《新概念英语》第二册自学导读(77页).doc
-新概念英语第二册自学导读-第 77 页Lesson 1A private conversation私人谈话课文详注 Further notes on the text1Last week I went to the theatre.上星期我去看戏。(1)句首的“Last week”点明叙述的事情发生的时间是上星期。因此整篇课文的时态基本上应是过去时(包括过去进行时),直接引语部分的时态除外。(2)动词go的原义是离开一个地方去另一个地方,与介词to连用后,常加上主语所要去的目的地来代表主语的动作目的。课文中go to the theatre = go to the theatre to see a play,即去剧场看戏。类似的还有go to the cinema = go to the cinema to see a film(去电影院看电影)。这种表达方式简明扼要。请注意在以下的短语中名词前通常不加冠词:go to school上学go to bed上床,睡觉go to church上教堂,去做礼拜(cf第1册第68课at school, at church;第1册第85课have been to school/church)2had a very good seat,座位很好。seat一般指戏院、汽车等配置的固定座位,也可以抽象地表示“座位”或“位子”的概念:the front seat of a car汽车的前座Take a seat, please.请坐。3The play was very interesting. 戏很有意思。interesting属于现在分词形式的形容词,意思是“使人感兴趣”。它通常与非人称主语连用或修饰某个事物:This is an interesting book/idea.这是一本有趣的书一个令人感兴趣的主意。4were sitting behind me. They were talking loudly.坐在我的身后,大声地说着话。这两句的时态为过去进行时。(cf第7课语法)5I got very angry. 我非常生气。get在这里有“逐渐变得”的含义,接近become,是个表示过程的动词,表示状态的变化。而I was very angry则仅表示当时的状态是生气,并不暗示过程。6in the end, 最后,终于。表示一段较长的时间之后或某种努力之后:She tried hard to finish her homework by herself. In the end, she had to ask her brother for help.她试图自已完成家庭作业,但最后她不得不请她兄弟帮忙。7none of your business, 不关你的事。(1) sb. 's business指某人(所关心的或份内)的事:It is my business to look after your health.我必须照顾你的身体健康。This is none of his business.这根本不关他的事。(2)表示否定的代词none意义上相当于not any或no one,但语气较强:She kept none of his letters.他的信件她一封也没有保留。None of my friends left early.我的朋友没有一个早离开的。none of这个短语有时可以表达一种断然、甚至粗暴的口气,尤其是在祈使句中:None of your silly remarks!别说傻话了!8a private conversation,私人间的谈话。在西方文化中人们对private(私人的,个人的)这个概念很看重。这个词的名词形式privacy有“隐私(权)”的意思。所以课文中的小伙子会振振有词地说“This is a private conversation!”不过他忘了他是在一个public place(公众场合),而且他们的说话声太大,已经影响了别人。语法 Grammar in use简单陈述句的语序(Word order in simple statements)简单陈述句的语序一般为:主语一般为名词、代词或名词短语,通常位于动词之前。动词必须与主语“一致”,所以主语决定动词的单复数形式(如I am, you are, he has)。宾语一般为名词、代词或名词短语。在主动句中,宾语一般位于动词之后。一个句子不总需要有宾语。状语的位置比较灵活。当一个句子里有一种以上的副词时,地点副词的一般位置是在方式副词之后、时间副词之前,如上面的最后一个例句。时间状语可以在句尾,也可以在句首:Last night Lucy went to the theatre.昨晚露西去剧院看戏了。I heard a voice at the door just now.我刚才听到门口有声音。Sam listened to the story quietly.萨姆静静地听着故事。The man ran away quickly.那人很快跑掉了。(无宾语)词汇学习 Word study1enjoy vt.基本意义为“欣赏”、“享受”、“喜爱”,后面一般跟名词、代词(包括反身代词)或动名词形式。(2)Jane doesn't enjoy swimming. She enjoys going to the theatre.简不喜欢游泳。她喜欢去剧院看戏。(3)Enjoy yourself!好好玩吧!We always enjoy ourselves.我们总是玩得很开心。2pay(1)vt., vi.支付(价款等):Have you paid the taxi-driver?你给出租车司机钱了吗?You can pay a deposit of thirty pounds您可以先付30英镑的定金I paid 50 dollars for this skirt.我花50美元买了这条裙子。I'll pay by instalments.我将分期付款。(2)vt., vi. 给予(注意等);去(访问):They did not pay any attention.他们毫不理会。We paid a visit to our teacher last Sunday. 上星期天我们去拜访了老师。(3)n. 工资,报酬:I have not received my pay yet.我还没有领到工资。3bear vt.(1)承受,支撑,承担,负担:Can the ice bear my weight?这冰能承受我的体重吗?Who will bear the cost?谁来承担这笔费用?(2)忍受(一般与can/could连用于疑问句及否定句中):She eats too fast. I can't bear to watch/watching her. 她吃得太快。我看着受不了。How can you bear living in this place?你怎么能受得了住在这个地方?In the end, 1 could not bear it.最后,我忍不住了。Lesson 2Breakfast or lunch?早餐还是午餐?课文详注 Further notes on the text1It was Sunday. 那是个星期天。在句子中,我们常常用it指时间、天气、温度或距离。这种it有时被称为“虚主语” (empty subject),因为它没有实际意义。它之所以存在,是因为英语句子必须包含主语和谓语。请注意以下例句:表示时间:It is 8 o'clock.8点了。表示天气:It's raining again.又下雨了。It is cold.天气冷。表示环境:It was dark outside.外面一片漆黑。作为第3人称单数的中性代词,it可以指一件东西、一个事件或者用来指是什么人:It was my aunt Lucy.是我姑母露西。(打来电话者)It is a lovely baby.真是个可爱的小宝宝。2on Sundays, 在星期天的时侯。(1)复数形式指每个星期日,或大部分星期日,与一般现在时连用,表示经常性的行为:We do not go to school on Sundays.星期天我们不上学。I never get up early on Sundays.星期天我从来不早起。(2)介词on一般用于表示某一天的时间短语中:on Monday星期一on Friday 星期五on Monday morning在星期一早上on that day在那一天当我们使用last, next和this, that时,介词(以及定冠词)必须省略:I'll see you next/this Friday.下个这个星期五再见。Last Sunday I got up very late.上个星期天我起得很晚。3I sometimes stay in bed until lunchtime. 有时我要一直躺到吃午饭的时候。(1)在表达卧床的意思时bed前不需加冠词:You must stay/remain in bed for another two days. 你必须再卧床两天。What time did you go to bed last night?你昨晚几点睡的?It is time for bed now.该睡觉了。(2)until用于表示动作、状态等的持续,可以译为“一直到为止”或“在以前”。在肯定句中,它与表示持续性状态的动词连用,表示持续到某一时刻:I'll wait here until 5.我会在这里等到5点钟。在否定句中,它通常与描述短暂动作的动词连用,表示“到为止”、“直到才”:She cannot arrive until 6.她到6点才能来。The rain did not stop until this morning.直到今天早上雨才停了。4arrive by train, 坐火车来。by air乘飞机by bicycle/bike骑自行车by boat乘船by bus乘公共汽车by car乘小汽车by land由陆路by plane乘飞机by sea由海路by ship乘船by train乘火车Every morning he goes to school by bus.他每天早上坐公共汽车去上学。Long ago people could go to America only by ship/sea.很早以前人们只能乘船去美洲。如果是特指的交通工具,则要加冠词或其他限定词:My aunt left by the 9:15 train.我姑妈乘9点1刻的火车走的。5Dear me, 天哪。这个感叹方式可以表示惊愕、困惑、同情等。还可以说“Oh, dear!”或“Dear, dear!”语法 Grammar in use1现在进行时(The present progressive tense) 和一般现在时(The present simple tense)现在进行时表示说话时正在进行的动作或正在发生的事件,往往与now, just, still等副词连用(cf. 第1册第31课):John is still sleeping.约翰还在睡觉。Jane is just dressing up.简正在打扮。Mrs. Smith is cooking now.史密斯太太现在正在做饭。一般现在时可以表示习惯性动作,往往与频度副词连用,如often, always, sometimes, never等:Do you often come here?你常来这儿吗?I always to the library on Friday.星期五我经常去图书馆。Helen never writes to her brother Tony. She sometimes rings him.海伦从来不给她兄弟托尼写信。她有时给他打电话。现在进行时也用来表示当前(一段时间)的动向:Jack is working hard these days.杰克最近工作很努力。He does not usually work hard.他通常是不努力工作的。2感叹句(Exclamations)以what开头的感叹句结构为:Whatadj.n. +主语+谓语!主语和谓语经常被省略:What an interesting play (it is)!多么有趣的一出戏!What a lot of flowers!这么多花呀!What fools they are!他们真傻!如果没有形容词,则往往表示批评或不大好的意思:What a thing to say!多么难听的话啊!What a day!鬼天气!词汇学习 Word study1ring vt.(1)鸣,响,发出清脆响亮的声音:Just then, the telephone rang.正在这时,电话铃响了。Every morning the clock rings at 6.这钟每天早上6点响。(2)打电话给(美国英语中用call):Please ring me when you get home.到家后请来个电话。Did you ring the doctor?你给医生打电话了吗?2repeat(1)vt. 重复:Will you repeat the last word?您能重说一下最后一个字吗?They are repeating that wonderful play.他们正在重演那部精彩的戏剧。(2)vi. 重做,重说:Please repeat after me.请跟我重复。Don't repeat.不要重复。Lesson 3Please send me a card请给我寄一张明信片课文详注 Further notes on the text1A friendly waiter taught me a few words of Italian. 一位好客的服务员教了我几句意大利语。(1)虽然friendly是以-ly结尾,在拼法上与许多副词一样,但它却是形容词:He always greets me in a friendly way.他总是亲切地和我打招呼。She gave me a friendly greeting.她友好地和我打了一下招呼。He is not very friendly to John.他对约翰不太友善。类似的形容词有: brotherly, fatherly, manly, lovely, motherly 等。(2)a few可与复数可数名词连用,表示肯定,含有some, a small number of(一些,少数几个)的意思:The police would like to ask him a few questions.警察要问他一些问题。Mother is coming in a few days.妈妈过几天就要来了。2Then he lent me a book. 之后还借给我一本书。像send, buy, give等动词一样,lend可以有两个宾语:一个直接宾语(通常指物),一个间接宾语(通常指人)。(cf. 本课语法)在这句话中,lend的直接宾语为a book,间接宾语为me。Would you lend me your pen?能把你的笔借我用一下吗?Yesterday I lent my dictionary to Mary.昨天我把字典借给了玛丽。3but I did not understand a word.但一个字也不懂。nota的否定意义比单用not要强。课文的最后一句加了single”,语气更强。试比较:4Every day I thought about postcards. 我每天都想着明信片的事。think about可以指某一段时间一直在想考虑某事:I often think about the lovely holiday we had last year.我经常回想我们去年度过的愉快的假期。What are you thinking about?你在想什么?I'm thinking about my friends.我在想我的朋友们。5make a big decision, 作出一项重大决定。make/take a decision, 作出决定。这是个常用的词语搭配,可以灵活使用:It was not easy for me to make/ take this decision. 对我来说作出这项决定并不容易。You have made/taken a wrong decision.你作出了个错误的决定。Have you made/taken a decision?你决定了吗?6I spent the whole day in my room我在房间里关了整整一天(1)spend与表示时间的词短语连用时,意思为“花(时间)”、“度过”:We're going to spend three days in the country.我们打算到乡下去3天。spend还可以表示“花钱”:If we spend all the money, we'll be poor again.如果我们把所有的钱都花光了,我们又会变穷的。I can't spend any more on this car.我不能再为这车花钱了。(2)whole表示“整整的”、“整个的”:a whole year一整年a whole bottle of milk一整瓶牛奶two whole weeks整整两星期语法 Grammar in use1一般过去时 (The simple past tense) 与一般现在时上一课的语法提到一般现在时可以表示习惯性或经常性的动作。在用一般现在时询问有关习惯的问题时可用ever。一般过去时通常表示过去发生的而现在已经结束的事件、动作或情况。它通常指动作何时发生,而不指动作持续多久。因此,过去时与表明事情何时发生的状语连用是非常重要的。像last summer, last winter, last week, last night等这类状语只能与过去时连用,不能与现在时连用,因为它们确指过去的时间。2直接宾语 (Direct object) 与间接宾语 ( Indiret object)许多及物动词后可以有两个宾语,直接宾语通常是动作所涉及的事物,间接宾语表示动作是对谁做的或为谁做的,通常是人。这类动词有give, show, send, bring, lend, tell, return, write, pay, teach, make, buy, find等。通常间接宾语在前,紧跟动词;不过,如想要强调直接宾语,也可将它置于动词之后、间接宾语之前。这时,间接宾语之前则必须用介词to或for:词汇学习 Word study1spoil vt.(1)弄坏,损坏,糟蹋:The sad news spoiled our weekend.这不幸的消息使我们没能过好周末。The rain spoiled the school sports.这场雨把学校运动会弄得一团糟。(2)宠坏,惯坏,溺爱:Julie loves her son too much. She has spoiled him. 朱莉太爱她的儿子了。她把他惯坏了。Don't spoil your children.不能太惯孩子。2public(1)adj. 公共的,公众的,社会的:There is a public library in this town.这镇上有一个公共图书馆。I always sit in public gardens on Sundays.星期天我经常去公园坐坐。(2)adj. 公开的,众人皆知的:Their secret meeting was made public 20 years later.他们的秘密会晤20年以后才被公开。(3)n.公众,群众,大众:The public is/ are pleased with his explanation.公众对他的解释很满意。The museum is open to the public on Sunday.这家博物馆星期天对公众开放Lesson 4An exciting trip激动人心的旅行课文详注 Further notes on the text1He is working for a big firm and he has already visited a great number of different places in Australia. (他)正在为一家大公司工作,并且已经去过澳大利亚的不少地方了。(1) work for指“在上班任职”:表达“上班”这个意思时还可以说work at:She works at a department store.她在一家百货商店上班。(2)a number of只能接可数名词的复数形式。通常,number前有great, large, good, small, certain等形容词,数量大小也随之改变:A large/ great number of our students are Danish.我们的学生中有许多是丹麦人。There are a small number of spelling mistakes in your homework.你的家庭作业里有少数几个拼写错误。2He will soon visit Darwin. 他不久还将到达尔文去。will 表示将来要发生的事。这句话的时态是一般将来时。(cf. 第12课语法)下一句话From there, he will fly to Perth也是一般将来时。3My brother has never been abroad before, so he is finding this trip very exciting. 我弟弟以前从未出过国,因此,他觉得这次旅行非常激动人心。(1)这句话由两个简单句组成,后一句由连词so引导,为表示结果的状语从句。(2)find作“发现”、“发觉”讲时宾语往往带补足语(一般为形容词),说明宾语的状况、性质等:I find the film very interesting.我觉得这电影很有趣。She found Ton's room very dirty.她发现汤姆的房间非常脏。She has already found herself wrong.她已经发现自己错了。需要注意的是,find一词很少用于进行时态,一般用于过去时、完成时及一般现在时等。语法 Grammar in use1现在完成时与现在进行时现在完成时的时间概念有时是不确定的。(cf. 第1册第8388课)我们所关心的是现存的结果,或者过去发生的事对现在的影响。现在完成时不能和明确表示过去的副词(如ago, yesterday等)连用。经常和现在完成时连用的副词和副词短语有:before(now)(在此以前);so far(到目前为止);up to now (直到现在);just(刚刚);already(已经);lately(最近);now(现在);疑问句和否定句中常用ever, yet, never, not ever等。现在进行时经常用于表示在短期内正在进行的动作或存在的情况,因此往往不需要和时间状语连用。试比较:2同位语 (Appositives)一个名词(或短语等)与另一个名词(或短语)并列而作为其说明或限定成分时称为同位语。同位语与它所补充说明的成分之间用逗号隔开。课文中有两句话含有同位语:I have just received a letter from my brother, Tim.我刚刚收到弟弟蒂姆的来信。(Tim是my brother的同位语。它们指的是同一个人。Tim用来补充说明my brother的名字)He has just bought an Australian car and has gone to Alice Springs, a small town in the centre of Australia.他刚买了一辆澳大利亚小汽车,现在去了澳大利亚中部的小镇艾利斯斯普林斯。(在这句话中 a small town in the centre of Australia是Alice Springs的同位语,补充说明这是个多大的镇子,在什么地方)在译成汉语时,同位语或者插入主句中,或者另译为一句,很少像英语中那样用逗号隔开。请参阅课文中两个句子的译文。同位语如果太长,可以另译为一句。如课文中第二个例句的后半部分可以译为:“现在去了艾利斯斯普林斯。这是澳大利亚中部的一个小镇。”同位语的其他例子如:This is John, one of my best friends.这位是约翰。他是我最好的朋友之一。Mrs. Smith, my neighbour, has never been abroad.我的邻居史密斯夫人从来没有出过国。词汇学习 Word study1receive vt.(1)接到,收到,得到:When did you receive that letter?你什么时候收到那封信的?Susan received a gift/card this morning.今天上午苏珊收到了一份礼物一张卡。receive是“收到”,指的是一个被动的动作,主观上接受与不接受并不清楚。take则是主动地“拿”、“取”:He told me to take the keys from his pocket.他让我从他口袋里把钥匙拿出来。I received a beautiful pen from my uncle. My brother took it from me yesterday.我叔叔给了我一枝漂亮的钢笔。昨天我弟弟把笔拿走了。(2)招待,接待:You need a large room if you are going to receive so many guests.如果你要接待这么多客人,你就需要一个大房间。We usually receive guests on Saturday.我们通常星期六招待宾客。2different adj. (名词为difference)(1)不同的,相异的(经常与from连用):Desks are different from tables.书桌与桌子不一样。My room is different form yours.我的房间与你的不同。We are planning something different this year.我们今年有不同的打算。(2)各种各样的,不同的:He has visited many different places in China. 他去过中国的不少地方。This department store sells a large number of different things.这家百货商店出售许多各种各样的东西。Lesson 5No wrong numbers无错号之虞课文详注 Further notes on the text1Pinhurst is only five miles from Silbury, but Mr. Scott cannot get a telephone for his new garage, so he has just bought twelve pigeons. 平赫斯特离锡尔伯里只有5英里,但詹姆斯?斯科特先生未能为他新的汽车修理部搞到一部电话机,所以他买了12只鸽子。(1)这句话由3个部分组成。but引导的句子与前面的句子为并列关系,so引导的句子表示结果。(2)from 在这里表示距离上相隔,译为“离”、“从”等:The school is a mile (away) from my house.学校离我家有一英里。She has been away from home for 5 days now.她离家已有5天了。2Yesterday, a pigeon carried the first message from Pinhurst to Silbury. 昨天,一只鸽子把第一封信从平赫斯特带到锡尔伯里。(1)fromto表示从一个地方到另一个地方。如下文中的from one garage to the other。这个短语中顺序比较重要,不能搞错方向:He flew from Beijing to Moscow.他从北京坐飞机去莫斯科。He looked at the girl from head to foot. 他把这姑娘从头到脚打量了一下。The news spread from house to house.家家户户都得知了这条消息。(2)message在这里的意思是“(口头或书面的)信息”、“信”:an oral/ written message 口信便条Hers is a message for you from your sister.这是你姐姐妹妹给你留的便条。John has gone to his office. Would you like to leave him a message?约翰去办公室了。你愿意给他留个口信吗?与message相关的另一个词是 messenger,意为“送信人”、“信使”等。3Up to now, Mr. Scott has sent a great many requests for spare parts and other urgent messages from one garage to the other.到目前为止,斯科特先生从一个汽车修理部向另一个发送了大量索取备件的信件和其他紧急函件。(1)这句话看起来很长,但却是个简单句。sent有两个宾语,一是requests,二是messages。from one garage to the other是整个句子的状语。(2)up to now相当于untiltill now,意思是“迄今”、“到目前为止”,一般与现在完成时连用:Up to now, he has not been very hard-working.到目前为止,他一直不是很用功。Up to now, he has collected a good number of stamps.到目前为止,他已收集了许多邮票。(3)request作名词“要求”、“请求”讲时,往往需要补充说明其内容,如课文中 requests for spare parts(索取备件的信件)。She sent a request for help to Gary.她向加里请求帮助。He granted my request for more time.他同意了我延长时间的请求。(4)a great many在这句话中为形容词短语。many单独使用时前面不加a,但加了great/ good等形容词后,前面要加 a,动词用复数形式:A great many trees were destroyed in the storm.好多树在这场暴风雨中被毁坏了。a great many还可以作代词短语用:He has read a great many of the books in this room.这房间的书他好多都读过了。4In this way, he has begun his own privatetelephone service.就这样,他开始了自己的私人“电话”业务。(1)service作为不可数名词时通常用于表示旅馆、餐馆以及商店等对旅客、顾客等的侍候、接待或服务;它作为可数名词时可以表示为帮助他人所采取的行动或所做的工作:The service in that hotel is quite good.那家旅馆的服务很不错。You have done me a great service.你帮了我很大的忙。(2)在课文中,service的意思是“业务”、“公用事业”等。这类用法一般有: the mail service(邮政业务); the telephone service(电话业务);a travel service(旅行社);a news service(通讯社)等。可以看出,service既可以指公用事业的业务,也可以指办这些业务的机构。因此,课文中的“ telephoneservice”实际上是个大词,有一种幽默感。语法 Grammar in use1一般过去时与现在完成时在表示过去某个特定时间发生的事情或动作时,要用一般过去时:Yesterday, a pigeon carried the first message from Pinhurst to Silbury.昨天,一只鸽子把第一封信从平赫斯特带到锡尔伯里。在表示刚刚或者已经完成一个动作并且对现在有影响时,则要用现在完成时,时间状语可以是不特指的now, just,或者是for引导的一段时间,或者不加任何时间状语:He has writt