英语实用文体写作系列考研英语应用文写作完全手册.doc
2006年考研英语应用文写作完全手册 2006年考研英语增加一篇应用短文写作。考生应能写不同类型应用文，以及一般描述性、表达性、说明性或议论性文章。A节要求考生根据所给情景写出一篇约100词(标点符号不计算在内)应用性短文，包括私人和公务信函、便笺、备忘录、摘要、报告等。考生在答题卡2上作答，总分值10分。应用文都有一定格式，但了解格式只是应用文写作最起码要求，要想在10分钟左右写好一篇既定情景应用短文，这既需要具有熟练运用语言文字根本功，同时又需要有根据既定情景迅速构文能力。因此，考生对这一局部应给予足够重视，在复习过程中要针对应用文写作做足量专项练习。 针对此变化，我们为广阔莘莘学子特意编辑了这期应用文写作完全手册专题，有望尽各位一臂之力！ 有志者 事竟成 破釜沉舟 百二秦关终属楚 天不负 有心人 卧薪尝胆 三千里越甲可吞吴 各种类型文章写作 · 演讲与致辞 · 证书 · 证明 · 合同与协议 · 产品说明书 · 天气预报 · 食谱 · 广告 · 贺卡 · 日记 · 启事 · 自我介绍 · 海报 · 通知 · 简历-举例 · 简历-概述 · 摘要-常见句型 · 摘要-概述 · 备忘录-举例 · 备忘录-概述 · 便笺(便条)和短信-分类举例-回复友人问侯 · 便笺(便条)和短信-分类举例-借物 · 便笺(便条)和短信-分类举例-抱歉 · 便笺(便条)和短信-分类举例-约请 · 便笺(便条)和短信-分类举例-请假 · 便笺(便条)和短信-概述 · 私人和公务信函-分类举例-祝福信 · 私人和公务信函-分类举例-请求信 · 私人和公务信函-分类举例-求学信 · 私人和公务信函-分类举例-感谢信 · 私人和公务信函-分类举例-邀请信 · 私人和公务信函-分类举例-求助信 · 私人和公务信函-分类举例-推荐信 · 私人和公务信函-分类举例-应聘信 · 私人和公务信函-分类举例-私人介绍信 · 私人和公务信函-常用句式 · 私人和公务信函-概述 演讲与致辞 一篇好演讲稿，通常要有很精彩演讲词，以及很好文体特征和篇章构造，同时还得考虑所演讲对象。 如何拟定演讲稿How to Make a Speech Draft 真正写好一篇演讲稿，拟稿人首先得了解演讲词文体特征以及演讲词篇章构造，此外，还得考虑所演讲对象。这就是所谓“知己知彼，百战百胜。 演讲词文体特征Stylistic Features of a Speech 因此，在准备演讲稿时，应力求语言通俗易懂，诙谐幽默，生动形象，层次清晰，逻辑性强，句子精悍有力，文字朗朗上口，语言节奏感强。 1放在前面多采用简单句。 2语言多口语化。 3多用排比句式。 4重复修辞格多。 5多采用祈使句。 6多运用设问句。 在现代社会交际活动中，致辞使用十分频繁。 一般地，根据场合不同，致辞大体可分为正式和非正式两种。正式场合致辞通常多用于官方性质会议、仪式等场合，这类致辞要求构造严谨，语言标准。相反个人或民间举行一些非正式仪式，语言那么可以随和、轻松一些。 致辞文体构造Structure of a Speech 一篇完整致辞，一般由引言、正文和结论三大局部组成。 引言Introduction 在致辞引言中，演讲者应着重指明演讲主题重要性以及重要意义以引起听众注意及共鸣。 正文Body 正文局部是致辞核心内容，因此应该突出主题，做到观点明确，层次清晰，以到达致辞真正目。 结论Conclusion 结论局部是对致辞主体内容做出结论性总结，并且应对相关问题提出希望。因此，写作时宜使用一些具有鼓励性、鼓舞性语言。按照致辞场合以及用途，常见致辞种类可分为：欢送词、答谢词、欢送词、辞别词、开幕词、闭幕词、贺词、祝酒词、悼词等 证书 证书所采用也是一种应用文体形式，一般内容不长，语言精炼，用词严谨、准确。 与证明不同地方在于，有证书没有标题，但必须注明证书号码。 常用证书有：毕业证书、学位证书、结婚证书、退休证书、职称证书等。 证明 证明通常是由个人所在单位或学校出具证明个人身份、学历、经历或者某些事实真相一种文书，具有一定法律效力。在日常生活中，因为工作或交往需要，出具证明是常有事情。与证明相比，证书那么是由学校、团体或机关颁发能够证明资格或权力等问题文件，例如考试等级证书、获奖证书、荣誉证书等等。无论是出具证明还是颁发证书，都必须坚持实事求是原那么，切忌弄虚作假。 证明根本格式The Style of Certificates 英文证明书写格式比拟简单。但语言要求简洁、严谨，格式要标准，并且反映事实情况。通常证明上无需收信人姓名、地址，也无需完毕敬语。证明一般由标题、正文、署名3局部组成。 合同与协议 合同或协议一般由三局部组成，即：标题、正文和署名。 标题Title合同或协议标题需要标明合同性质，点明主旨，说明这是一个什么合同。在商务合同中，还宜在标题下面标明合同号码。 合同与协议正文Body of the Text 合同或协议正文通常应包括开端、具体条款和结尾。 合同或协议开端首先要写明签订合同或协议双方名称、地址，同时简要说明签订合同或协议目。通常为了便于合同或协议在文中引用，在双方名称后分别注明“以下简称为或称为买卖方或甲乙方英语中称为“hereinafter referred to as .或“hereinafter called .。产品说明书 产品说明书，又称为“产品使用手册Operating Manual，是生产厂商为销售及进一步宣传和说明其产品而附在产品包装内部或外部一种宣传资料，主要用来说明产品构造、功能、性状等各方面特征，并告诉客户如何正确使用所购物品，使顾客对产品有深一层了解，以免因使用不当而造成不良后果，同时对今后产品日常保养有一定提示作用。产品说明书在英语中通常有三种不同说法，即，Instruction, Direction, Description。 一份成功有效说明书，不仅可以迅速激起人们购置欲望，而且可以起到良好宣传广告作用。 英语产品说明书一般由标题包括副标题和正文两大局部组成。有说明书在最后还附注厂商名称。 天气预报 天气预报是日常生活中每天都会有我们经常能够从电视、播送等媒介中了解到它相关信息。天气预报内容一般有两大主体，包括对近期天气情况分析和主要城市天气情况介绍及气温预报。 天气情况分析Weather Analysis 天气情况分析是指在预报某一地区主要城市天气情况和气温报告前，对某一地区所作总体天气情况分析，例如气压、气流、云团变化等等。一般是一个大范围预测，时间可以预计到两三天甚至一周之内。 主要城市天气预报Weather Forecast for Major Cities 城市天气预报是对某地区主要城市所作天气情况如晴、阴、雨、雪、多云、风力、风向等预报和气温报告，如今在很多大城市天气预报中，还参加了空气污染指数，人体舒适度指数，穿衣出行指数等相关信息，使天气预报更人性化 食谱 食谱是指介绍菜肴原料、制作及烹饪工序与方法小短文，一般在家庭中应用比拟广泛，食谱内容一般包括菜肴名称、用料、烹饪工序以及食法等。食谱与菜谱menu不同，菜谱是指饭店、餐馆使用印有菜名和菜价目录单，供客人查询，而食谱主要是教会人们如何亲自动手制作出一道美味可口菜，从而满足并丰富人们生活 广告 广告是人们日常生活中不可或缺一局部，一那么好广告应该做到形式上新颖独特，以到达成上引起读者或听者注意目。 英语广告构造The Structure of English Advertising 一那么完善书面广告应由以下五局部组成： 1标题headline，有有副标题subheadline； 2正文body text； 3口号slogan； 4商标trademark； 5插图illustration。 以上五局部中，前三局部为语言文字verbal局部，是广告主体局部；后两局部为非语言文字nonverbal局部，是广告辅助性局部。 广告创意根本原那么AIDMA Principle of Advertising 一那么好英语广告，要求能够做到引起读者注意、 激起读者兴趣、唤起读者欲望、让读者过目不忘、使读者采取行动。 广告语言特征Features of Advertising Language 一般说来，广告语言都比拟简明、形象、生动而口语化。因为它不仅要充分地宣传、介绍该广告内容，又要想方设法地节省篇幅和时间。总之，广告目在于宣传，广告制作人应在撰写广告时作认真选择，反复推敲 贺卡 在现代社会交际当中，贺卡扮演着越来越重要角色。每当节日、生日、庆典等喜庆日子以及各种周年纪念日快来时，亲朋好友之间寄上一张精巧贺卡，致以良好祝愿，以示庆贺。这样既有利于感情沟通，又能起到加深友谊作用。贺卡可以购置，也可自己制作。贺卡书写格式为：上端写上： To Mr. (Mrs., Professor, Miss, Director, Dean, President, etc.)××，其中“To 也可省去；下端写成：From ××，其中“From 同样可以省略。正文写上： Wishing You A Happy New Year (A Merry Christmas, Happy Birthday, etc.)，其中“Wishing you可以省略不写，也可代之以“With Best Wishes for。 其中：“A Happy New Year中“A也可省略。 例1： To Mr. and Mrs. Brown With Best Wishes for A Merry Christmas From Ronald Frye 日记 日记 日记是对每天所发生和所做事情记录，有日记那么兼记对这些事情感受。日记一般可分为两种类型，即伤痛 事型日记和抒情型日记。 My love is the human racenot, of course, the corrupt, servile, idle race that we too often meet. I love the great, fine possibilities, even in a corrupt people. I love the race of the centurise to come. We live in a time when everything is working toward amelioration. These seeds of enlightenment, these silent wishes and strivings toward the education of the race, . will yield glorious fruit. This is the sacred goal of my wishes and my activityto plant the seeds which will ripen in another generation. 启事 启事是一种公告性应用文。机关、团体或个人假设有事情要向群众公开说明，或者对群众有什么要求，都可以把要说意思简要地写成启事，张贴于布告栏等公共场所。特别重要或涉及面较广，往往还要登报。 启事种类繁多，日常生活中常用有：遗失启事、招领启事、征稿启事等等。 例1 Directions: Suppose you carelessly lost a Longman Modern English Dictionary in the reading room. Please write a notice of about 100 words, titled Lost. Lost Aug. 18,2004 I was so careless that I lost a copy of “Longman Modern English Dictionary when studying in the reading room around 3 oclock pm. yesterday. You can find my name “Euphemia on the cover. The dictionary is a dear gift of my best friend who is working overseas. If you are the kind finder, could you do me a favor to send it to the office of the Foreign Languages Department or ring me up to fetch it back. Ill be very grateful for your kindness. Loser, Euphemia Address: Room 1010, 40# Tel. N 68602145 *寻物启事要包括对失物具体描述，遗失地点，失主联系方式，并要表示对归物者感谢。 例2 Directions: Wong Yuksing is looking for his missing fatherinlaw. Please write a notice, with the following items included 1) the information of the missing man 2) the reason 3) the contact way You should write no less than 100 words. MISSING My fatherinlaw, Mr Liu Guashing,born in Wuhan, Hubei Province and aged 46, has been missing for years. He is the fifth graduates of St. Johns University. 30 years ago he was living on 5/F, 3 Wuhan Street, Kowloon and working for St. Matthews Hospital as a dentist. But since then there has not been any information about his whereabouts. As my wife has been badly ill, I would appreciate any information on him from anyone reading this notice to meet her last wish in the world. Please contact the person below on 27176800. I shall always remember with gratitude the help you would offer us. Wong Yuksing * 此为寻人启示，要写明所寻失踪者信息，以及走失时间与原因，语言要求朴实、真诚，给读者以同情之感。 自我介绍 自我介绍 在社交场合以及日常生活中，自我介绍都是少不了。例如：与生人相见，教师给新生上课前，领导到新单位就职等都需要作一番自我介绍，然而如何做好自我介绍却并非易事。 一般情况下，自我介绍内容和形式应取决于所在场所气氛和对象。自我介绍通常分为两类，即非正式场合自我介绍和正式场合自我介绍。当然，自我介绍大多指是在非正式场合，因为正式场合会有人专门作介绍。 自我介绍语言要求诚恳、谦逊，切忌夸张其词、目中无人。其内容长短应适中，少那么五六句多那么一二十句即可。 海报 海报是人们日常生活中极为常见一种招贴形式，多用于电影、戏曲、比赛、文艺演出等活动。海报中通常要写清楚活动性质，活动主办单位、时间、地点等内容。海报语言要求简明扼要，形式要做到机关报颖美观。 海报格式，通常有三局部组成，即标题、正文与落款。 海报标题对于海报宣传极为重要。因此标题撰写昼做到简洁明快，新颖醒目，抓住读者注意力，海报标题形式通常有两种：一是直接使用“海报Poster一词；另一种那么是根据海报内容，撰写标题。 海报正文是海报核心局部，它是对海报标题具体描述。语言要求形象生动，简明扼要。做到既有煽动性，又不夸张其辞。正文常见表现形式有：简介说明式，文学描述式，美术设计式。 例1 Directions:You are preparing for a friendly Basketball Match. Write a poster which asks for: 1) the right form of a standard poster 2) write the place and time clearly You should write about 100 words. POSTER Friendly Basketball Game There is going to be a friendly and wonderful basketball match between Beijing Forestry University Basketball Team and ours under the auspices of the Recreational and Physical Culture Department of the students union of the college. It has been decided that this basketball match will be held at the students activity center which could contain at least 200 people on Saturday, Aug. 23rd, 2004, at 5:00 p. m. It is expected that the competition between the two teams will be keen and severe. All of you are cordially welcome to present the match. The Recreational and Physical Culture Department of the Students Union of the college. Thursday. Aug. 21st . 2004 *. “由举办可以用词组“under the auspices of，另外，注意中英文通知中落款时间书写位置差异，中文一般写在右下角，英文写在左下角。 例2 Directions:You are going to write an notice for an English-speaking contest. 1) the right form of a standard notice 2) tell the purpose and content of this contest clearly You should write no less than 100 words English-Speaking Contest In order to carry out some after-class oral English practice activities and improve the students ability of speaking English, the Students Union of the English department has decided to hold a departmentwide Englishspeaking contest at the students activity center on Saturday next week, i. e Aug. 23rd. 2004. Everyone who is willing to join in may tell your name and your topic of the speech to your monitor. We will invite five English teachers to work as judges. The first six winners will get the awards as an encouragement. Warmly wish everyone to attend and your presence will certainly encourage and cheer the contestants. The Students Union of English Department *课外活动在英语里可表达为after-class activities. “in order to是表达“为了一种常用句型。另外，书写通知语言应注意做到言简意赅。 例3 Directions: You are preparing for a poster to introduce a great place of interestGold Coast of Australia. Please write it in about 100 words. WELCOME to GOLD COAST of AUSTRALIA The Gold Coast is the undisputed tourist capital of Australia. Each year about three million people visit the holiday city that rivals the most famous world resorts. And we can almost promise sunshine, three hundred sun drenched days a year. A yearly average of 25 degrees Velsius and a winter average of 21 degrees Celsius are natures guarantee for a fabulous holiday. There is nothing we cannot do on the Gold Coast. World class attractions include Sea World, Dream world, Wildlife Sanctuary, and the surfing beaches. HOTLINE: (075) 921 655 MOBLIE: (018) 754211 FAX: (075) 921472 *这是一张澳大利亚“黄金海岸张贴公告，供大家参考使用。请着重注意一下有关联系方式书写格式。 通知 通知是上级对下级、团体对个人部署工作、传达事情或召开会议时所用一种文体。同级单位有事情要进展讨论或协商，也可以互发通知。通知分两种：一种是以布告形式，把事情通知有关人员；另一种是以书信形式，把相关事情传达给有关人员。一般说来，通知正文上面正中地方往往有 Notice 或 NOTICE 一词作为题目，正文下面是发出通知单位名称。有时，发出通知单位名称也可写在正文之前。发出通知日期一般写在左下角；发出通知人或单位名称，可以写在右下角。这两项有时也可以省略。发出通知单位和通知对象一般都用第三人称，但假设正文前用了称呼语，那么应用第二人称表示被通知对象。 例1 Directions:If you are the organizer of a tour and you should give a notice to tell the tourists something about it. It should include: 1)Where is the destination of the tour. 2)What should the tourists pay attention to. You should write no less than 100 words. NOTICE TO TOURISTS According to the schedule, the touring party will visit the Summer Palace and Tian Anmen Square today. You can leave your baggage in the Left Baggage Office and pick it up later this afternoon if it is too heavy to carry with you. The receipt of the baggage should be kept carefully because you will need it. We will come to the Summer Palace first and finish the tour at 2 pm. Then we are going to the destination of Tian Anmen Square without parking. So please dont get off the sightseeing bus during the journey until the driver says that it is time for food and drinks or toilets. Please be on time! * 这是一张旅行团张贴布告，告知游客当天活动以及考前须知。“行李存放处叫Left Baggage Office,这是美国英语。英国人管行李叫luggage，与此相对,行李存放处便是Left Luggage Office。领取行李，美语to claim baggage,英国人说to reclaim luggage。旅游车是sightseeing bus或coach. 例2 Directions:There are something important to tell the passengers of the plane. Write notice about: 1) Reconfirmation the reservation 2) Whats the validity of a normal fare ticket. 3) About the refund. You should write about 100 words Important Notice RECONFIRMATION If you break your journey for more than 35 hours at any point and hold a continuing or return reservation, please reconfirm your intention of using the reservation. VALIDITY A normal fare ticket is valid for one and a half years from the date of issue if none of any portion of it has been used, or from the date of commencement if the carriage is commenced. When in doubt, please check with the carriers office concerned. REFUND The refund should be made not later than 19 days after expiry date of the ticket and only refunded in the same country. *以上是乘坐飞机考前须知，包括来回票机座确认问题reconfirmation、机票有效期问题validity以及退票事项refund。在飞行前应着重注意这些琐碎问题。 例3 Directions:You are a member of the students union You want to hold a lecture. Write a notice to the students to inform: 1) the topic and mainly contents of the lecture 2) time and place. 3) the professor who will give the lecture. You should write about 100 words NOTICE Jontly sponsored by the Students Union and the Youth League Committee, a professional lecture naming “How the Tariffs changed after China entered into WTOwill be given by Professor Wang Yanqiong. This lecture is mainly about how the import and export polices affect the development of economy, especially the tariffs. Some experts on WTO problems will be present too. They are going to have a discussion during the meeting. The lecture will be held in
