自考英语词汇学笔记整理含下载.docx

自考英语词汇学笔记整理（含下载）Chapter 11 - The definition of a word comprises the following points:(1) a minimal free form of a language;(2) a sound unity;(3) a unit of meaning;(4) a form that can function alone in a sentence. A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. 1 一个单词定义包括以下几点： （ 1 ）最小的自由形式的语言; （ 2 ）固定的语音; （ 3 ）固定的意义; （ 4 ）在一个句子中可以单独运作的一种形式。词是语言中的最小的自由形式，词有固定的语音，固定的意义固定的句法构造2- Sound and Meaning: symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary and conventional.A dog is called a dog not because the sound and the three letters that make up the word just automatically suggest the animal in question.2 -声音和意义：象征性联络几乎总是随意和常规。 狗称为狗不是因为声音和三个字母构成单词只是自动显示该动物的问题。3- Old English, the speech of the time was represented very much more faithfully in writing than it is today. The internal reason for this is that the English alphabet was adopted from选自. the Romans, which does not have a separate letter to represent each sound in the language so that some letters must do double duty or work together in combination. 3 -古英语，讲话的时间是特别代表更忠实地以书面形式比今日。内部缘由是，英文字母表选自从罗马人，在语言中它没有一个单独的字母表现每一个语音，使一些字母必需做的双重职责或结合在一起工作。Another reason is that the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years, and in some cases the two have drawn far apart.另一个缘由是，已经变更的发音速度超过拼法多年来，在某些状况下，两国已制定相距甚远。A third reason is that some of the differences were created by the early scribes.Finally comes the borrowing, which is an important channel of enriching the English vocabulary. 第三个缘由是，是由于早起抄写员造成的。 最终是借款，这是一个丰富了英语词汇重要的渠道，5 - Vocabulary: All the words in a language make up its vocabulary. Not only can it refer to the total number of the words in a language, but it can stand for all the words used in a particular historical period. We also use it to refer to all the words of a given dialect, a given book, a given discipline and the words possessed by an individual person. The general estimate of the present-day English vocabulary is over million words. 5 -词汇：全部的文字语言弥补其词汇。 ？ ？不仅不能提及的总人数中的词的语言，但它可以支持全部用在一个特定的历史时期的词。我们还用它来指全部的话，某一方言，这是一种特定图书，某一学科的话和所拥有的独立的个人。一般估计，当今英语词汇超过万字。 words used in a particular historical period. We also use it to refer to all the words of a given dialect, a given book, a given discipline and the words possessed by an individual person. The general estimate of the present-day English vocabulary is over million words. 词用在一个特定的历史时期。我们还用它来指全部的话，某一方言，这是一种特定图书，某一学科的话和所拥有的独立的个人。一般估计，当今英语词汇超过万字。words used in a particular historical period. We also use it to refer to all the words of a given dialect, a given book, a given discipline and the words possessed by an individual person. The general estimate of the present-day English vocabulary is over million words.词用在一个特定的历史时期。我们还用它来指全部的话，某一方言，这是一种特定图书，某一学科的话和所拥有的独立的个人。一般估计，当今英语词汇超过万字。words used in a particular historical period. We also use it to refer to all the words of a given dialect, a given book, a given discipline and the words possessed by an individual person. The general estimate of the present-day English vocabulary is over million words.词用在一个特定的历史时期。我们还用它来指全部的话，某一方言，这是一种特定图书，某一学科的话和所拥有的独立的个人。一般估计，当今英语词汇超过万字。6 - Words may fall into the basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary by use frequency, into content words and functional words by notion, and into native words and borrowed words by origin.6 -词可能落入根本词股票和nonbasic词汇的运用频率，把内容和功能的话的话的概念，并纳入本地话和外来词的来源。7 - The basic word stock is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries and forms the common core of the language. Though words of the basic word stock constitute a small percentage of the English vocabulary, yet it is the most important part of it. These words have obvious characteristics.7 -根本词股票的根底，积累了数百年的词汇和各种形式的共同核心的语言。虽然词的根本词股票构成的一小局部英语词汇，但它是最重要的一局部。这些话具有明显的特点。8 - All national character. Words of the basic word stock denote the most common things and phenomena of the world around us, which are indispensable to all the people who speak the languageNatural phenomena/Human body and relations/Names of plants and animals/Action, size, domain, state/Numerals, pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions 全部的民族性格。词的根本词股票指最常见的事物和现象我们四周的世界，这是必不行少的全部的人谁的语言自然现象/人体关系/地名的植物和动物/行动，大小，网域，国家/数词，代词，介词，连词9 - Stability. Words of the basic word stock have been in use for centuries.9 -稳定性。词的根本词库存已运用了数百年。10 - Productivity . Words of the basic word stock are mostly root words or monosyllabic words. They can each be used alone, and at the same time can form new words with other roots and affixes.10 -消费力。词的根本词股票大多根词或单音节词。他们可以分别单独运用，同时可以形成新词及其他根源和词缀。11 - Polysemy. Words belonging to the basic word stock often possess more than one meaning because most of them have undertone semantic changes in the course of use and become polysemous. 11 -多义词。词属于根本词股票往往拥有一个以上的意义，因为其中大局部潜在语义变更的过程中运用，并成为多义。12 - Collocability . Many words of the basic word stock quite a number of set expressions, idiomatic usages, proverbial sayings and the like.12 - Collocability 。很多词的根本词股票相当多的一套表现形式，惯用用法，成语和谚语等。13 - Terminology consists of technical terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas 13 -术语组成的技术名词，特殊是学科和学术的领域。14 - Jargon refers to the specialized vocabularies by which members of particular arts, sciences, trades and professions communicate among themselves such as in business.14 -术语指的是特地的词汇，其中的成员特殊是艺术，科学，行业之间的沟通，如在自己的业务。15 - Slang belongs to the sub-standard language, a category that seems to stand between the standard general words including informal ones available to everyone and in-group words like cant, jargon, and argot, all of which are associated with, or most available to, specific groups of the population.Slang is created by changing or extending the meaning of existing words though some slang words are new coinages altogether. Slang is colourful, blunt, expressive and impressive. 15 -俚语属于不合标准的语言，一类，好像站在一般标准之间的话包括非正式的向任何人供应，并在组词如不能，行话和隐语，全部这些都是相关的，或最可以，具体的人口群体。 俚语创立变更或扩大现有的含义的话虽然有些俚语的话完全是新造词。俚语是丰富多彩的，僵硬的，表现力和令人印象深入。16 - Argot generally refers to the jargon of criminals16 -哤通常指行话罪犯. 17 - Dialectal words are words used only by speakers of the dialect in question. 17 -方言词用字只有讲方言的问题。18 - Archaisms are words or forms that were once in common use but are now restricted only to specialized or limited use.18 - Archaisms字词或形式，一度被普遍运用，但如今只限于专业或有限地运用。19 - Neologisms are newly-created words or expressions, or words that have taken on new meanings.19 -新词是新成立的字或词句，或词已实行新的含义。20 - By notion, words can be grouped into content words and functional words. Content words denote clear notions and thus are known as notional words. They include nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and numerals, which denote objects, phenomena, action, quality, state, degree, quantity.20 -通过概念，词可以分为文字和内容功能的话。内容词表示明确的概念，因此被称为实词。它们包括名词，动词，形容词，副词和数字，这意味着物体的现象，实行行动，质量，状况，程度，数量。21 - Functional words do not have notions of their own. Therefore, they are also called empty words. As their chief function is to express the relation between notions, the relation between words as well as between sentences, they are known as form words. Prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliaries and articles belong to this category. 21 -虚词没有自己的概念。因此，他们也呼吁空话。作为其主要职能是表达概念之间的关系，词及词之间的关系以及句子之间，他们被称为形式的话。介词，连词，协助设备和物品属于这一类。22 - However, functional words do far more work of expression in English on average than content words. 22 -但是，迄今虚词做更多的工作表达英文平均比内容的话。23 - Native words are words brought to Britain in the fifth century by the German tribes; the Angles, the Saxons, and the Jutes, thus known as Anglo-Saxon words.23 -母语词话使英国在15世纪由德国部落的角度，在撒克逊人，和朱特人，从而被称为盎格鲁撒克逊人的话。24 - Apart from the characteristics mentioned of the basic word stock, in contrast to borrowed words, native words have two other features:Neutral in style. they are not stylistically specific.Stylistically, natives words are neither formal nor informal whereas the words borrowed from French or Latin are literary and learned, thus appropiate in formal style.Frequent in use. Native words are most frequently used in everyday speech and writing.24 -除了上述的特点的根本词股票，而相比之下，借词，原词有两个其他特点： 中性的风格。他们没有具体的风格。 文体，既不是本地人的话正式或非正式的话借来的，而从法国或拉丁美洲的文学和教训，因此，适当的正式风格。 常见的运用。原话是最常用的日常用语和写作。25 - Words taken over from foreign languages are known as borrowed words or loan words or borrowings in simple terms. It is estimated that English borrowings constitute 80 percent of the modem English vocabulary. The English language is noted for the remarkable complexity and heterogeneity of its vocabulary because of its extensive borrowings25 -词接收外国语言被称为借词或外来语或借款以简洁的语言。据估计，英国借款构成百分之八十的现代英语词汇。英语是指出了精彩的困难性和异质性的词汇，因为其广泛的借款26 - Aliens are borrowed words which have retained their original pronunciation and spelling. These words are immediately recognizable as foreign in origin26 -外国人借词有保存他们原来的发音和拼法。这些话马上识别外国在原产地.27 - Semantic-loans. Words of this category are not borrowed with reference to the form. But their meanings are borrowed. In other words, English has borrowed a new meaning for an existing word in the language. 27 -语义贷款。这一类的话是不是借来的参考形式。但它们的意思是借来的。换言之，英语借用了新的意义现有文字的语言。Chapter 21 - It is assumed that the world has approximately 3, 000 (some put it 5, 000 ) languages, which can be grouped into roughly 300 language families on the basis of similarities in their basic word stock and grammar.1 -这是假设，世界上约3 ， 000人（有些把它5 ， 000 ）语言，可分为家庭大约300语言的根底上，他们的根本相像的单词和语法股票。2 - The Indo-European is one of them. It is made up of most of the languages of Europe, the Near East, and India. 2 -印欧语就是其中之一。它是由大多数语文欧洲，近东和印度。3 - They accordingly fall into eight principal groups, which can be grouped into an Eastern set: Balto-Slavic , Indo-Iranian , Armenian and Albanian ; a Western set: Celtic, Italic, Hellenic, Germanic.3 -他们因此分为八个主要群体，其中可分为东部设置： Balto斯拉夫，印度，伊朗，亚美尼亚和阿尔巴尼亚;西方设置：凯尔特人，斜体，希腊，日耳曼。4 - In the Eastern set, Armenian and Albanian are each the only modern language respectively. The Balto-Slavic comprises such modern languages as Prussian, Lithuanian, Polish, Czech, Bulgarian, Slovenian and Russian. 4 -在东集，亚美尼亚和阿尔巴尼亚族都只有现代语言分别。该Balto斯拉夫包括现代语言等作为普鲁士，立陶宛，波兰，捷克，保加利亚，斯洛文尼亚和俄罗斯。5 - In the Indo-Iranian we have Persian. Bengali, Hindi, Romany, the last three of which are derived from the dead language Sanskrit. 5 -在印度和伊朗，我们波斯语。孟加拉国语，印地语，罗姆人，过去三年，其中来自死语言梵语。6 - In the Western set, Greek is the modern language derived from Hellenic.6 -在西方设置，希腊是现代语言来自希腊。7 - The Germanic family consists of the four Northern European Languages: Norwegian, Icelandic, Danish and Swedish, which are generally known as Scandinavian languages. Then there is German, Dutch, Flemish and English. languages. Then there is German, Dutch, Flemish and English. 7 -日耳曼系列包括四个北欧语言：挪威，冰岛，丹麦和瑞典，这一般被称为斯堪的纳维亚语文。其次是德语，荷兰语，佛兰芒语和英语。 语文。其次是德语，荷兰语，佛兰芒语和英语。8 - Old English (450-1150) Anglo-Saxon as Old English. Old English has a vocabulary of about 50, 000 to 60, 000 words. It was a highly inflected language just like moderm German. Anglo-Saxon as Old English. Old English has a vocabulary of about 50, 000 to 60, 000 words. It was a highly inflected language just like moderm German8 -古英语（ 450-1150 ） 盎格鲁撒克逊人一样古老英语。古英语的词汇量的大约50 ， 000 60 ， 000字。这是一个高度屈折的语言一样，现代德语。 盎格鲁撒克逊人一样古老英语。古英语的词汇量的大约50 ， 000 60 ， 000字。这是一个高度屈折的语言一样，现代德语. 9 - Middle English (1150-1500) Although there were borrowings from Latin, the influence on English was mainly Germanic.Between 1250 and 1500 about 9000 words of French origin poured into English. Seventy-five percent of them are still in use today.If we say that Old English was a language of full endings. Middle English was one of leveled endings. 9 -中古英语（ 1150年至一五 年） 虽然有借贷来自拉丁美洲，对英语的影响，主要是日耳曼。 12时50分至1500年约9000字的法国原产地涌入英国。 72百分之五，其中目前仍在运用的。 假如说，古英语是一种语言的完好的结局。中古英语是一个层次的结局。10 - Modern English (1500-up to now)Modern English began with the establishment of printing in England. Early (1500-1700) and Late (1700-up to the present) Modern EnglishModern English began with the establishment of printing in England. Early (1500-1700) and Late (1700-up to the present) Modern EnglishIn the early period of Modern English, Europe saw a new upsurge of learning ancient Greek and Roman classics. This is known in history as the Renaissance. Latin and Greek were recognized as the languages of the Western world s great literary heritage and of great scholarshipIn fact, more than twenty-five per cent of modern English words come almost directly from classical languages.It can be concluded that English has evolved from a synthetic language (Old English) to the present analytic language. 10 -现代英语（ 1500到如今） 现代英语开场设立印刷在英格兰。 早期（ 1500至1700年）和晚期（ 1700 -至今）现代英语现代英语开场设立印刷在英格兰。 早期（ 1500至1700年）和晚期（ 1700 -至今）现代英语在初期，现代英语，欧洲看到了新高潮的学习古希腊和古罗马的经典。这就是所谓的历史，文艺复兴。 拉丁文和希腊被认为是语言的西洋' 的宏大的文学遗产和宏大奖学金事实上，超过2005年百分之现代英语单词几乎干脆从古典语言。 可以得出结论认为，英国已经从合成语言（古英语）本解析语言。11 - Three main sources of new words: the rapid development of modern science and technology(45%); social, economic and political changes(24%); the influence of other cultures and languages(11%). the influence of other cultures and languages(11%). 11 -三个主要来源的新词：快速开展的现代科学和技术（ 45 ） ;社会，经济和政治的变更（ 24 ） ; 其它文化和语言的影响，（ 11 ） 。 其它文化和语言的影响，（ 11 ） 。12 - Modern English vocabulary develops through three channels: creation, semantic change, borrowing.现代英语词汇的开展，通过三个渠道：建立，语义变更，借款。 Creation refers to the formation of new words by using the existing materials, namely roots, affixes and other elements. In modern times, this is the most important way of vocabulary expansion.创立是指形成新词的运用现有的材料，即根，词缀和其它要素。在现代社会，这是最重要的方式扩大词汇量。Semantic change means an old form which takes on a new meaning to meet the new need. This does not increase the number of word forms but create many more new usages of the words, thus enriching the vocabulary. 语义变更意味着旧的形式，考虑一个新的意义，以满意新的须要。这并不增加词形式，但是创立更多的新用法的词语，从而丰富的词汇。Borrowing has played a vital role in the development of vocabulary, particularly in earlier times. Borrowed words constitute merely six to seven percent of all new worlds. In earlier stages of English, frnch, greek and Scandinavian were the major contributiors.借款发挥了至关重要的作用，开展的词汇，尤其是在早期。借词构成仅仅6至百分之七的全部新的世界。在较早阶段的英语， frnch ，希腊和斯堪的纳维亚的主要contributiors 。Reviving archaic or obsolete words(复活古词和废弃词) also contributes to the growth of English vocabulary though quite insignificant.复原过时或陈旧的话（复活古词和废弃词） ，也有助于增长的英语词汇虽然很微乎其微。Chapter 31 - These different forms occur owing to different sound environment. These minimal meaningful units are known as morphemes. In other words, the morpheme is "the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words"1 -这些不同形式出现，因为不同的声音环境。这些有意义的最小单位称为词素。 换言之，语素是“最小功能单位组成的词”2 - Morphemes are abstract units, which are realized in speech by discrete units known as morphs. They are actual spoken , minimal carriers of meaning. The morpheme is to the morph what a phoneme is to a phone.2 -语素是抽象的单位，这是实如今讲话离散单位称为morphs 。他们是讲实际，最少