衡平法和普通法的区别.docx

登录注册I关心31536000社区应用最新帖子精华区社区服务. pku. ed输入用户名会员列表统计排行 银行一登录注册认证码 点此显示验证码-2.验证问答问题:70-45 = ?正确答案:25核心版块露布坛公民科学批判理论运思时务经世课程专区 ''法律与公共政策同学沟通区礼法争论古今风教万国纵横读书小组艺 文休闲中学人社区»礼法争论»西方法律史»论英国一般法与衡平法的关系（一个提纲）RSS一发表新帖上一主题下一主题主题：论英国一般法与衡平法的关系（一个提纲）复制链接i扫瞄器保藏i打印121347陈彦离线0楼发表于：2022-03-26倒序阅读I只看楼主!小中大n it was obviously in need of change.B1 > The Lord Chancellor in the Court of Chancery w as not bound by precedent. Rules were established t o ensure fairness was done.A2、 Strict procedural rules were followed.B2、 Rules and maxims of equity were developed. Th ese were flexible to ensure even-handedness and fair ness.A3> The only remedy available was damages.B4、Recognised the limits of usefulness of money an d created new remedies including injunctions and ord er of specific performance.(一)格言的考察1、衡平法不能容忍对损害权利的行为没有救济；(No right without a remedy)2、衡平法追随一般法；(Eqidty follows the Law)3、援用衡平法的人，自己也应公正行事；(He who seeks Equity must do Equity) 4、援引衡平法的人，自己必需清白；(He who comes into Equity must do so with clean hands)5、两种衡平法上的权利相等时，一般法居上；(Between equal equities the law will prevail)6、两种衡平法上的权利相等时，时间上在先的衡平法上权 利居上；(Between equal equities priority of time will pr evail)7、衡平法认为有履行债务的意思；(Equity imputes an i ntention to fulfil an obligation)8、衡平法视为应做的事，已经做成；(Equity looks upon that as done which ought to be done)9、衡平法就是公平；(EquaMy is Equity)10、衡平法变看意思，不是形式；()11、拖延使衡平法上的权利受到挫析；()12、衡平法“对人”行事(Equity acts in personam,案例 选，p712, In granting this relief, a court of equity doe s not pretend to interfere with another court. The inju notion is directed to the party, not to the court or its officers.) 。 23（二）思想史的梳理1 > Saint Germain24他认为人法之上有上帝之法、理性之法，并且前者来源于 后者，上帝之法、理性之法不行能可能出错，而人法那么由 于有时不免陷入违反上帝之法、理性之法的境地，此时就 应给原那么开一些例外的口子。Wherefore it appeareth, that if any law were made b y man without any such exception expressed or impli ed, it were manifestly unreasonable, and were not to be suffered: for such causes might come, that he th at would observe the law should break both the law of God and the law of reason.然后他举了如下两个例子，以此来说明衡平法与一般法的 关系：As if a man make a vow that he will never eat white -meat, and after it happeneth him to come there whe re he can get no other meat: in this case it behovet h him to break his avow, for the particular case is e xcepted secretly from his general avow by his equity or epieikeia, as it is said before.Also if a law were made in a city, that no man unde r the pain of death should open the gates of the city before the sun-rising: vet if the citizens before that hour flying from their enemies, come to the gates of the city, and one for saving of the citizens openeth t he gates before the hour appointed by the law, he of fendeth not the law, for that case is excepted from t he said general law by equity, as is said before. And so it appeareth that equity rather followeth the intent of the law, than the words of the law.在第一个对话第XVIII (18)章，他争论了亨利四世第4年 通过的一项涉及一般法与衡平法关系的法律。该法规定，j udgment given by the king's courts shall not be exa mined in the chancery, parliament, nor elsewhere; by which statute it appeareth, that if any judgment be given in the king's courts against an equity, or again st any matter of conscience, that there can be had n o remedy by that equity, for the judgment cannot be reformed without examination, and the examination is by the said statute prohibited: wherefore it seemeth that the said statute is against conscience.他认为这并不禁止衡平法，由于：1. it does not extend to hinder the chancery from administering relief in ca ses where judgments at common law are obtained th rough fraud and false suggestions. 2. And in such ca se he is in conscience as well bound to redress it, if he will save his soul, as he were if he were compel lable thereto by the law.2、Lord Coke借Lord Ellesmere之口，我们了解到Coke的立场主要是以下两点:And equity speaks as the law of God speaks; but yo u would silence equity.First. Because you have a judgment at law.Secondly. Because that judgment is upon a statute la w.3、Lord Ellesmere25在很大程度上,他是在回应Coke的过程中显露出自己的观 点的：就第一个疑问而言，他的观点与Saint Germain几乎是全 都的，但也存在微小的区分，他也成认上帝之法、理性之 法与人法的区分，成认前者是后者的源泉，但他论证的重 点不在人法对上帝之法、理性之法的违反，而在人法不行 能预见到一切情形（从今日来看，这种批判同样适用于议 会制定法）。不过应看到，这其实是一个硬币的两面，只 不过Saint Germain考察的是结果，而Lord Ellesmere那么 着眼于缘由。衡平法院存在的必要性：The cause why there is a Chancery is, for that men5 s actions are so divers and infinite, that it is impossi ble to make any general law which may aptly meet with every particular act, and not fail in some circum stances.衡平法院的作用：The office of the Chancellor is to correct men's cons ciences for frauds, breach of trusts, wrongs, and opp ressions, of what nature soever they be, and to softe n and mollify the extremity of the law, which is calle d sunimum jus.衡平法与一般法的关系：有区分，但目标是全都的，昭示 上帝的荣光。And for the judgment, &c, law and equity are distinc t, both in their courts, their judges, and the rules of j ustice; and yet they both aim at one and the same end, which is to do right; as Justice and Mercy differ in their effects and operations, yet both join in the manifestation of God5s glory.并没有直接攻击一般法的judgement：in this case there is no opposition to the judgment, n either will the truth or justice of the judgment be exa mined in this Court, nor any circumstance depending thereupon, but the same is justified and approved; a nd therefore a judgment is no let to examine it in eq uity, so as all the truth of the judgment, &c., be (not)examined.By all which cases it appeareth, that when a judgme nt is obtained by oppression, wrong, and a hard con science, the Chancellor illustrate and set it aside, not for any error or defect in the judgment, but for the hard conscience of the party ;针对其次个疑问，他的回应是：衡平法院既可以依据一般 法上的程序，也可以依据衡平法上的程序对诉请进行处理, 该statute law只约束前者,并不约束后者。(我们已经看到, 这个问题Saint Germain其实争论过)And the Statute of 4 Hen. 4, chap. 23, was never m ade nor intended to restrain the power of the Chanc ery, in matters of equity, but to restrain the Chancell or and the Judges of the common law, only in matte rs merely determinable by law in legal proceedings, a nd not in equitable;4、W. Blackstone26在第一卷中，他引用了 Grotius对于衡平法的定义，并且沿 用了 Saint Germain (particular cases)和 Lord Ellesme re (foreseen or expressed) 的思路：which is thus defined by Grotius, “the correction of th at, wherein the law ( by reason of it5s universality) is deficient., For since in laws all cases cannot be for eseen or expressed, it is necessary, that when the g eneral decrees of the law come to be applied to part icular cases, there should be somewhere a power ve sted of defining those circumstances, which (had they been foreseen) the legislator himself would have ex pressed. And these are the cases, which, according t o Grotius, u lex non exacte definit, sed arbitrio boni v iri permittt(法律不规定正确的定义，而委任和善的人裁 量).And law, without equity, though hard and disagreeabl e, is much more desirable for the public good, than equity without law; which would make every judge a legislator, and introduce most infinite confusion.(equity) assist, moderate, and to explain (law)但在第三卷，他对一般法与衡平法的关系进行了集中论述:他首先批驳了四种比拟流行的观点：Thus in the first place it is said, that it is the busnie ss of a court of equity in England to abate the rigour of the common law. ( Lord Kayms. princ. of equit. 44.) But no such power is contended for.It is said that a court of equity determines according to the spirit of the rule, and not according to the stri ctness of the letter. ( Lord Kayms. princ. of equit. 177.) But so also does a court of law.Again, it hath been said, that fraud, accident, and tru st are the proper and peculiar objects of a court of e quity. But every kind of fraud is equally cognizable, a nd equally adverted to, in a court of law.Once more ; it has been said that a court of equity i s not bound by rules or precedents, but acts from th e opinion of the judge, founded on the circumstances of every particular case. Whereas the system of our courts of equity is a laboured connected system, go verned by established rules, and bound down by pre cedents, from which they do not depart.在此基础上，他总结道：But the systems of jurisprudence, in our courts both of law and equity, are now equally artificial systems, founded in the fame principles of justice and positive law ; but varied by different usages in the forms an d mode of their proceedings : the one being originall y derived (though much reformed and improved ) fro m the feodal customs, as they prevailed in different ages in the Saxon and Norman judicatures the other (but with equal improvements) from the imperial an d pontificial formularies, introduced by their clerical ch ancellors.因此，W. Blackstone致力于论证一般法与衡平法的同质 性，将它们的差异限缩在技术层面上，从而为古已有之的、 针对一般法与衡平法关系的争论奠定了一个基本框架。假 如说Ellesmere是在制度实践的层面上胜利处理了这个争 议，那么可以说对其做出理论总结的人是W. Blackstoneo 以后有关这一问题的理论研讨，事实上都是在这个基础上 绽开的。5、F. W. Maitland27衡平法产生的缘由：Now, since the case of In re Nisbet and Potts' Contr act, 1906, i Ch. 386 (with which I will deal presently) we must perhaps say merely that anyone coming to the land with notice actual or constructive of a cove nant entered into by some previous owner of the Ian d, restricting the use to be made of that land, will be prohibited from doing anything in breach of that cov enant.Let us see the foundation of this doctrine. Why shoul d equity interfere at all, and first, why should it interf ere between the original covenantor and covenantee? Because the remedy which the common law gives in such covenants is an inadequate one.(论述集中 在救济缺乏上面，这已经跟原来的预见缺乏有明显的距离 了，由于救济缺乏来源于一般法本身的形式主义特征，可 能与预见力量没有直接关系。)论英国一般法与衡平法的关系（一个提纲）级别：论坛版主论英般法与衡平法的关系显示用户信息V一、问题的提出Earl of Oxford5s Case （牛津伯爵案）1In the early seventeenth century, the question arose i n the Earl of Oxford5s case (1615), as to what the o utcome should be where equity and common law con flicted. The case involved the sale of a lease of Cov ent Garden by Merton College Oxford to the Earl of Oxford. Some time later the College retook part of th e land involved, arguing that the sale was void under a statute of Elizabeth 1. The common law judges re fused the EarPs claim to eject the College on the gro und that they were bound by the statute. The Chanc ellor, Lord Ellesmere granted the Earl's petition for re lief against the judgement on the grounds that the cl aim of the College was against good conscience.在英国法制史上，一般法和衡平法乃是先后进展起来的两 个法律事物，无论是出于政治统一、还是法律统一的考虑, 如何理解、处理二者之间的关系始终是一个不行回避的问 题。一般法形成于1215世纪，衡平法兴起于16世纪， 衡平法消失后一段相当长的时间内，二者能够并行不悖(甚 至可以说是共度蜜月)，由于在相当程度上，衡平法院、一般法与衡平法的关系:And the first thing that we have to observe is that th is relation was not one of conflict. Equity had come not to destroy the law, but to fulfil it.we ought to think of the relation between common la w and equity not as that between two conflicting syst ems, but as that between code and supplement, that between text and gloss.为了论证所谓的conflict乃是一种假象，他举了一个例子：Equity did not say that the cestui que trust was the owner of the land, it said that the trustee was the o wner of the land, but added that he was bound to h old the land for the benefit of the cestui que trust. （比方沈殿霞为了郑欣宜的利益，将财产托付给郑少秋）The language which equity held to law, if we may pe rsonify the two, was not 'No, that is not so, you mak e a mistake, your rule is an absurd, an obsolete on e' but 'Yes, of course that is so, but it is not the w hole truth. You say that A is the owner of this land ;no doubt that is so, but I must add that he is boun d by one of those obligations which are known as tr usts/他在两处(第9、156页)用类似的措辞进一步发挥了 W. Blackstone 提出的一个假设(law without equity v. equit y without law)：Common law was, we may say, a complete system 一if the equitable jurisdiction of the Chancery had be en destroyed, there still would have been law for eve ry case, somewhat rude law it may be, and law imp erfectly adapted to the needs of our time, but still la w for every case. On the other hand, if the common law had been abolished equity must have disappear ed also, for at every point it presupposed a great bo dy of common law.6、 S. F. C. Milsom28两者在不同层面上运行，不行能发生冲突。四、结语几个进一步争论的问题：英国早期的财政税收制度、官僚体系是如何建立的？（例如甘老师讲的“丹麦金”）陪审制在一般法形成及进展中的作用？王室司法的集权化与封建化之间的反复交替？（比方有的 王比拟暗弱，此时地方豪强重新建立自己的武装）梳理衡平法进展的清晰脉络：官署衡平案件衡平 法院衡平法衡平法的产生与罗马外事裁判官法的产生之间的比拟？经 济缘由是否充分缘由，或者除此以外，有无别的缘由？一般法自我订正与衡平法进展之间的关系，以及后来司法 法将二者合并的理论意义？究竟哪些案件能够向衡平法院提出恳求？衡平法与英国宪政之间的关系？（这可能是一篇博士论文 的题目了）1关于该案的具体案情，see Owen Davies Tudor, uEa rl of Oxford's Case", a Selection of Leading Cases in Equity(vol. II Part First), Philadelphia: The Blackstone Publishing Company, 1889, pp.680-1.2潘维大、刘文琦编著：英美法导读，法律出版社2 000年版，第29页。3 see Owen Davies Tudor, “Earl of OxfordJs Case”， a Selection of Leading Cases in Equity(vol. II Part F irst), Philadelphia: The Blackstone Publishing Compan y, 1889, p691.4英国同中国一样，把握政治军事力气为王，朝代更替的 缘由主要是异族制服、国内战斗和王位继承。不计“盎格鲁- 撒克逊时代”，自“诺曼制服”以来，英国王朝有十个：诺曼 王朝、安茹王朝、金雀花王朝、兰开斯特王朝、约克王朝、 都铎王朝、斯图亚特王朝、汉诺威王朝、萨克森-科堡-哥达 王朝和温莎王朝。(另一说为八个，将安茹王朝并入金雀 花王朝，萨克森-科堡-哥达王朝并入温莎王朝。)与本文争 论有关的王朝主要是诺曼王朝(公元1066公元1154)、 安茹王朝(公元1154公元1216),其王族谱系分别为: 威廉一世(10661087)、威廉二世(10871100)、 亨利一世(11001135)、斯蒂芬(11351154),亨 利二世(11541189)、理查一世(11891199)、约 翰(11991216) o (百度百科：英国王朝，2022年3 月23日最终访问。)5 RC范卡内冈：英国一般法的诞生，李红海译， 中国政法高校出版社2003年版，第1213页。6达维德：当代主要法律体系，294295。关于当 时英国土地分封状况，参见沈宗灵：比拟法争论，第1 98页。7卡内冈，120网 达维德：当代主要法律体系，2959沈宗灵，第200页。10密尔松，第1821页。11卡内冈，第1617页。沈宗灵，第200页。12卡内冈，第38、43、53页。关于一般法的形成机制, 参见李红海：亨利二世改革与英国一般法，载中外 法学，1996年第6期。13蔡雷：英国衡平法的产生及早期进展，山东师范 高校硕士争论生学位论文，2000年5月。关于令状制的具 体介绍，参见沈宗灵，201-204.14蔡雷：英国衡平法的产生及早期进展，山东师范 高校硕士争论生学位论文，2000年5月。15茨威格特：比拟法总论,第281页。16蔡雷：英国衡平法的产生及早期进展，山东师范 高校硕士争论生学位论文，2000年5月。17茨威格特：比拟法总论，第286-293页。18沈宗灵：比拟法争论，21019沈宗灵,20920 W. S. Holdsworth, A History of Enslish Law, Lon don, 1922(vol. I ), P461.21达维德321页。当时诉请通常以以下形式提出主见：1 .一般法有缺陷。例如契约法不兴旺和不充实，无法适应诉 请人日益增长的需要；2.一般法院的救济，一般法的损害赔 偿并不是常常令人感到满足的救济;3.被告权势、财势强大。 郡内有权势和有财势的人可以威逼法院和威逼陪审员；4. 一般法院对某些案件没有管辖权。例如诉讼人是外国商人 的案件。(李启欣：“英国法的历史渊源”，外国法制史争 论文选，中国法制出版社2000年版，第154页。)22蔡雷。23沈达明：衡平法初论，5-8o Also see Geo. Tuc ker Bispham and Sharswood Brinton, "Introduction Ch apter III Maxims in Equity'1, the Principles of Equity, New York: The Banks Law Publishing CO., 1910.24 see Saint Germain, Dialogues between a Doctor of Divinity and a Student in the Laws of England, Cincinnati: Robert Clarke & Co, 1880, p45、50.25 see Owen Davies Tudor, Tarl of Oxford's Cas e"，a Selection of Leading Cases in Equity(vol. II PartFirst), Philadelphia: The Blackstone Publishing Comp any, 1889, pp.684> 695.26 See W. Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England(vol.l), Oxford: Printed at the Clarendon Pr ess, M. DCC. LXVIII, pp.61-2, (vol.3), pp.430-5.27 F. W. MAITLAND, Equity, also the Forms of Acti on at Common Law, Edited by A. H. Chaytor and W.J. Whittaker, Cambridge: at the University Press, 19 10.28 S. F. C. Milsom：一般法的历史基础，中国大百 科