:1,概念:经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况。2,时间状语:always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom, every week (day, year, month), once a week, on Sundays(=every Sunday) , etc.3.基本结构:主语+be动词;主语+行为动词否定形式:am/is/are+not; 此时态的谓语动词若为行为动词,则在其前加don't,如主语为第 三人称单数,则用doesn't,同时还原行为动词。一般疑问句:把be动词放于句首;用助动词do提问,如主语为第三人称单数,则用does,同时,还原行为动词。4,考点: (1)一般现在时考点分析 表示客观事实、客观规律和客观真理谚语格言等(不受时态限制) The geography teacher told us the earth moves around the sun. Water boils at 100oC. He said that the earth turns round the sun. Actions speak louder than words. 表示经常发生、习惯性的动作,与 every day, usually, once a week 等时间状语连用。 He goes to school on foot everyday. We always care for each other and help each other. 表示知觉、态度、感情、某种抽象的关系或概念的词常用一般现在时:see、hear、smell、taste、feel、notice、agree、believe、like、hate、want、think、belong seem等。如: I know what you mean. Smith owns a car and a house. All the students here belong to No.1 Middle School. 在when 引导的时间状语从句和if引导的条件状语从句中常用一般现在时代替将来时。注意,此时,主句用将来时态,从句用一般现在时态表示将来。但要注意由if 引导的条件状语从句中可以用shall或will表“意愿”,但不表示时态。 If it is fine tomorrow, we will go to the countryside二、一般过去时:概念:过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态;过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。时间状语:ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week(year, night, month), in 1989, just now, at the age of 5, one day, long long ago, once upon a time, etc.基本结构:肯定式:主语+动词的过去式 I wanted to watch animals in the zoo. They took his son to the cinema. 否定式:主语+didnt+动词原形 I didnt have his telephone number 否定形式:was/were+not;在行为动词前加didn't,同时还原行为动词。 一般疑问句:was或were放于句首;用助动词do的过去式did 提问,同时还原行为动词。 . 一般疑问句:特殊疑问词+did+主语 What sport did she play yesterday? 一般过去时没有人称及数的变化 二. .一般过去时的基本用法:(考点与一般现在完成时比较讲解) 1表示过去的事情、动作或状态常与表示过去具体的时间状语连用(或有上下文语境暗示);用于表达过去的习惯;表示说话人原来没有料到、想到或希望的事通常用过去式。如: I met her in the street yesterday. I once saw the famous star here. They never drank wine. I thought the film would be interesting,but it isnt. 如果从句中有一个过去的时间状语,尽管从句中的动作先于主句发生,但从句中的谓语动词连用过去式。如: He told me he read an interesting novel last night. 表示两个紧接着发生的动作,常由以下词语连接,用一般过去时。如:but, and, when, as soon as, immediately, the moment, the minute。 The moment she came in, she told me what had happened to her. 1示过去某时发生的动作或存在的状态.(常与其连用的时间状语有:yesterday ,the day before yesterday ,a moment ago ,just now ,in May, in 1999,last night/week/month/year ,once ,one day ,before at the age of 18,when she was five等) e.g.)He was a soldier two years ago. They had a baby last month. 2. 表示过去经常或反复发生的动作或行为(never ,often ,always) e.g.)They didnt pass the ball often enough. He always took off his shoes and threw on the floor. 3. 根据时态一致,在宾语从句中用一般过去时代替一般现在时 e.g.)She asked weather they needed some more tea.(瞬问的动作是过去,”需要”指现在) He said that there wasnt time to go to the city century. 过去了 现在 4. 用于since从句,(主句的谓语动词为现在完成时,其后since从句为一般过去式) He has worked there since it opened in 1989. It has been two days since I came back. 5. 由于when,while,before,after,whenever等引导的表示过去时间的状语从句常用过去时. e.g.)The boy began to go to school when he was five. They lived there before they came to China. 6. 有些情况和事件,发生的时间不很清楚,但实际已发生,应当用过去时态. Look at the the bags.They came. Five people died in the traffic accident. 特殊用法的角度 1. 在时间,条件状语从句中表示过去将来的动作. If we won the match,we would be top. 2. 一般过去时形式上为过去时,实指现在 I didnt know you were there.(刚才不 三一般将来时概念:表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。时间状语:tomorrow, next day(week, month, year),soon, in a few minutes, by,the day after tomorrow, etc.基本结构:am/is/are/going to + do;will/shall + do.否定形式:was/were + not; 在行为动词前加didn't,同时还原行为动词。一般疑问句:be放于句首;will/shall提到句首。 二:从基本用法的角度: 1) 表示在将来某一时间要发生的动作或状态,常与表示将来的时间状 tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, next Tuesday, in five minutes, some day, in the future, next year. (eg.)Will you be free tonight? We will know the result tomoorrow. Im sure I wont lose my way. They will get married next May Day. 2) 其他表示将来时的结构 1 be going to(表示说话者明确的打算 肯定形式:主语+will+动词原形/ 主语+ Am/is /are +going to 动词原形 否定形式:都是在will/am/is /are这些助动词后加not即可。 一般疑问的形式: 把助动词will/am/is /are 提前。 2be to do(表示安排好了要在将来做的事); 3be about to do(表示就要发生的事,句中不能用表示动作发生时间的状语) 4一般现在时表将来(限于某些动词,如leave, finish) 5现在进行时表示将来时(限于某些动词,表示按计划安排要发生的事,如:take, have ,leave)Hes leaving school in on years time.他一年后就要毕业3)一般将来时考点分析。 表示未来的动作或状态常用will / shall + 动词(常与表示将来的时间状语边用如tomorrow、next week等)。 表示一种趋向或习惯动作Well die without air or water. 表示趋向行为的动词如come、go、start、begin、leave等词常用进行时的形式表示将来时。be going to与will / shall, be to do, be about to do用法及区别: be going to 表示现在打算在最近或将来要做某事,这种打算往往经过事先考虑,甚至已做了某种准备;shall / will do表示未事先考虑过,即说话时临时作出的决定。 be going to 表将来,不能用在条件状语从句的主句中;而will则能,表意愿。如: If it is fine, well go fishing.(正确) If it is fine, we are going to go fishing.(错误) be to do sth.表按计划、安排即将发生的动作,还可表示吩咐、命令、禁止,可能性等。 A meeting is to be held at 3:00 oclock this afternoon. be about to do sth.表示即可,就要,后面不能接时间状语或状语从句Autumn harvest is about to start.四、现在进行时:概念:表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。时间状语:now, at this time, these days, etc.基本结构:am/is/are+doing否定形式:am/is/are+not+doing.一般疑问句:把be动词放于句首。现在进行时的用法注意点: (1)现在进行时与一般现在时的用法比较。现在进行时既可表示现在时刻正在进行的动作,也可表示现阶段一直进行的动作(说话时不一定正在进行), 强调动作的暂时性和未完成性短暂的事实;而一般现在时强调动作的长久性或反复性。 He works in a chemical factory. (长久性工作) He is working in a chemical factory these days. (临时性工作) I dont work here, Im just helping until the secretary comes back. (2) 现在进行时与always, constantly, continually, all the time, all along, 等频度状语连用,对现阶段经常发生的动作表示某种感情色彩,如赞叹、惊讶、厌烦、不满等。 She is always borrowing money and forgetting to pay me back. You are continually finding faults with me. (3) 现在进行时用于时间或条件状语从句中,可代替将来进行时. When you are talking with him, take care not to mention this. Ill think about it while you re writing the report. If you are standing at the corner, Ill give you a lift into town. (4) 现在进行时表示委婉口气,常与hope, wonder 等连用。 Im hoping that youll give me some advice. Im wondering if I may have a word with you.注意:下面四类动词不宜用现在进行时。(A)表示心理状态、情感的动作:like, love, hate, care, remember, believe, want, mind, wish, agree, mean, need。(B)表存在的状态的动词:appear, exist, lie, remain, seem belong to, depend on。(C)表示一时性动作的动词:allow, accept, permit, promise, admit, complete。(D)表示感官的动词:see, hear, notice, feel, smell, sound, taste, look五现在完成时:概念:过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果,或从过去已经开始,持续到现在的动作或状态。时间状语:recently, lately, sincefor,in the past few years, etc.基本结构:have/has + done否定形式:have/has + not +d one.一般疑问句:have或has。 1) 表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在产生的影响或结果,与现在时间相联系。不能和确定的时间状语连用,但和不确定的连用, 如:just, yet, already, ever, never, recently , lately, still, before等。 The car has arrived. Hes been ill. He still hasnt finished his work. Have you seen Alice recently? 2) 表示动作状态从过去某时开始,持续到现在可能还要持续下去,也可能刚刚结束,这是通常和since或for引导的表示动作状态从过去某时开始,持续到现在可能还要持续下去,也可能刚刚结束,这是通常和since或for引导的时间状语连用。 I have lived here for more than thirty years. He hasnt cleaned his room for months. He has been ill for a long time注意:(1)现在完成时表示动作持续发生时还可以用以下表示包括现在时间在内的时间:up to now, in the past few years, so far, these days, this year. Up to now, the work has been easy. So far he has done very well at school. The rain has stopped now. (2)非持续动词不能同表示一段时间的状语连用,不能同for引导的短语或since引导的短语和从句连用。如果句中有表示一段时间的状语,则必须改用延续性动词。 常用的动词及其转换如下: buyhave diebe dead borrowkeep beginbe on join/becomebe in the+组织名称 wakeawake ) have been to VS have gone to Have been to表示曾经去过某地,现在人在说话的现场,而 have gone to 表示已经去了某地,现在人不在说话的现场。 I have been to Beijing for three times. 我曾经去过北京三次。 She has gone to Beijing. 她去北京了。 注意: 现在完成时除可以和for、since引导的状语连用外,还可以和下面的介词短语连用:during / in /over the last(past)few years (months, weeks)、in recent years等。 下列句型中常用现在完成时 It is (has been) + 一段时间 + since从句 This(That / It)is the first(second)time that + 完成时 This(That / It)is the only + that + 完成时 This(that / It)is the best / finest / most interesting + that 从句 + 完成时 This is the first time that I have come to Beijing. This was the first time that I had come to Beijing六现在完成进行时 定义:动作从过去开始到现在还未完成,将来了还要持续结构:(主语have/has been 动词 ing) 用法: 表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作,并且可能继续持续下去。 The Chinese have been making paper for two thousands years. 中国有2000年的造纸历史。(动作还将继续下去 2)表示在说话时刻之前到现在正在进行的动作。 We have been waiting for you for half an hour. 我们应经等你半个钟头了(人还没到,如同在电话里说的,还会继续等下去七过去进行时:概念:表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。时间状语:at this time yesterday, at that time或以when引导的谓语动词是一般过去时的时间状语等。基本结构:was/were+doing否定形式:was/were + not + doing.一般疑问句:把was或were放于句首考点分析:过去某一时刻正在进行的动作或某一阶段内发生或频繁发生。 He was playing computer games yesterday morning.某一动作发生时另一动作正在发生,其中一个在由when或while引导的时间状语从句中。She broke a glass while she was cooking the dinner八过去完成时:概念:以过去某个时间为标准,在此以前发生的动作或行为,或在过去某动作之前完成的行为,即“过去的过去”。时间状语:before, by the end of last year(term, month),etc.基本结构:had + done.否定形式:had + not + done.一般疑问句:had放于句首。过去完成时考点分析。 (主语had过去分词) 1.表示“过去的过去”,两个动作有明显的先后关系。 He told me that he had made great progress since he came here. Tom returned by plane, but his mother had already died. 2.在by、by the end、by the time、until、before、since后接表示过去某一时间的短语或从句以前发生的动作。如: By the end of last year, we had produced 20,000 cars. The train had left before we reached the station. The concert had been on for twenty minutes by the time we got there. 3. 动词expect, hope, intend, mean, plan, suppose, think, want, wish 等动词用过去完成表示过去本来打算、希望、计划作而未做的事。表示曾实现的希望、打算、意图、诺言等。常用had hoped / planned / meant / intended/ I had intended to attend the party, but was stopped by the heavy rain. 4. 用在表示“一就”的几个句型中: Hardly/scarcelywhen, no soonerthan, Hardly / No sooner + 主语 + 过去分词 + when / than / + 一般过去时。如: We had no sooner been seated than the bus started. = No sooner had we been seated than the bus started. 我们刚一坐下,车子就启动了。 Hardly had the thief seen the police when he ran away. 5. “时间名词 + before”在句子中作状语,谓语动词用过去完成时;“时间名词 + ago”在句中作状语,谓语动词用一般过去式。如: He said his first teacher had died at least 10 years before. Xiao Hua left school 3 years ago. 6. 在before或after引导的时间状语从句中用一般过去时态代替过去完成时。 After he (had)left the room, the boss came in. We arrived home before it snowed.九过去将来时:概念:立足于过去某一时刻,从过去看将来,常用于宾语从句中。时间状语:the next day(morning, year),the following month(week),etc.基本结构:was/were/going to + do;would/should + do.否定形式:was/were/not + going to + do;would/should + not + do.一般疑问句:was或were放于句首;would/should 提到句首。一、 根据时间状语确定时态的原则1. Hurry up! The play for ten minutes. (2002辽宁) A. has begun B. had begun C. has been on D. began 析 1. C。since后接时间的起点,for后接时间段,主句动词用现在完成时,应注意瞬间动词与延续性动词的使用。二、 在复合句根据时态呼应确定时态的原则2. Do you know if back next week? If he back, please let me know. (2002黑龙江 ) A. he comes; will come B. will he come; comes C. he will come; comes D. will he come; will come 析 2. C。if既可引导宾语从句,也可引导状语从句。充当宾语从句的连接词时,相当于whether,词义是“是否”。充当状语从句的连接词时,词义是“如果”。从时态看,if引导宾语从句时谓语动词的时态应根据主句的时态作相应的变化;引导表示将来动作或状态的条件句时,若主句用一般将来时,则从句通常用一般现在时表示将来。三、 根据上下文已有时态信息点确定时态的原则3. When this kind of computer ? -Last year. (2002天津) A. did; use B. was; used C. is; used D. are; used 析 3. B。此例由下句的时间状语推断出一般过去时态,并且要考虑到被动语态。四、 利用上下文语意确定时态的原则4. Hi! Lin Tao. I didnt see you at the party. -Oh, I ready for the maths exam. (2002江西) A. am getting B. was getting C. got D. have got 析 4. B。此例由didnt, at the party推断出应用过去进行时。五、 时态中的“特殊”对策的原则5. The teacher told us yesterday that December 25 Christmas Day. A. is B. was C. has been D. will be 析 5. A。 有些动词其动词的时态是“违背常理”的。如宾语从句表示的是一个客观事实或客观真理时,其时态不受主句限制而用一般现在时表示。. 实战题练兵A) Fill in the blanks with the right forms of the verb tense:1. Mr Brown will go fishing if it (not rain) tomorrow. (2002徐州市)2. I think he (be) back in a week. (2002南京市)3. Who (knock) at the door? -I dont know. Let me go and see. (2002连云港市)4. Bill is strict with himself. He never (leave) todays work for tomorrow. (2002连云港市)5. - your uncle (return) the video tapes to Mr Fox? -No. Theyre still in his bedroom. (2002南通市)6. By the end of last term, they (work) there for ten years. (2002辽宁)7. Mr. Wang (read) a newspaper in the office at this time yesterday. (2002上海市)8. Mr. Green and his wife (live) in London for a few years before they (come) to work in China in 2001. (2002曲靖市)9. They never knew what (happen) to the world in a hundred years. (2002南充)10. About 400 years ago, Galileo(伽利略) proved that the earth (go) around the sun. (2002陕西)B) Complete the following sentences:1. When I got to the cinema, (电影已经开始了二十分钟了). (2001黄岗)2. (有一场音乐会)a concert tomorrow afternoon. (2000甘肃)3. Its three years since he (入团). (2001宁夏)4. Please let me know (他一回来). (2000陕西)5. I (正要入睡) when there was a loud knock at the door. (2000新疆)Part B Voices.The Passive Voice一、Voices: The Active and Passive VoicesActive Voice 主动语态 Passive VoiceMany people speak English. English is spoken by many people.They found the dinosaur eggs in Liaoning. The dinosaur eggs were found in Liaoning.We must do something to stop the pollution. Something must be done to stop the pollution.二、The formations of the passive voices of different tenses(A): 方 式时 间一 般 进 行完 成现 在amis + pp.areamis being + pp.arehas been + pp.have 过 去was + pp. were was being + pp.werehad been + pp.将 来shall be + pp.will过 去将 来should be + pp. wouldThe formations of the passive voices of modal verbs(B):must/can/ may/should + be + pp.三、When to use the Passive Voice:1. 行为主体不明确,不必说出或者无法说出动作的执行者时。Football is played all over the world.2. 不易找到或根本就找不到动作的执行者时。My bike was stolen.3. 汉语含有“据说”、“有人说”等时。It is said that another bridge has been built over the Changjiang River.4. 汉语中含有“被”、“由”等词时。Wei Hua is asked to come by Lin Tao.5. 汉语中没有“被”、“由”等词,而在原句中试加这类词且句意通顺时。These songs are usually sung by boys.6. 某些句子习惯上用被动语态。He was born in October, 1988.7. 表示礼貌时。You are friendly invited to come to our English party at 8:00p.m. tomorrow.(Note: 用于被动语态中的动词是及物动词,不及物动词不能用被动语态。). 实战题练兵A) Fill in the blanks with the ri