人教版(新教材)高中英语选修4Unit4 Sharing学案1：短语.docx

短语英语中的短语是有一定意义但不构成独立从句或句子的一组词。从形式结构角度划分, 英语的短语可分为名词短语、动词短语、形容词短语、副词短语、介词短语等。英语短语的 句法功能通常与对应的单词的句法功能类似。K观察例句1. So I've been here in the jungle for about a month now.2. My secondary school is a bush school.3. It takes me only a few minutes to walk to school down a dusty track covered in weeds.4. I've had to become much more imaginative in my teaching.5. Right now I'm feeling very excited.K归纳用法L例句1中的黑体局部为介词短语。2 .例句2中的黑体局部为名词短语。3 .例句3中的黑体局部为动词短语。4 .例句4中的黑体局部为形容词短语。5 .例句5中的黑体局部为副词短语。一、名词短语名词与它的修饰语一起即构成名词短语。完整的名词短语由三个局部组成：限定词、修 饰词、名词。名词短语可以充当句子中的主语、宾语、表语等成分。many good students许多优秀的学生his beautiful wife他美丽的妻子the best answer最好的K答 案Xthose sweet roses那些甜美的玫瑰These red roses are for you.（作主语）这些红玫瑰是送给你的。He brought a new book with him.（作 宾语）他带来了一本新书。He is my best friend.（作表语）他是我最好的朋友。名词短语的三个局部并非每一次都要同时出现，在特定场合下，这三个局部都有可能省 略。修饰词是名词短语中最不重要的局部，如果不需要描述名词的状态特征那么完全可以省略。 比方a book同样是正确的名词短语。如果说话人确信听众知道自己在讨论什么东西，那么名 词也可以省略。比方 Of those answers, this one is the best.这里的 the best 指的就是 the best answero在面对面交流的时候，修饰词和名词有时甚至可以一起省略。假设你在花店，用手 指向一捧玫瑰花，对花店老板说“I want those.”的话，花店老板很清楚你想耍什么。K即学即练找出以下句中的名词短语，并指出其作什么成分。 I have three close friends. There are some red roses on that small table. The cute boy wearing blue jeans is my brother.二、形容词短语形容词短语是指由几个形容词或形容词及其修饰语构成的短语。1 .两个或多个形容词可以由and, but等对等连词连接，构成形容词短语。Your room is large and beautiful.（作表语）你的房间大且美丽。He is young but clever.（作表语）他年轻但聪明。2 . very等程度副词作修饰语，可与形容词构成形容词短语。It is very hot today.（作表语）今天很热。The road is long enough.（作表语）这路够长的。3 .介词及其宾语可用在形容词后修饰形容词，可与形容词构成形容词短语。I am sure of success.（作表语）我确信会成功的。The bottle is full of water.（作表语）瓶子里装满了水。4 .不定式在形容词后作修饰语，可与形容词构成形容词短语。He is sure to come.（作表语）他一定会来的。K名师点津H形容词短语在句中还可以作状语和后置定语。1 .形容词短语作状语说明主语的情况，可以表示动作或状态发生的原因、方式、时间 等，或对谓语作补充说明。Afraid of difficulty, he prefers to do the easy maths problem.（作原因状语）他害怕困难，宁愿做容易的数学题。The lost boy spent three days in the forest cold and hungry.（作伴随状语） 那个迷路的男孩又冷又饿地在森林中过了三天。Wet or fine, he got up at six and took a walk in the park.（作让步状语） 不管天晴还是下雨他总是六点起床在公园里散散步。2 .形容词短语作后置定语Factories, big or smalb can be seen there.在那里你可以看到大大小小的工厂。The house worth is 500, 000 yuan was sold by his son.那栋价值高达五十万人民币的房子被他儿子卖掉了。K即学即练2找出以下句中的形容词短语，并指出其作什么成分。 Glad to accept, the girl nodded her agreement. The room was awfully dirty.(3) He cast it a second time, and drew in an old basket full of sand.三、副词短语副词短语是指由几个副词或副词及其修饰语构成的短语。在句中主要作状语。1 .两个或多个副词可以由and, but等对等连词构成副词短语。I tried again and again.（作状语）我试了一遍又一遍。2 . very, extremely, clearly等程度副词作修饰语，可与其他副词构成副词短语。He runs extremely fast.（作状语）他跑得快极了。The teacher speaks clearly enough.（作状语）老师说得够清楚的。3 .其他类型的副词短语I was so deeply moved by his deeds that 1 couldn't fall asleep deep into the night.（作状语） 他的行为深深打动了我，在深夜我无法入睡。We air the bedrooms every day.（作状语）我们每天给卧室通通风。K即学即练32 找出以下句中的副词短语 He can finish that much quicker. She types quickly and con-ectly. That man talked too much.四、动词短语动词短语就是有些动词可以和一些别的词构成短语（以动词为中心），表达一个概念，其 作用和一个单独动词差不多的一种固定搭配。在实际使用中，通常会把动词短语当成一个整 体。动词短语的搭配可分为以下五种基本类型：1 .动词+介词go over 复习，listen to 听，think about 考虑，look for 寻找,rely/depend on 依靠，look into 调查，play with 玩,send for 派人去请,consist of 由构成，arrive at 到达He wants to check with his secretary before he signs the paper.在签署该项文件之前，他想跟他的秘书商议一下。He has been asked to account for his absence.他已被要求说明缺席的原因。2 .动词+副词eat up 吃光，give up 放弃，hold up 举起，put on 穿，上演，turn on 翻开，try on 试 穿They were so far away that I couldn't make out their faces clearly.他们离得那么远，我没法把他们的脸识别清楚。Trains stop here in order to pick up passengers only.火车在这里停车，只让乘客上车。K名师点津II“动词+副词”这类短语动词较容易出错。这类短语动词的宾语假设是名词，这个宾语可在 短语的中间，亦可在短语的后面。如：Turn the light on.或Turn on the light.宾语假设是代词， 这个宾语只能放在短语的中间。如：Turn it on.3 .动词+副词+介词catch up with 赶上，get on with 与相处,keep up with 跟上，do away with 废除，look down upon 轻视,look forward to 期待，keep away with 脱离，go on with 继续Have the lawyers checked up on the court proceedings very carefully?律师们是否打算把法庭的记录仔细审查一遍呢？There are some things that teachers will not put up with.有些事情教师是不会容忍的。4 .动词+名词+介词catch hold of 抓住，give lessons to 给上课，make friends with 与交朋友，takecare of照料We must keep pace with the new development of modern scientific research.我们必须跟上现代科学研究的新开展。People who take part in sports must be in condition.参加运动的人一定能保持良好的健康状态。5 .动词+形容词+介词be fond of 爱好，be familiar with 熟悉，be suitable for 适合于，be late for 迟至U，be good at擅长于,be afraid of害怕Others may be fond of titles and honors, but I am not.人皆好名，我那么不然。You coward! What are you afraid of?你这胆小鬼！你怕什么呢？R即学即练4找出以下句中的动词短语 I don't get on with the people at work. I don't much care for television.(3) I'm afraid I'll have to ring off. Someone is calling me.五、介词短语介词短语是介词和其他代词或名词或词组搭配形成的短语。在句中作状语、表语、补语、 小；五维 Ahl口寸。1 .常见的介词短语(1)介词 + 名词:at the door, into the bag(2)介词 + 代词：for me, of others(3)介词 + 动名词：in doing so, to my saying that(4)介词+连接副词/连接代词/what从句：over what he had better do(5)介词+连接副词/连接代词+不定式：on how to do this(6)介词 + 介词短语：from across the street, until after dinner介词+副词：from below(8)介词+ 复合结构：with the light on(9)介词 + 不定式(but/except)： .did nothing but sleep2 .介词短语的用法(1)用作表语The house is in fairly good condition.这所房子状况尚好。She looks like her mother.她像她母亲。用作宾语Choose a book from among these.从这些书中选一本吧。The window is never opened except in summer.除夏天外，这扇窗户从未翻开。用作定语I like the design on his tie.我喜欢他领带上的图案。I've decided to leave on the afternoon of the 18th.我决定18号下午离开。(4)用作状语Mr Smith was injured in the war.史密斯先生在战争期间受过伤。He walked by me without noticing me.他从我身旁走过而没有注意到我。用作补语Kelly is employed as a mechanic(宾语补足语) 凯利受雇当技工。He is regarded as the best doctor in town.(主语补足语) 他被认为是本城最好的医生。K即学即练53找出以下句中的介词短语 A man stepped out from behind the wall. Change the oil in the car every 5， 000 miles. I saw him walking along the street.一参*考*答*案,.一K即学即练111three close friends 作宾语 some red roses 作主语；that small table 作宾语 the cute boy作主语；blue jeans作宾语；my brother作表语K即学即练21glad to accept作原因状语 awfully dirty作表语 full of sand作后置定语K即学即练3H much quicker quickly and correctly too muchR即学即练41 get on with care for ring offK即学即练5D from behind the wall in the car along the street