国际学术交流英语(69页).doc

-三、国际学术交流英语1电子邮件交流惯用语1.1 Initiate a meetingl I would like to hold a meeting in the afternoon about our development planning for the project A.l I suggest we have a call tonight at 9:30pm (China Time) with you and Brown. Please let me know if the time is okay for you and Ben.l We'd like to have the meeting on Thu Oct 30 the same time.l Let's make a meeting next Monday at 5:30 PM Beijing time.l I want to talk to you over the phone regarding issues about report development and the XX project.1.2 Seeking for more information/feedbacks/suggestionsl Shall you have any problem accessing the folders, please let me knows. l Thank you and look forward to having your opinion on the estimation and schedule.l Look forward to your feedbacks and suggestions soon.l What is your opinion on the schedule and next steps we proposed? l What do you think about this?l Feel free to give your comments.l Any question, please don't hesitate to let me know.l Any question, please let me know.l Please contact me if you have any questions. l Your comments and suggestions are welcome! l Please let me know what you think?l Do you have any idea about this?l It would be nice if you could provide a bit more information on the user's behavior. l At your convenience, I would really appreciate you looking into this matter/issue.1.3 Give feedbackl Please see comments below.l My answers are in blue below.l I add some comments to the document for your reference.1.4 Attachmentl I enclose the evaluation report for your reference.l Attached please find today's meeting notes.l Attach is the design document, please review it.l For other issues related to individual features, please see attached release notes.1.5 Point listing l Today we would like to finish following tasks by the end of today: 1.2.l Some issues in this release: 1.2.l Our team here reviewed the newest SCM policy and has following concerns: 1. .2.l Here are some more questions/issues for your team: 1.2.l The current status is as following: 12l Some items need your attention: 1.2.1.6 Raise questionl I have some questions about the report ABCl For the aggrement ABC, I have the following questions: 1.7 Proposall For the next step of platform implementation, I am proposingl I suggest we can have a weekly project meeting over the phone calll Achievo team suggest to adopt option A to solve outstanding issue1.8 Thanks notel Thank you so much for the cooperation!l I really appreciate the effort you all made for this sudden and tight project.l Thanks for your attention!l Your kind assistance on this are very appreciated.l Really appreciate your help!1.9 Apologyl I sincerely apologize for this misunderstanding!l I apologize for the late asking but we want to make sure the correctness of our implementation ASAP. 2求职信及简历2.1 求职信（Cover Letter）A cover letter isn't ever going to win you a job by itself, but a badly worded letter is going to cause doubts in the employers mind right from the start.A good cover letter explains why you, over all the other candidates, are worth taking the time to find out more about.2.1.1 格式Dear INSERT HIRING MANAGERS NAME,Regarding the INSERT JOB TITLE position currently advertised on your companys website, please find attached a copy of my resume for your consideration.Having worked within the industry for over INSERT YEARS EXPERIENCE, I have developed a wide range of skills that would meet, and exceed the expectations for the role. During my career I have had many achievements, including INSERT KEY ACHIEVEMENT. I am currently unemployed and would relish the opportunityto immediately bring this level of success to your company.If you would like to get in touch to discuss my application and to arrange an interview, you can contact me via INSERT PHONE NUMBER OR EMAIL ADDRESS. I look forward to hearing from you soon.Yours sincerely,INSERT NAME2.1.2 常见错误（1）Using the Wrong Cover Letter FormatThe student's cover letter looked more like a cut-and-paste email than a business letter. It had no recipient information, no return address and no date. The letter screamed unprofessional.Be sure your cover letter uses a standard business-letter format. It should include the date, the recipient's mailing address and your address.（2）Making It All About YouYour cover letter, like your resume, should be about the employer as much as it's about you. Yes, you need to tell the employer about yourself, but do so in the context of the employer's needs and the specified job requirements.（3）Not Proofing for Typos and Grammatical ErrorsEmployers tend to view typos and grammatical errors as evidence of your carelessness and inability to write. Proofread every letter you send. Get additional cover letter help by asking a friend who knows good writing double-check your letter for you.（4）Making Unsupported ClaimsToo many cover letters from college students and recent grads say the applicant has "strong written and verbal communication skills." Without evidence, it's an empty boast. Give some examples for each claim you make. Employers need proof.（5）Writing a NovelA good cover letter should be no longer than one page. Employers are drunk with resumes and cover letters, and their time is scarce. Make sure your cover letter has three or four concise but convincing paragraphs that are easy to read. If your competitor's letter rambles on for two pages, guess which candidate the employer will prefer.（6）Using the Same Cover Letter for Every Job and CompanyEmployers see so many cover letters that it's easy for them to tell when you're using a one-size-fits-all approach. If you haven't addressed their company's specific concerns, they'll conclude you don't care about this particular job.It's time-consuming but worthwhile to customize each cover letter for the specific job and company.（7）Not Sending a Real Cover LetterSome job seekers - college students, recent grads and even those with years of work experience - don't bother sending a cover letter with their resume. Others type up a one or two-sentence "here's my resume" cover letter, while others attach handwritten letters or sticky notes.There is no gray area here: You must include a well-written, neatly formatted cover letter with every resume you send. If you don't, you won't be considered for the job.2.2个人简历（RÉSUMÉ）2.2.1 Contact（1）Full name（2）Home Address（3）Phone（office，home，cell）and fax（4）Personal e-mail address2.2.2 Career Summary/Objective（1）SummaryA career summary provides a brief, focused overview of your work history. It tells the employer what your specialty is as an employee, and serves as an introduction to the rest of your resume. Here is an example based on someone who has been working as a Customer Service Representative for the past couple of years:A dedicated, helpful Customer Service Representative with experience in the retail and automotive sectors. Able to work independently and use in-house resources effectively, such as online databases and problem resolution procedures. Willing to do shift work and weekends if required.Notice that a career summary is often written in paragraph form, with up to four or five sentences. It can be used in all resumes regardless of how much, or how little, work experience you actually have.（2）ObjectiveWhat if youre fairly new to the workforce and dont have much to put in your career summary. Or how about if youre sending out a mass e-mail (or snail mail) to all sorts of employers without knowing if theyre hiring or not, but you want them to know what kind of job youd be most interested in.Thats when stating your career objective comes in handy. It quickly tells employers which type of role they should keep you in mind for. Just like in the following example:To secure a mid-level Customer Service job with a respected employer in the hospitality or entertainment industries, with room for upward advancement based on performance.You can see that a career objective is short and sweet, with just a sentence or two that describes the kind of job (and industry, if you want to be more specific) youd prefer to be hired for.Its possible to add those one or two sentences from your career objective directly to the end part of your career summary if youre looking to save space. However this makes the career summary longer and your career objective may get overlooked.（3）Summary or Objective?A concise career summary should appear near the top of your resume no matter if you have decades of work experience or are a recent grad. Other terms you can use as a header are “Professional Summary,” “Summary of Experience,” or even “About Me.” The career objective is helpful if youre not applying to a specific job posting, but instead are sending out unsolicited applications to potential employers. It can be featured under its own header, or if youre including it at the end of your summary, you could use the header “Career Summary and Employment Objective.”Whether you use a summary, objective, or some combination of both, you are helping employers get a quick feel for who you are and what kind of work youd be best at. So take a few moments to write your own and get it into your resume!2.2.3 Major Achievements针对招聘方向的相关业绩2.2.4 Working Experience注意时间顺序，是由近到远2.2.5 Professional Training针对招聘方向的相关培训2.2.6 Qualifications 毕业论文、资格考试证书等2.2.7 Related Skill 语言、软件、编程、业余爱好等等2.2.8 Publications正规杂志、刊物上发表的论文，要列出论文及刊物名称、刊号、时间等信息3学术论文的撰写3.1科技论文的基本特征（1）原始研究结果的首次披露（内容的原创性）；（2）对前人工作的评价深入透彻，本文成果表述文笔流畅（可读性）；（3）方法独特，或得到独特发现，或有新的应用（成果的新颖性）；（4）必须使同行们能够重复实验，以审查作者的结论（方法的科学性）3.2如何选题3.2.1课题要与国际接轨想在国际核心期刊发表文献，就必须了解国际研究动态，选择与国际学术研究合拍的课题。由于多方面因素的影响，我国科学研究选题与国际先进水平还有一定距离。在高校，一些教师治学严谨、基础扎实，但科研成果不突出，重要原因就是不重视有关领域学术动态，不能选得合适的课题。3.2.2课题要有可发展性课题可发展性对高水平论文的持续产出具有极大作用。中国科技大学范洪义另辟蹊径，发展了诺贝尔奖得主狄拉克（Dirac）奠定的量子论的符号法，系统地建立了“有序算符内的积分理论”，1998年有24篇论文被SCI收录。他对自己论文高产的解释是，研究“具有开创性，突破一点以后就可以向纵深发展，使研究工作自成系列、成面成片”。有人由于所接触的问题已处于该研究分支的末端，即使在该点上有所突破，也难持续发展。3.2.3借助工具选题（1）查阅有关领域的检索工具（2）了解SCI收录期刊所反映的科技动态1）ISI期刊信息可从查获2）也可从SCI印刷版每期、分册的来源出版物目录（Lists of Source Publications）查找3）还可从ISI引用期刊报告 （Journal Citation Reports，简称JCR）了解期刊信息，该文献有印刷版、网络版（JCR on the Web）和光盘版（JCR on CD-ROM）（3）利用ISI提供的选题工具帮助1）Essential Science Indicators：对正在开展的工作进行量化分析，以保证用户科学研究同科学发展趋向一致2）ISI Highly C：介绍有关杰出人物研究状况、有关领域研究热点和发展趋向的()（4）利用网上数据库了解国际学术研究动态及有关资料3.3学术论文的构思3.3.1如何获得好的idea首先需要对本研究领域有一个全局性的了解。无论是应用还是基础科研，最关键的是idea。idea的形成决定了科研水平和档次。高水平的科学家一听你的科研课题方向，就能判断你的科研水平。因此，获得好的idea是至关重要的。必须具备敏锐的科研嗅觉，而这种敏锐性是经过长期的思考和实践获得的。通过几天或半个月的苦思苦想，得到了一个自以为很好的idea，很可能是别人十几年前就做过的工作，但新手上路时重复一些经典实验以获得经验是很正常的。此外，科研要注重质量，千万不要单纯地追求数量而令同行的人嘲笑。最重要的，还包括不能急于求成。获得好的 idea有以下途径：（1）大量地、仔细地阅读文献，弄清研究现状和要解决的问题（2）自己先冥思苦想一段时间，有了自己的idea后再去查文献（3）多听学术报告、多与同行探讨，从中获得启示（4）总结感兴趣领域内尚未探讨过，但很有意义的课题（5）总结争论性很强的问题，反复比较研究方法和结论，从中发现切入点（6）科研过程中遇到的难以解释的问题，往往会成为思维的闪光点（7）但要注意，别人没作过的，也许不是因为没想到，而是因为没有意义或者没有可能性。3.3.2研究工作的创新要想在国际核心期刊上发表论文，原创性是其最基本的要求。原创性课题通常来源于实践或对各种有关信息的研究，而不是来源于现成文献。原创性不等同于新颖性，新颖性可以是别人研究的继续，而原创性意味着一个新事物、新领域、新问题的开创。国际核心刊物发表的论文，原则上都应当是“在国际上首次”描述的新的观测和实验事实，首次提出的新概念和新模型，首次建立的新方程，也包括对已有重大观测（实验）事实的新的概括和新规律的提炼。“新”是一篇好论文的灵魂，通过两条基本途径去进行创新：（1）从研究手段上创新1）采用新仪器、新流程，对自然过程进行观测，取得新资料；2）对新资料进行分析，提出新概念，在新概念的基础上建立新理论；3）用新思路、新理论对前人观测资料重新进行分析，得到新的结论（2）从研究对象上创新1）立足于特殊的储集-渗流条件，发现新的自然现象和自然规律；2）对前人建立的模式或理论提出质疑，建立修正的模式3.4如何阅读文献在科研前必须弥补基础知识，这是看懂文献的基础。3.4.1文献阅读的数量要广泛阅读文献，通常，每年查阅200篇，粗看100篇，细看30篇，研读10篇，先看中文文献，再阅读英文文献，并始终关注国际动态。3.4.2文献阅读的步骤拿到一篇研究性论文，按以下步骤研究：（1）先看标题，立即停住，问自己几个问题：1）作者为什么要做这个题目？2）如果是自己，将会做哪些内容来说明主题？（2）接下来看摘要，并问自己：1）和自己看题目后的想法有什么差别？2）该文章准备解决什么问题？3）该文章引出了什么问题？存在什么未解决问题？原因？（3）看实验结果，再思考：1）有什么地方不完善？2）有没有进一步深入或拓展的空间？3.5学术论文的类型3.5.1实验性论文（1）结构- 前言- 实验方法- 实验结果（数据）- 分析- 结论（2）写作要点详尽介绍实验的每个细节和所用仪器、设备的型号、测试内容。实验结果与讨论部分要始终围绕研究主题，多与期刊文献数据进行比较，显示本研究的创新之处3.5.2报道性论文（1）结构- 前言- 研究区概况- 对所发现现象的叙述、解释- 科学意义- 结论（2）写作要点报道某一项科学发现，这一发现不是通过实验，而是通过野外3.5.3理论性论文（1）结构- 前言- 理论的提出（推导、证明）- 理论的验证（如理论模型的率定）- 理论的应用（算例，或应用意义）- 结论（2）写作要点提出一项理论或计算方法3.5.4综述性论文（1）综述某一领域中的最新进展，有述有评，而不只是前人工作的罗列（2）有自己观点和对他人工作的评价，指出不足之处和解决问题的设想（3）既要大量占有文献，又要有所取舍，突出精华（4）要有对未来发展的展望，对他人的研究起到指导作用（5）尽量引用最新的工作，体现出时效性（6）尽可能阅读原始文献，“吃别人嚼过的馍没味道”3.6论文的通用结构（1）题目：体现要研究的主题与本文的主要贡献，精练并切题（2）摘要：科学问题、研究目的、方法、主要发现、结果、结论（3）关键词：准确、规范、切题（否则影响文章被引用）（4）前言：阐明主题，指出当前的不足，引导出本研究的重要性（5）方法：理论或观测技术（6）资料：资料是如何取得的，对资料代表性及精度的分析（7）分析与结果：逻辑推理、理论推导、建立模型、模型的验证（8）结论：简述本文贡献，说明其科学、合理、正确，并有代表性3.7论文初稿的编写过程首先撰写论文的初稿（writing the first draft），注意，由于此阶段的文稿不是正式稿，因此其撰写的过程也不是按照论文标准结构逐一完成的，而是按照组织论文的思维逻辑进行素材的整理，提问-答问，然后再逐步修改，按照论文标准结构，形成正式文稿。3.7.1材料和方法做了什么？怎样做的？作者对本项研究所用的材料和方法是最熟悉的，因此这部分是文章最开始进行写作的部分，用过去时，尽可能按实验的先后顺序描述。3.7.2结果发生了什么？可用图、表或文字表达，三者间尽量减少重复。在正文部分叙述主要结果和意义，用图或表给出较详细的数据，用过去时。3.7.3讨论所得结果是否为“前言”部分提出关键问题的答案？结果是如何支持答案的？如何证实假说的？集中讨论与本结果有关的问题，突出本研究的创新及重要性；与相关研究结果进行比较分析；给出结果所支持的结论；指出前景、不足和改进。用现在时叙述已知或被证明的事实，用过去时描述本研究结果。3.7.4文献与本研究方法、结果、讨论有关的其它研究有哪些？准确、完整、规范的著录。3.7.5前言本项研究的背景和目的是什么？试图回答的关键问题是什么？研究现状是什么？本研究的重要性和创新性体现在哪里？ 3.7.6致谢谁提供了基金和物质帮助？除了作者，还有谁协助完成了本项研究？谁参与了结果分析并协助撰写了论文？3.7.7摘要论文告诉了我们什么？摘要是论文要点的浓缩，应在文章各主要部分完成后再写，这样有利于文章要点的提炼。优秀的摘要能有效地抓住读者的兴趣。用含有技术关键词汇的短句描述，以使摘要清楚而简洁，避免使用缩写词和晦涩难懂的词句，强调研究的创新性和重要性方面。3.7.8标题本文关于什么？最佳标题的标准是用最少的必要术语准确描述论文的内容。要求准确、简洁、有效和吸引人。3.7.9作者谁参与了本研究的设计、工作及论文的撰写？3.7.10准备正式文稿论文初稿完成以后，必须对内容及格式进行反复推敲和修改，达到“投稿须知”的一切要求。绝大多数编辑都认为，不认真准备的稿件绝不是高水平科学研究成果的良好载体。如果希望论文发表，在准备投稿时必须做到单词、语法无错、符合期刊格式、含有期刊要求的所有材料。该过程一般分三步：（1）再次阅读拟投期刊的“投稿须知”；（2）用“投稿须知”中提供的“稿件对照检查表”与自己论文一一核对；（3）根据期刊要求打印输出，完成最后一稿。3.8摘要的写作要点Abstracts是论文的一个缩写，一定要简明扼要。3.8.1格式不多于300个单词，只能是一个自然段3.8.2内容按照论文的顺序介绍主要研究对象（subject）、实验设计（design）、实验步骤（procedures）以及最后的结果（results），这种介绍必须让非专业的人员 （non-specialist）能够看懂。3.9前言的写作技巧Introduction 是外刊文章最难写的部分之一，必须体现论文的研究基础和创新要素。外刊论文对于Introduction的要求也是非常高的，一个好的Introduction相当于文章成功了一半。Introduction同样要保证简短，顺序是：一般背景介绍、别人工作成果的总结、自己的研究目的及工作简介，其中介绍别人工作时，只需介绍和自己最相关的方面，而对自己的工作介绍在此处不用说明细节，因为这个要放到主体中去。不要忘记在介绍自己工作之前要有一个declarative statement。要写好Introduction，最重要的是要保持鲜明的层次感和极强的逻辑性，这两点是紧密结合的，即在符合逻辑性的基础上建立层层递进的关系。按照层次结构和递进关系，前言的写作主要包括以下几个部分：3.9.1简述研究对象简明阐述自己研究领域的基本内容。须知看文章的都是该领域的专家，所以一些显而易见的知识要用概括性的而不是叙述性的语言来描述。3.9.2文献总结回顾文献的总结回顾是Introduction的重要组成部分之一，要特别着重描写。（1）要把该领域内过去和现在的研究状况全面概括总结出来，不能有丝毫的遗漏，特别是最新的进展和过去经典文献的引用。这往往是两个最容易出问题的地方，一旦审稿人指出这两个毛病，就意味着认为你做的调研不够深入或全面，对整个文章的负面作用非常明显。（2）文献引用和数据提供一定要准确，切忌避免片面摘录部分结果而不反映文献的总体结果。引用的数据要正确，特别是间接引用的数据（即不是从原文献中查到，而是从别人文献中发现的另一篇文献的数据）；数据出错会导致评审专家对文章的印象特差。（3）引用文献时注意防止造成抄袭的印象。不要原文抄录，要用自己的话进行总结描述。如果审稿人正好是文献的引用者的话，原文照抄的结果一定会很糟糕。3.9.3提出创新点分析过去研究的局限性，指出当前研究的不足，并有目的地引出自己研究的重要性，并阐明自己研究的创新点，这是整个Introduction的高潮，因而要慎之又慎。在阐述局限性时，需要客观公正评价别人的工作，不要把抬高自己研究的价值建立在贬低别人的工作之上，外刊论文写作万万不