河北衡水高三英语新高考语法学习笔记（20）介词知识点概要公开课.docx

淅水第一中图 Henasln NOA High fchwl河北衡水高三英语新高考语法学习笔记（20）介词知识点概要介词 第一节介词的基本特点63介词的特点（1）介词的宾语（用在介词后）：介词不能独立使用，在介词后面必 须带有宾语。其宾语形式主要是名词，另外还有相当于名词的成分，比 如代词、数词、动名词或动名词短语及名词性从句。（2）与介词搭配的词（用在介词前）：与介词连用，置于介词前面 的词主要有动词（如depend on ）、名词（如pay attention to ） 和形容词（如be kind to ）（3 ）介词是英语词类中的一种虚词，不能独立在句中充当句子成分。 但介词与其宾语一起构成介词短语以后，就可以在句中充当多种句子 成分。可以作主语、补足语、定语和状语等（4）介词的作用：从以上得知，介词是把名词（或相当于名词的成分）与动词、形容词或其他名词联系起来，以表示前后词语之间的关 系。任何一个去掉了介词的英语句子，都只能是词语的零乱堆砌。2 )during可接表示事件延续一段时间的名词，如stay , visit ztravel 等；for一般不能这样用during the travel to the south 在去南方途中during the Middle Ages 在中世纪for一般只接具体的时间量for six years for two months(3 ) from, since, for) fromfrom通常要和介词to或till/until连用Most people work from nine to five.1 ) sincesince+时间点，表示"从那一时刻起，事件开始发生，它通常要与 现在完成时或过去完成时连用I haven't seen him since two years ago.我两年没见他了。I haven't seen him for two years.It's two years since I last saw him.2 ) forfor+时间段，表示动作延续到说话的那一时刻。通常也要与现在完成时或过去完成时连用I have lived here for a year.I have lived here since this time last year.(4 ) before, after, till/until这几个词即可作介词接短语，又可用作连词接从句。它们后面所接的 时间一般是“时间点"，以表示"在某一时刻之前(before/、"在 某一时刻之后(after)"、"一直到某一时刻为止(till/until)"We finished the work before 10 o'clock.I'll wait for you till 10 o'clock.1）延续性句子谓语（用肯定）+till/until+时间点（假设是从句，那么从 句中的谓语动词是短暂性动词）2 ）短暂性句子谓语（用否认）+till/until+时间点（假设是从句，那么从 句中的谓语动词是短暂性动词）He didn't finish the work until 10 o'clock. （ finish 短暂性动词, 用否认）He didn't leave the office till 12 o'clock.He will stay here until next Sunday. （ stay 延续性动词,用肯定）（5） by1 ） by的意思是no later than ,表示不迟于某个时间"、"到了某 个时间by the end of next year到明年年底为止) by引导的时间状语常与将来完成时态或过去完成时态连用By the end of next year I'll have learned 2,000 words.By the end of last year I had learned 2,000 words.66表示地点、方位的介词这样的介词主要有：at in on over above under below beneath before after behind about around round outside(1) at, in1)在表示地点或场所时，一般来讲，in表示较大的地方；at表示较小的地方at homeat the officeat schoolin a country in a townin a village此外，常用in的情形有：in a line/in a row/in a queuein a photo/in a picturein a mirrorin the sky/in the worldin a book/in a newspaper/in a magazine/in a letterin the front/back row （但也可以说:at the front/back ）in the front/back of the car （at the front/back of thebuilding/cinema/classroom）2 ）我们可以用in或at来谈论建筑物,比方：at a restaurant或in a restaurant但用at通常表示某事发生的场合I met him at the cinema last night.in往往表示建筑物本身情形I enjoyed the film but it was very cold in the cinema.(不说：at the cinema )另外，我们用in强调“在建筑物里面，而用at那么笼统地指“在这 个地点”，包括建筑物的里面及周围at the restaurant可以是在餐馆里面,也可以是在餐馆附近in the restaurant强调在餐馆里面at the cinema在电影院，但不一定是电影院里面in the cinema强调在电影院里面There were a lot of people in the shop. It was very crowed.商店里有很多人，很挤。Go along this road, then turn left at the shop.沿着这条路直走，然后在商店那儿左转。(2 ) on , over, above1) on表示两事物外表接触The dictionary on the table is not mine.桌上的字典不是我的。此外,常用on的情形有：on the left/on the righton the first/second floor （在一/二楼）on a mapon the page/on Page Seven （但说:at the top/bottom of the page）on the menuon the liston a farmon the way to schoolon the corner of the street （但也可以说:in the corner of the room ）2 ） over表示两事物外表不仅有接触，而且有覆盖的含义Spread the cloth over the table.Mom put a rug over me when I was asleep.我睡着的时候，妈妈在我身上盖了一块小毛毯。over还可以表示正上方There is a bridge over the river.河上有一座桥。3 ) above仅表示上下方位关系,且事物外表不接触,也不是正上方"The sun rose above the horizon.用于抽象概念表示职位高低时，over和above的差异He is over me.=He is my immediate superior.他是我的顶头上司。He is above me.他是我的上司。(一般不是直接上司)4 3 ) below , under, beneath1) under表示"在.下方，两物体可以接触，也可以隔开一定的距离I put the money under the mattress.我把钱放在了床垫底下。2 ) below那么一般表示在两个外表之间间隔一定的距离They live below us.3 ) beneath可用来替换under，但在表示抽象含义时，最好用 beneathHe would think it beneath him to tell a lie.他认为说谎有失他的身份。She married beneath her.她嫁给了一个比她社会地位低的人。67表示方式、手段的介词(l)byby后面接动名词或不带冠词的单数名词。如by boat,而不是by a boat*o1)表示行为方式do something by handpay by check/by credit cardpay in cash2 ）接交通工具by carby trainby plane/airby boat/sea/ship注意：®by car z 不说 by a car* , by my car* , by the car*，但说： in a car z in my car, in the carI don't mind going by car but I don't want to go in your car.我不介意乘车去，但我又不想坐你的车。car, taxi前用介词inThey didn't come in their car. They came in a taxi.他们没开自己的车来，而是打车来的。64介词的种类(1)简单介词(simple preposition )at by for from in near of off on(2 )复合介词(compound preposition )1)由两个简单介词连在一起固定构成的介词inside into onto outside throughout upon within without2)由两个介词搭配连用的介词from abovefrom behindfrom beneathfrom underuntil afterexcept forUntil after World War II, the new scienc was neglected.自行车和公共交通设施前使用onon the train/by trainon his bicycle/by bicycle3)表示通过某种手段以到达预期的结果We succeeded by cooperating with them.通过与他们合作，我们取得了成功。(2 ) with主要是表示用具体的工具做某事。with接单数可数名词时，需要带冠 词。I killed a fly with a flyflap.我用苍蝇拍打死了一只苍蝇。(3) in表示以某种方式做某事。Write in pencil/ink.Express this in your own words.Pay in installments.以分期付款的方式支付。(4 ) through其用法与by相近，只是through 一般多跟名词连用，by那么多与动名 词搭配They talked to each other through an interpreter.第三节常见的介词短语68与动词搭配的短语1)动词+介词accuse ofapply forask forbelieve incomply with2 )动词+名词+介词play a role intake advantage of3 ）动词+副词+介词catch up withcome up with69形容词搭配的短语1）常与to连用的形容词equal favorable faithful familiar good hostile loyal parallelopposite responsible sensible useful similar used2）常与about连用的形容词anxious careful careless certain considerate enthusiastic guilty happy mad sad sure3）常与for连用的形容词 available bad convenient eager eligible good grateful homesick famous hungry necessary noted ready responsible sorry suitable4）常与with连用的形容词angry acquainted bored careful popular ill strict busy familiar impatient sympathetic5）常与of连用的形容词恐惧:afraid frightened terrified scared好恶:ashamed envious fond jealous proud tired态度:suspicious critical tolerant ignorant意识:aware conscious止匕夕卜:capable/incapable full guilty hopeful independent6 ）常与at连用的形容词angry bad clever disappointed disgusted good marvelous quick skilful useless weak同一个形容词有的可与不同的介词进行搭配使用,此时构成的短语 般在意思和使用上均有所不同。sth be familiar to sb某事为某人所熟悉sb be familiar with sth某人对某事熟悉70与名词搭配的短语1）名词+fora reason fora demand fora need for2）名词+ in主要表示"在某方面"a change in the costsan increase/a rise/a decrease/a fall in the costs a difference/similarity in this aspect3 ）名词+toan answer to a questiona key to a doora solution to a problema reply to a letter4 ）名词+with/betweenA has a relationship/contact/connection with Ba relationship/contact/connection/difference/similarity between A and B直到二战以后，人们还不是很重视新科学的开展。(3 )短语介词(phrasal preposition )短语介词主要是由名词与介词构成的。如：at the cost ofat the mercy ofat odds withby means ofby virtue ofin place ofin favor ofin spite ofwith an eye to另外表示“关于”的有：in/with reference toin/with respect toin/with regard to第二节常用介词的意义与用法65表示时间、日期的介词(1) at, in , onl)at(主要表示时间点)用来表示在特定的某一时刻at nine a.m.在上午九点钟用来表示不确定的某一时刻at nightat dawnat Christmas在圣诞节期间at Easter在复活节期间注意：on Christmas Day在圣诞节当天用来表示年龄段at the age of eight/at eightHe got married at twenty.他二十岁结婚。2）in（主要表示时间段）一般指在相对较长的一段时间内in the morning/afternoon/eveningin spring/summer/autumn/winterin the past/in the past ten yearsa man in his thirtiesin还可表示在时间之内/之后，通常用于将来时态中He said he would come back in a month.The train is leaving in a minute.in+动名词：in doing sth 这一用法的意思相当于：during the course of doing sth.,即“在做的过程当中"In crossing the river, we caught some fish.In working, we can learn a lot.3）on（主要表示具体的某一天）表示具体的日期和星期on Mondayon my birthdayon their wedding anniversaryThe People's Republic of China was founded on October 1st, 1949.表示特定某一天的上午、下午、凌晨或半夜等on the night/morning/afternoon of December 31, 1999 on a cold afternoon in January On that particular evening, there was a strange excitement in the air.不是特定的某一天的某一时刻，那么用at表示"在第几天On the tenth day I was in Beijing.on+动名词或名词：on doing sth这一用法的意思相当于when somebody does sth或as soon as somebody does sth ,即"在做.的时候"或"一.就."On hearing the bad news, she burst into tears. 一听说这个坏消息，她禁不住哭了起来。4 ) in the beginning/end 与 at the beginning/endat the beginning表示"在的开头”例如：At the beginning of a book there is often a table of contents.一本书的开头，通常有个目录。in the beginning 意思相当于 at first 或 in the early stages , 在 最初，起初，暗含着以后会有所变化In the beginning, I wrote to my family regularly; later I justgave up.一开始，我定期给家里写信，后来就不写了。at the end表示"在末尾,在最后”at the end of January 一月底in the end那么与in the beginning相对应,表示"最终",相 当于 eventually 或 at lastAt first his mother opposed the marriage, but in the end she gave her consent一开始他母亲反对这桩婚事，但最后还是同意了。at the beginning/end 通常与 of 连用。而 in the beginning/end一般不能接of短语，我们不能说：in the beginning/end of something*5 ) last/next/this/every 前不用 at/on/inDo you work every Sunday?(2 ) during , forduring和for那么表示一段时间。他们后面接表示时间段"的名词。1) during表示"在期间内”，强调在某一期间发生了什么事。表示事件发生的过程，不表示在此过程中事件发生的起止时间。for那么表示这件事延续时间的长短，指出了事件发生的开始时间。I had lived in the countryside for 8 years before I moved to Beijing.在搬到北京之前，我在乡下住了八年。I studied in this university for 4 years. During that time most of my time was spent in learning English.