高中英语阅读理解题型解读解题技巧及练习.doc

高中阅读理解题型解读教师版一阅读是获得更综合、更复杂、更准确信息必要手段，考生在做阅读理解时，不仅要看懂文章字面意思，还需要针对不同题材和体裁篇目运用不同方法作出正确选择。一般来说，词汇、阅读速度和理解能力是阅读理解中三个最重要且有相互联系因素。   阅读方法可以使用以下几种： 1.跳读：就是快速一步阅读法。实际上是有选择阅读，找关键词。用这种阅读方法答复who、what、when、where之类问题最为有效。 ：指比跳读慢些二步阅读法。即泛泛地、粗略地快速阅读，目是了解大意，对文章有个总概念。此种阅读方法能答复why、how之类问题。 3.精读：即最细致、最慢深层阅读方法，目是求得对所读文章全部意义理解与掌握。          在使用阅读技巧时尽量做到以下几点：   1.带着问题阅读短文。   2.找出主题句、确定中心思想。 3.推断单词、句子和文章含义。   4.尽快选择答案。   二不同体裁文章特点及解题技巧   1.记叙文  记叙文又可分传记类和故事类。 传记类文章在阅读中时间是全文关键，根据时间我们可以找到相关事件，抓住文章主要内容。故事类文章情节性较强，阅读时要注意故事中时间、地点、人物和发生事件，这些都是文章中主要内容和信息，对于准确理解文章十分重要。 2.说明文   说明文是对事物形状、性质、特征、成果或功用等进展介绍，解释或阐述文章。把握所说明事物特征和本质是理讲解明文关键。说明事物特征方法很多，主要有定义法、解释法、比拟法、比喻法、数字法、图表法、引用法和举例法等。 l 数字说明文  在阅读数字说明文时要特别注意文中数字含义，从这些数字中可以找到文章主要内容。 l 解释说明文 解释说明文着重说明事物本质、特征和功用等。许多科普文章都属于这一类。在阅读这类文章时要学会解决what, how, why 等一类问题。它们是文章关键。如能带着这些问题阅读，将会更迅速抓住文章主题。   l 比拟说明文 比拟说明文是通过比照方法说明问题。在阅读这类文章时要善于把握全篇陈述根本倾向。作者在谈论一个有争议问题时总要顾及到争议各个方面。但是，在一般情况下，作者陈述总要倾向于某一种观点。  3.应用文 应用文涉及范围比拟广，包括广告、通知、书信等。应用文一般语言简洁，省略及不标准句子较多。阅读时一般要求考生全面掌握文章中提供信息，并运用这些信息去解决问题。因此对题干理解尤为重要。 阅读理解考题分为客观理解题(是指在短文中客观存在事实，客观信息答案一般都可以在原文中找到。即理解文中具体事实或抽象概念)和主观理解题(这类问题都不可能直接从原文中找到答案，须通过阅读文章对文章主旨和深层含义有更深理解，并据此进展判断和推理)。其中细节理解题和猜想词义题属于客观题；主旨大意题和推理判断题属于主观题。针对不同类型题目，要在平时练习过程中，结合具体题目，给学生进展解题方法指导和讲解。对于客观题，要提醒他们阅读时关注文章细节，如时间，地点或一些具体数字，在选择答案时，务必从原文中找到确切依据。 我们可将阅读理解归纳为以下四大题型，根据阅读理解题考察角度不同，可采用不同解题技巧来应付。.事实细节题 属于细节类型阅读理解题一般只针对某个特定细节，题型可以多种多样。此类题型一般分两种。第一种是直接理解题，在原文中可以直接找到答案。第二种是词义转换题，正确选项是原文有关词语和句子转换。做此类试题一定要抓住事件发生时间、地点、人物、开展过程和结局等环节，所选答案一定要符合原文，切不可望文生义。这类题型主要提问方式常为：Which of the following is true/NOT true in the passageWhich of the following statements is NOT discussed/mentioned in the passageWhich is the right order of the events given in the passageAll the following statements are NOT true except       . 细节题破解一般采用寻读法，即先看试题，再读文章。对有关信息进展快速定位，再将相关信息进展整合、甄别、分析、比照，有根有据地排除干扰项，选出正确答案。此法加强了阅读针对性，提高了做题准确率，节省了珍贵时间。寻读法还特别适用于对图形表格类题材理解。做此类型题目还要特别注意句子逻辑关系。英语中有许多功能词，如：表因果关系because, since, as等；表转折关系but, however ,on the contrary, on the other hand等等。.猜想词义题 在高考阅读题中，考生遇到最大障碍往往有两个：一是被已认识单词某一熟知含义所误导；二是被完全不认识单词意思所阻碍，从而出现理解偏差或理解困难，影响阅读速度。其实解决这两个困难一个重要法宝是考生在心目中树立起上下文观念，要学会"顺藤摸瓜"，通过构词，语法，定义，同位，比照，因果，常识，上下文等线索确定词义。在阅读解题时要注意从以下七个方面着手：1根据定义或解释、说明猜想生词词义在be，be called，call等判断词出现判断句中，或定语从句及标点符号，可以根据局部，猜想生词含义。例如： The herdsman, who looks after sheep, earns about 650 yuan a year.通过理解定语从句意思，能猜出herdsman是“牧人。2根据比照关系猜想生词词义在but，however，yet，otherwise，though这些表示意义转折连词出现句子中，其前后词有明显比照关系，根据内容，通过这种比照关系，就很容易猜出生词词义了。例如： Though Toms face has been washed quite clean, his neck still remains grubby. 和clean意思相对便是“肮脏了，因此可猜出句中grubby意思是“肮脏。3通过因果关系猜想词义because, since与as是连接原因状语从句附属连词，so是连接表示结果状语从句连词，so.that与such.that中that是连接结果状语从句。当这些信息词出现在有生词句子中，通过因果关系，依据局部就能猜出生词词义。例如：She wanted the hairdresser to trim her hair a bit because it was too long. 根据because从句所讲意思，我们就可推测trim就是“修剪之意。4） 根据生活常识猜想词义运用逻辑推理能力，自身生活经历及生活常识。再联系上下文能读懂局部，可以正确猜出词义。例如：Most of the roses are beginning to wither because of the cold. 根据句子意思及生活经历，wither表示“枯萎。5根据同等关系猜想词义同等关系，指是一个词，一组词或短语在句中作同一成分，而且它们词义都属于同一范畴。明显标志是，这样词组或短语中间常常用并列连词and或or来连接。例如： At forty-two he was in his prime and always full of energy. 从“年龄42岁以及与prime具有同等关系full of energy可以猜出prime意思是“盛年时期。6根据列举事例猜想词义You can take any of the periodicals: “The World of English. “Foreign Language Teaching in Schools, or “English Learning. 从后面列举例子中，可以猜出periodical是“期刊，杂志意思。7根据构词法知识猜想词义根据学过构词法知识，知道词根和前缀或后缀意义，就可猜出由它们组成新词词义。例如在2006年福建高考题文章中有这样一句： The schools are reluctant to take off even teachers with tickets for the England-Argentina game had trouble getting the day off.A.kind    C. free   【解题思路】通过破折号可知正确答案为B.推理判断题做这类题要求考生在阅读理解整体语篇同时，又要求学生对作者态度、意图及文章细节开展作正确推理判断，力求从作者角度去考虑，不要固守自己看法或观点。不要主观臆断，凭空想象，任意发挥，而走入误区。学生要学会运用主题句去推测、揣摩文字背后作者意图，运用归纳、比照、演绎技能，运用背景知识去挖掘文章深层含义，从而正确理解作者言外之意，同时认真体会文章语气与感情基调(如：否认、厌恶、反问、挖苦等)。这类试题常以如下句式发问： What can you conclude/ imply from this passage Whats the authors attitude态度towards.We can infer /learn from the passage that.如： Once there was something wrong with a machine in a factory. The workers could do nothing but turn to a German engineer for help, who drew a line on it and said, “Take off the part where the line is and change it for a new one. The machine, with a new line on, began running well again. The engineer then asked for $ 30,000 for what he had done. The following were what he wrote on a bill, “The new part only costs one dollar, and knowing where the problem with the machine is costs $ 29,999.Q: What can you conclude from this passage A. the engineer asked for too much money B. the workers should pay the money C. the knowledge is worth money D. the new part could cost more 这篇短文是作者讲一个故事，那么通过这个故事我们可以判断出什么呢？虽然作者没有言明，但是我们可以断定，发现问题所在需要智慧和知识，知识是创造价值源泉，因此此题正确答案应为C。.主旨大意题这种题型要求考生能够把握文章总体，并真正理解主题和中心；要求能较好地运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维方法解题，难度较大，属于高层次题。一般主旨大意题可以分为两类：1确定文章标题和主题(title or topic)标题位于文章之首，用来高度概括文章内容，点明文章主题。它可以是单词，短语，也可以是句子。要确定文章标题，首先，要在阅读原文根底上，考虑标题是否与主题密切相关；其次，看标题是否能概括全文内容。不能只概括短文中某些事实或细节；然后，要注意标题范围不应太大或太小；最后，标题应简练并能吸引读者。即:1、独特新颖  2、概括性强 3、短小精炼。常见标题型题干：1)  The best title/ headline for this passage might be_.2)  The text (passage) could be entitled   _.3)  What is the best title for the passage4) Whats the topic of the article如：In the 1930s, a lot of people in the USA were out of work. Among these people was a man named Alfred Butts. He always had an interest in word games and to fill his time he planned a game which he called “Lexico. However, he was not completely satisfied with the game, so he made a number of changes to it and changed its name from “ Lexico to “Alph and then to “Criss Cross. He wanted to make some money from his new game but he didnt have any real commercial(商业性)success.Q: The text is mainly about_.A. Lexico    B. Three men   C . A word game      D. Alfred Butts.【解题思路】答案A 和C以偏概全。因此此题正确答案应为D。2.主题句topic sentence及主旨大意(main idea)概括一篇文章一般表达一个中心内容或主题。这个中心内容或主题通常用一个句子来概括。此句叫做主题句。一般来说，说明文和议论文都有主题句，而且多位于文章开头，有时也位于文章中间或末尾。但有时不能在文中直接找到主题句，要求读者把握每段主题句，弄清段于段之间逻辑关系根底上自己归纳总结。主题句必须能简洁明了地概括全文主要内容，具有高度综合性和概括性。文章或段落其他句子都是对主题句进一步解释,说明,论证或扩展.常见主题句和主旨型题干：1) What is the topic sentence of the passage2) This article/text/passage mainly tells that _.3) Which of the following gives a general idea of the passage4) Which of the following is the main idea of the passage如：Joshua Bingham studied 4 years at the University of Paris and decided to leave his graduation. He transferred to the University of Berlin and graduated with honors. Harvard Law School and, later, Boston College provided him with an excellent legal background. He is presently a corporation lawyer in Miami, Florida.Q: What is the main idea of the passageA. How Joshua Bingham became a lawyer. B. Bingham is a diligent student.C. Joshua Bingham received an excellent education. D. A good lawyer needs good education.【解题思路】  此文没有主题句。全篇共四句，只陈述了四个细节(detail)性事实。因此就答案本身看，个个都对。读者只能将所有details综合起来，进展逻辑推理，才能构成一个没有言明主题思想(unstated main idea)。由于文中主要涉及了Joshua Bingham承受教育情况，即作者想告诉我们是：Joshua Bingham承受过良好教育，所以答案是 。 总之，阅读水平提高不是一两天阅读就可以见效。想要提高阅读能力，一是要培养良好阅读行为习惯；如：要用眼光看，不要用手指去点；要默读，不要小声读。二是要积累大量词汇，把阅读中高频难词熟记，每次阅读后要整理好生词，然后记住其意思。三是要广泛地做课后阅读，坚持每天读1-2篇文章。四是不要一遇到生词就查字典，要先猜其意义，等做完题目后再查字典，以免影响阅读速度。高中阅读理解解题技巧一、速读全文，了解大意知主题。阅读能力一般指阅读速度和理解能力两个方面。阅读速度是阅读最根本能力。考生必须在十分有限时间内运用略读、扫读、跳读等技巧快速阅读，搜寻关键词、主题句，捕捉时空、顺序、情节、人物、观点，并且理清文章脉络，把握语篇实质。 抓主题句是快速掌握文章大意主要方法。主题句一般出现在文章开头和结尾。 主题句往往对全文起提示、启迪、概括、归纳之作用，主旨大意题，归纳概括题，中心思想题往往直接可从主题句中找到答案。 试试看，你能找出下面一段文章主题句吗？ The panda is a popular animal. Stories about the panda in the Washington Zoo are always front page news and important features on television newscasts. Stuffed pandas are among the most popular toys for children, and panda postcards are always in demand in zoo gift shops. 不难看出，文章第一句是主题句，后面句子都围绕这个句子展开。 二、看题干，带着问题读文章。 首先要掌握问题类型，客观信息题可以从文章中直接找到答案；而主观判断题考察是对文章感情基调等，这类题必须经过对作者态度、意图以及对整篇文章进展深一层推理等。其次，了解试题题干以及各个选项所包含信息，然后有针对性地对文章进展扫读，对有关信息进展快速定位。此法加强了阅读针对性，提高了做题准确率。 三、 逻辑推理，做好深层理解题。 在实际阅读中，有时作者并未把意图说出来，阅读者要根据字面意思，通过语篇逻辑关系，研究细节暗示，推敲作者态度，理解文章寓义。要求读者对文字外表信息进展分析、挖掘和逻辑推理，不能就事论事，以偏概全。推理题在提问中常用词有：infer, imply, suggest, indicate等。 四、 猜词悟义，扫除阅读拦路虎。 猜词是应用英语重要能力。它不但需要准确无误地理解上下文，而且要有较大泛读量，掌握或认识较多课外词汇。我们要学会“顺藤摸瓜，通过构词，语法，定义，同位，比照，因果，常识，上下文等线索确定词义。 a. 定义法 It will be very hard but also very brittle.that is, it will break easily. 从后面解释中我们可以了解到brittle 是“脆意思。 b. 同位法 They traveled a long way, at last got to a castle, a large building in old times. 同位语局部a large building in old times 给出了 castle 确切词义，即“城堡。 c. 比照法 She is usually prompt for all her class, but today she arrived in the middle of her first class. but一词表转折，因此but 前后意思正相反。后半句意思是她今天“第一节上了一半才来，因此反向推理，可得出她平时一向“准时结论。 d. 构词法(前缀、后缀、复合、派生等) Perhaps, we can see some possibilities for next fifty years. possibility 是 possible 同根名词， 据此可以断定 possibility 意思是“可能性。 e. 因果法 The lack of movement caused the muscles to weaken. Sometimes the weakness was permanent. So the player could never play the sport again. 从后面结果“永远不能再运动中，可以推测 permanent 意思为“永远，永久。 根底练习故事类 (1) Sons HelpMr. Lang worked in a factory. As a driver, he was busy but he was paid much. His wife was an able woman and did all the housework. When he came back, she took good care of him and he never did anything at home. So he had enough time when he had a holiday. A few friends of his liked gambling(赌博) and he learned it soon. So he was interested in it and hardly forgot anything except gambling. He lost all his money and later he began to sell the television, watches and so on. His wife told him not to do it but he didnt listen to her. She had to tell the police. He and his friends were punished for it. And he was hardly sent away. After he came out of lockup(拘留所), he hated her very much and the woman had to leave him.It was New Years Day. Mr. Lang didnt go to work. He felt lonely and wanted to gamble again. He called his friends and they came soon. But they were afraid the police would come. He told his five-year-old son to go to find out if there were the policemen outside. They waited for a long time and didnt think the police would come and began to gamble. Suddenly opened the door and in came a few policemen.“I saw there werent any policemen outside, daddy, said the boy, “so I went to the crossing and asked some to come.1. Mr. Lang was paid much because _. A. he was a driver B. he worked in a factoryC. he had a lot of work to do D. he had worked there for a long time2. Mrs. Lang did all housework because _. A. she couldnt find any work B. she thought her husband was tiredC. her husband spent all time in gambling D. she wouldnt stop her husband gambling3. _, so he was put into lockup. A. Mr. Lang often gambled B. Mr. Lang was late for workC. Mr. Lang didnt help his wife at home D. Mr. Lang wasnt polite to the police4. The woman had to leave Mr. Lang because _. A. he didnt love her any longer B. he wouldnt stop gamblingC. he had been put into lockup D. he was hardly sent away by the factory5. Which of the following is right A. The boy hoped his father to be put into lockup again.B. The boy thought his father needed some policemen.C. The boy hoped his father to stop gambling soon.D. The boy hoped his mother to come back.【答案与解析】本文讲一个赌棍想要赌钱，因此叫他儿子把风，可他儿子却把警察找来故事。1. C。细节题。根据第1段第2句话 As a driver, he was busy but he was paid much 可知答案为 C。2. B。推断题。根据第1段第3句话 His wife was an able woman and did all the housework. When he came back, she took good care of him and he never did anything at home 可知答案为 B。3. A。推断题。根据 His wife told him not to do it but he didnt listen to her. She had to tell the police 可知答案为 A。4. A。细节题。根据 he hated her very much and the woman had to leave him可知答案为 A。5. B。语义理解题。根据最后一句话 I saw there werent any policeman outside, daddy, so I went to the crossing and asked some to come 可知答案为 B。教育类 2Students in many countries are learning English. Some of these students are small children. Others are teen-agers. Many are adults. Some learn at school, others by themselves. A few learn English by learning the language over the radio, on TV, or in film. One must work hard to learn another language.Why do all these people want to learn English It is difficult to answer this question. Many boys and girls learn English at school because it is one of their subjects required for study. They study their own language and maths and English: Some people learn it because it is useful for their work. Many people learn English for their work. Many people learn English for their higher studies, because at college or university some of their books are in English. Other people learn English because they want to read newspapers or magazines in English.1. People learn English _.A. at school         B. over the radio         C. on TV         D. not all in the same way2. Different kinds of people want to learn English _.A. together with other subjects         B. for different reas*C. for their work                        D. for higher studies at colleges3. From this passage we know that _.A. we can learn English easily B. English is very difficult to learnC. English is learned by most people in the worldD. English is a useful language but one must work hard to learn4. Which of the following is rightA. We dont need to learn any foreign languages.B. We can do well in all our work without English.C. English is the most important subject in schools.D. We should learn English because we need to face the world.【答案与解析】这篇文章探究了学习英语热潮现象和发生这种现象原因。1. D。由第1段我们可以知道学习英语形式可以over the radio, on TV, or in film等不同方式。2. B。根据第2段人们学习英语原因有required for study, useful for their work, for high studies 等几种。由此可推知人们学习英语原因是不同。3. D。由于人们学习英语各种原因可以发现英语是非常有用。但从small children到adults(成年人)都用各种形式去学，说明英语必须靠人努力才能学好。4. D。由于文章中说很多国家都学习英语，那么如果不学习英语就不能融入现代社会。所以学习英语目是we need to face the world(我们需要面对这个世界)。科技类 3The computer is a useful machine. It is the most important invention in many years. The oldest kind of computer is the abacus(算盘), used in China centuries ago, but the first large, modern computer was built in 1946. A computer then could do maths problems quite fast.Today computers are used in many ways and can do many kinds of work. In a few years the computer may touch the life of everyone, even people in faraway villages.In the last few years, there have been great changes in computers. They are getting smaller and smaller, and computing faster and faster, Many scientists agree that computers can now do many things, but they cannot do everything. Who knows what the computers of tomorrow will be like Will computers bring good things or bad th