福建医大2005博士入学英语考试试卷.doc

博士研究生入学英语考试试卷 (2005. 5)Part I. Reading Comprehension (40%)Directions: Read the following five passages. Answer the questions below each passage by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET. Passage OneMost American women know regular Pap smears cut the risk of cervical cancer, but that doesnt mean they go in to get the test. Half the women who develop the disease havent had a Pap test for three years. But a new test may one day offer a userfriendlier alternative. Two studies in last weeks Journal of the American Medical Association report that a DNA test detects cervical cancer just as well as Pap smears do. Better yet, women can collect samples for the test themselves. The Pap smear has caused a fivefold drop in cervical cancer since 1960s. But since a doctor must take the smear during a pelvic exam, women who dont have access to gynecologists arent screened. So a self-collected test could be good news for patients, like the 1,365 South Africans in one of the JAMA studies. They collected their own vaginal samples on swabs. Samples were sent to the United States, where a DNA test caught 66 percent of the womens cervical cancers; 68 percent were detected by Pap smears. And when doctors collected the samples, that study, and a second one of Costa Rican women, found that DNA tests actually caught more cancers than Pap smears.Does this mean women can bid farewell to the Pap test? Probably not. Doctors think cervical cancer is caused by the transmitted human papilloma virus. The DNA test detects genetic material from 13 forms of it, which are found in 96 percents who have cervical cancer. But most young women who have papilloma virus dont actually develop cancer. So the test can cause false alarms. DNA tests could prove useful for older women, though. Most women fight off the virus before they turn 40. If they dont, theyre more likely to get cervical cancer. But theyre also less likely to get Pap smears because many stop visiting gynecologists after childbearing age, and the test gets more uncomfortable. So a quick, self-collected test could cut cervical cancer rates: “If we could make screening as easy as a urine test at the doctors office, we would get more coverage,” says Thomas Wright, lead author of the South African study and associate professor of Pathology at Columbia. Though true home testing awaits FDA approval and could be years away, general practitioners could administer the test, too.Detection is one thing; treating cervical cancer is another. Doctors recently announced that a combination of radiation and chemotherapy can cut the risk of death 30 to 50 percent. And researchers hope to someday prevent papilloma infections: “Ultimately, vaccines will be the best way we prevent cervical cancer worldwide,” Wright predicts. But for now, the DNA test could help mainly in countries that can afford the $6 billion the United States spends on Pap screening every year. But theres one important caveat: a new test will be useful only if patients can get medical treatment afterward.1. The Pap smear _.A) has caused a fivefold drop in cervical cancer since the 1960sB) caught 66 percent of the womens cervical cancersC) Caught more cancers than the DNA TestD) Is very convenient for women to do self-examination2. Why the DNA test cannot replace Pap smear?A) Doctors think cervical cancer is caused by the sexually transmitted human papilloma virus.B) The DNA test detects genetic material from 12 forms of papillooma virus, which are found in 96 percent of patients who have cervical cancer.C) Most young women who have papilloma virus dont actually develop cancer.D) The DNA test can cause false alarms.3. Which of the following statement is not correct?A) Home DNA test has not yet been approved by DNA.B) DNA tests could prove useful for older women. Most women fight off the virus before they turn 40.C) Doctors recently announced that a combination of radiation and chemotherapy can cure cervical cancer.D) The DNA test could help mainly in countries that cant afford the $6 billion the United States spends on Pap screening every year.Passage TwoAlthough language is used to transmit information, the informative functions of language are fused with older and deeper functions so that only a small portion of our everyday speech can be described as purely informative. The ability to use language for strictly informative purposes was probably developed relatively late in the course of linguistic evolution. Long before that time, our ancestral species probably made the sorts of cries animals do to express feelings of hunger, fear, loneliness, and the like. Gradually these noises seem to have become more differentiated, transforming the cries into language as we know it today.Although we have developed language in which accurate reports may be given, we still use language as vocal equivalents of gestures such as crying in pain. When words are used as the vocal equivalent of expressive gestures, language is functioning in pre-symbolic ways. These pre-symbolic uses of language coexist with our symbolic system, so that the talking we do in everyday life is a thorough blending of symbolic and pre-symbolic language.What we call social conversation is mainly pre-symbolic in character. When we are at a large social gathering, for example, we all have to talk. It is typical of these conversations that, except among very good friends, few of the remarks made have any informative value. We talk together about nothing at all and thereby establish a relationship.There is a principle at work in the selection of the subject matter we deem appropriate for social conversation. Since the purpose of this kind of talk is the establishment of communion, we are careful to select subjects about which agreement is immediately possible. With each new agreement, no matter how commonplace, the fear and suspicion of the stranger wear away, and the possibility of friendship emerges. When further conversation reveals that we have friends or political views orartistic values or hobbies in common, a friend is made, and genuine communication and cooperation can begin.4. The author uses the term “pre-symbolic language” to mean _.A) language used between friendsB) language that lacks an elaborate grammatical structureC) nonverbal expressions used in communicatingD) language that does not convey specific information5. The primary value of pre-symbolic language for humans is that it _.A) Is common to all languages rather than unique to any one languageB) Permits and aids the smooth functioning of interpersonal relationshipsC) Helps us understand and express our emotionsD) Allows for a desirable amount of social mobility6. The most crucial difference between pre-symbolic and symbolic language lies in the _.A) origin and developmental path of each mode in linguistic evolutionB) degree to which each mode may be accompanied by expressive gesturesC) purposes served by each modeD) clarity each mode makes possiblePassage ThreeIn the ultrasound clinic, Suzie Woods stared at the screen in front of her. The sonographer pressed the foetal probe over her abdomen, already stretched into a taught little mound by months of pregnancy. “There are two embryos on the screen,” he told her. “No, no, there should only be one,” Suzie insisted, her eyes now fixed intently on his. “Look, Ill show you,” he said. “There are two hearts beating on the screen.” “That moment,” recalls Suzie, “would have to have been the most electric of my life. I was absolutely ecstatic that these two gorgeous little people were all mine. “Suzie and the twinsSimon and Sabrina, now seven monthsare part of an international population explosion, a twin boom in Western developed societies.Reluctant to interrupt satisfying careers, women are having babies later in life and increasingly using fertility treatments. These two factors mean Australian mothers are having more twins than ever before. In 1998, 3,592 sets of twins were born in Australia, a 25 percent increase on the figure of 2,871 just 10 years earlier. This is despite static figures for the total number of births in 1988 and 1998. And the trend to multiple births shows no sign of abating. King George V hospital in the inner Sydney suburb of Camperdown, for instance, has just beaten its own record: 68 twins were born in the past six monthsan increase of 40 percent on the previous six months, says the director of obstetrics, Dr. Andrew Child. Overseas, the number of twins born in the United States has doubled since 1980 and a similar, though more moderate, trend is evident in Britain, where twins as a proportion of all births are up a third since 1982.A twin industry has been spawned, especially in the U.S., where you can now have your baby delivered by a specialist twin obstetrician and looked after by specialist nannies. There are 10 US magazine title aimed at the parents of twins and at least three dozen books, along with twin strollers ans a whole range of other specialized goods. In Australia, there is a new acceptance of the problems confronting the parents of twins, and mothers of twins leaving hospital have access to an ever-widening circle of support and services. The NSW Multiple Birth Association has mushroomed from one support group of three mothers to 34 clubs across the State in just 10 years.Most are bristling with activity, regularly sending newsletters and social calendars to parents, holding information evenings and support groups, and offering hotlines, a library service and even advice on what brand of twin stroller mothers should buy. More importantly, these groups are as generous with camaraderie as practical advice. “Often it was quicker to ring the Multiple Birth Association than look up the baby manual,” says Suzie, who soon discovered that the euphoria at having twins was followed by a whole caravan of complications after they arrived.7. Why the Australian mothers are having more chances to have twins than ever before?A) Career women do not want to have babies early because they enjoy satisfying professions or they have to work for a living.B) Australian women are born to have genetic capabilities to bear twins.C) Australian women are strong and fertile comparatively.D) Australian women prefer to use fertilizer in pregnancy.8. The author mentioned Suzie Woods at the beginning of the article to _.A) make his article sound catchyB) express how ecstatic Suzie was when she knew she had two embryosC) portray the following topic of the articleD) condemn the twin boost in the western countries9. What is the fact of Australias twin boom, according to the passage?A) In 1998, 3,592 sets of twins were born in Australia, a 25 percent increase on the figure of 2,871 just 10 years earlier.B) The trend to multiple births shows no sign of declining.C) 68 twins were born in the past six-months in King George V Hospital in the inner Sydney suburb of Camperdown, which is an increase of 40 percent on the previous six months.D) All of the above.10. Which of the following statement is NOT true about U.S. according to the passage?A) There are many magazines and books aimed at the parents of twins in U.S.B) There is a new acceptance of the problems confronting the parents of twins, and mothers of twins leaving hospital have access to an ever-widening circle of support and services.C) Parents can have their babies delivered by a specialist twin obstetrician and looked after by specialist nannies.D) The number of twins born in the United States has doubled since 1980.Passage FourUntil recently doctors were taught that the human body lives in homeostasis, changing little during the day. The science of chronobiologythe study of how time affects lifeis sparking a medical revolution by revealing how much our bodies change through circadian (daily) rhythms.These natural biological rhythms are as vital as our heart beat. By learning their secrets, we are discovering new ways to prevent and cure illness. There isnt a function in your body that doesnt have its own rhythm.While you sleep, your blood pressure falls, our temperature drops more than a degree from its daily afternoon high, and some blood pools in your bodys extremities. Come morning, the body has to “jump start” itself from its sleeping to waking stages with a surge of excitation chemicals calls catecholamines. Heart rate increases and blood vessels constrict, raising blood pressure and reducing blood flow to heart muscle; this might cause ischemia, or angina, as well as sudden death from myocardial infarction. If hardened plaques of cholesterol coat arteries, fragments may break loose, causing the clots that lead to heart attacks.When a leap from bed and a surge of catecholamines combine to “get your blood moving”, your blood is near its daily peak in thickness and tendency to clot. Packing kids off to school and rushing to get ready for work add emotional tension to the physical stress.This circadian cardiovascular risk comes not from your bedside clock but from your interior biological clock. Whatever hour you get up, your peak risk of myocardial infarction will come within two to three hours after awakening.The master timekeepers in our bodies help synchronize us with such outside cycles as day and night. Like orchestra conductors, they coordinate hundreds of functions inside us. Our body dances through the day to complex inner rhythms of rising and falling tides of hormones, immune cells, electrolytes and amino acids.Most people enjoy a peak in short-term memory and mental quickness in the late-morning hours until shortly afternoon. Then a measurable dip in energy and efficiency begins around 1 p.m. In some Mediterranean cultures, shops close during the afternoon for a period of siesta.In the afternoon, exercise endurance, reaction time and manual dexterity are at their highest. Some research indicates that from then until early evening, athletes put in their best performances. From 6:30 p.m. until 8:30 p.m. is the sharpest time of day for long-term memory, an optimal time to study.Our daily rhythms can bring a dark side to the evening, however. These hours include a second daily peak in heart attacks, although smaller than the mornings. Around 7 p.m., alcohol takes longer to be cleared by your liver, and hence can be more intoxicating and performance-impairing than at other times of dayexcept 11 p.m. which brings a second peak of high ethanol susceptibility.Students often cram during late-night and early-morning hours. Research, however, shows this is the time of the circadian cycle when long-term memory, comprehension and learning are at their worst.Sensitivity to pain has generally increased throughout th